Gadziriro dzegarikano nedzezvoutano dzinoumba zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvezuva nezuva zvavagari vemo kupota nyika yose, bva kuvakwa kwemitemo iyi norupo kunosiana zvikuru kubva mugadziriro imwe yehurumende kuenda kune imwe. Chimiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chenyika che(zvingava zvedemocracy, socional, udzori, kana kuti pesvedzero dzakanyanyisa) dzvuru dzinogamuchira tarisiro, kuti inotsigirwa sei, uye kuti mambure ekotsekanworii aripo nokuda kwavarovha, vakwegura, uye vane dziviriro. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi vesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, muitiro wavose, uye ukama hwamarudzi ose, nemhaka yokuti zvinozivisa kuti miuyo inova miuyo inova miuyo inooneka sei miuyo yavanhu.

Nyaya ino inopa kuenzanisa kune udzame kwenzira iyo marudzi akasiyana egadziriro dzehurumende anosvika nayo garikano yenzanga netarisiro youtano. Tichanzvera nheyo dziri pasi pemari, miitiro yokutsigira mari, uye mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inobva kumarepabhuriki ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, hurumende dzechisosharizimu, uye hurumende dzinotonga noudzvinyiriri. Pamugumo, uchava nenzwisiso yakajeka ye nei dzimwe nyika dzichiisa bhaisikopo renyika yose nepo dzimwe dzichisiya zvikamu zvikuru zvechiverengero chavanhu chisingapindwi.

Marudzi Makuru Egadziriro Dzehurumende Nekubudirira Kwadzo

Vasati vapinda mumiitiro chaiyo, kunobetsera kuratidzira mapoka makuru egadziriro dzehurumende nezvimiro zvavo zvetsika pagarikano. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika kazhinji kazhinji anoronga hurumende mumativi anobva kunyika dzinosarudzwa navanhu kusvikira kuhurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende dzinodzorwa. Boka rimwe nerimwe rinova nemifungo yakasiana pamusoro pebasa rehurumende mukugovera garikano yavagari vemo varo.

  • Hurumende dzechiPumburwa [ — nyika dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, Japan, uye Sweden dzinochengeta mambo wetsika asi dzinoshanda sehurumende dzinosarudzwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa neparamende. Adzi marudzi anokombamira kuva ane hurumende dzinotsigira zvikuru garikano kupfurikidza nemitero inofambira mberi, nemiitiro yokutarisira utano iyo inowanzovimbisa bhadharo yenyika yose.
  • Democratic Republics — kubatanidza United States, Germany, uye India, uko vamiririri vakasarudzwa vanoronga chimiro. Kugarisana uye kutarisirwa kwoutano kunoswedera kwakasiyana zvikuru, kubva pamuenzaniso wavanhu vose wavanhu vakavhengana muU.S. kusvikira kugadziriro dzapasi pose dzinowanikwa muzhinjisa yeWestern Europe.
  • Rist States — yakadai seCuba, North Korea, uye munhau Soviet Union. Hurumende idzi dzinoisa kutarisira utano negarikano pasi pokudzorwa kwakananga nehurumende, dzichizvirangarira sekodzero dzinokosha dzinofanira kupiwa vagari vose zvakaenzana, kunyange zvazvo kunaka nokubudirira zvichidzorwa kazhinji kazhinji neganhuriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzemari.
  • , Bhegimes — kubatanidza China, Saudi Arabia, uye Russia. Gadziriro dzamabasa amabasa kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshandisa garikano nerezvoutano sezvishandiso zvokudzora pamutemo nenzanga, dzichipa betsero dzinokosha kuchengeta dzikamo nepo dzichibvumirawo misika yapachivande nokuda kwavapfumi.

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti hakuna hurumende inokwana zvakakwana mubhokisi rimwe. Nyika zhinji dzinobatanidza zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, China ine upfumi hunogadzirwa nemusika asi inochengeta utongi hwehurumende inodzorwa, uye gadziriro yayo yokutarisira utano inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri mari yehurumende nemari inobhadharwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, mapoka anogovera gadziriro inobetsera yokuenzanisa.

Kutsvaka Kunoitwa Nehurumende Kune Zvenzanga Nezvoutano

Mugadziriro dzedemokrase − mamiriro ehurumende anosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti maribhuriki — mitemo yenzanga inoumbwa zvakasiana namakwikwi okuvhota, murangariro wavose, uye pesvedzero yamapoka ezviwanwa. Hurumende dzeDemocratics dzinokombamira kusimbisa chimiro chakati chekuwana kwapasi pose [ kana kuti zvimwe kufukidzwa kwakafara, nemhaka yokuti vavhoti vanokarira nyika kuvadzivirira panjodzi dzemari dzechirwere, kushaya mabasa, uye kukwegura.

Kushandisa Nokuendesa Zvifananidzo Muhurumende

Utongi hunosarudzwa navanhu huzhinjisa hunowana mari inotsamira pamuvhenganiswa wemitero yemitero yemitero, mariwo zvayo, uye mushandirwi mipiro kumari yokutarisira utano negarikano. Kutakura chaikoiko kunosiyana:

  • Service yeUtano hweNyika (NHS) [g., United Kingdom, Sweden]: Hurumende zvipatara uye inoshandisa vanachiremba zvakananga. Vagari vanogamuchira tarisiro pachena papfundo rokushandisa, vanotsigirwa chose chose kupfurikidza nemitero.
  • Inishuwarenzi yezveutano (imo, Germany, France, Japan): Mari dzakawanda dzisingashandisi mhindu dzinodzorwa nehurumende(kazhinji kazhinji inofukidzwa nomunhu ari wose. Mipiro yakavakirwa pamari, uye vatambi vemishuwarenzi vanovapo bedzi nokuda kwamarimo okuwedzera.
  • Mufananidzo wavanhu vose wakaiswa pachivande (mutoo, United States): Ungwaru imubatanidzwa wepurogiramu dzavose (Medicare, Medicaid, Veterans Health) neinishuwarenzi yomunhu oga inowanwa kupfurikidza navashandirwi kana kuti munhu mumwe nomumwe. U.S. ndiyo bedzi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vose pasina kufukidzwa, kunyange zvazvo Affordcable Care Act yakakudziridza zvikuru kusvika.

Mienzaniso yeHurumende Dzinotonga Dzine Ugariso Hunosarudzwa Nehurumende

Sweden inopa mumwe wemienzaniso yegarikano yenyika inonzwika zvikurusa. Gadziriro yayo youtano yakarongedzwa mutero uye yakapiwa mukurumbira kumatare enyika, ichivimbisa kusvika kwakaenzana pasinei zvapo nemari yavanowana. Gadziriro dzenzvimbo dzinobatanidza kuisa vabereki mari yebasa (mazuva 480 pa 80% mubhadharo), mari yavana, uye betsero huru dzourovha. Mukuwirirana ne OECD Social Expenditure databasection database [, Sweden inopedza 28% yemapurogiramu dzayo dzenzanga, imwe yeyakakwirira pakati pamarudzi akabudirira.

Canada inoshandisa gadziriro yomubhadharo mumwe nokuda kwemiripo yechipatara nachiremba / purovhinzi imwe neimwe inoshandisa gadziriro yayo imene, inotsigirwa nezvinotakurwa zvehurumende nemitero yoruwa. Inishuwarenzi yomunhu oga inogona kufukidza mibato isingabatanidzwi mutsika yavose, yakadai semirimo inotenderwa natarisiro yamazino. A 2021 Commonweal Fund mushumo weSpotual Fund [[[

Chisarudzo chemijeremani chinoratidzira muenzaniso weinishuwarenzi yezveutano hwenzanga, ine inenge 90% yavagari vemo yakafukidzwa nedare re “mari inotambudza.” Mipiro inodzorwa uye inogoverwa pakati pavashandirwi navashandi. Marovha anowana bhaisikopo rinopfuurira kupfurikidza neFederal Employment Agency. Garamendizo regarikano yeGermany rinobatanidzawo inishuwarenzi yourovhaisi, yamuro, yamuro, uye mari yokupavhura.

Zvinetso Zvinotarisana Nenyika Dzinotonga Nehurumende Dzegutsaruzhinji

Pasinei zvapo namasimba azvo, gadziriro dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzinotarisana nedenho dzenguva dzose: ndyiko dzinowedzera dzezvoutano nemhaka yezvoruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu nokukwegura, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rehurumende, uye kudzivisa kwavose wedzero yemitero. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotonga hwehurumende dzakawanda huri kurwisanawo nokuenzana kwe [ [_kunyange mugadziriro dzapasi pose]], vagari vemo vapfumi vemo vanogona kutenga tarisiro yokukurumidza, vachiumba mhoteredzo yapasi inovandika. Vagadziri vemiitiro vanotsinhirana vanopfuurira kusimbisa kuchengeteka pasina kuisa mutengo.

Nyika Dzechisoshanisiti Nepfungwa Dzegadziriro yeHurumende Yose

Hurumende dzechiSosholizimu − kunyange chikomonisiti kana kuti chiMarx-Leninin muchimiro cha() kurapa tarisiro yeutano negarikano yenzanga semitoro yehurumende yakakomba. Iyi gadziriro inoramba zvigadzikiso zvebhizimisi nevavariro nokuda kwe [[FLT: 0] kusvika kwakaenzana [ nokuda kwevagari vose], kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza namasangano ezveutano akaremara anopfuudza dzimba, dzidzo, tarisiro yavana, uye basa.

Cuba: Muenzaniso Wokutarisira Kunodzivirira

Cuba zvichida ndiro muenzaniso unofundwa zvikurusa wegadziriro yezvoutano hwesocialism. Pashure pa 1959 chinjo, hurumende yakaita basa routano rakabatanidzwa iro rinosimbisa mishonga inodzivirira netarisiro huru yenzanga. Nzvimbo imwe neimwe ine chiremba wemhuri nenurse timu. Cuba inoita migumisiro youtano hwakadai semigumisiro youtano hwevacheche uye upenyu hunotarisirwa kuraramwa navana. Kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakabudirira dzakava nekahasha kwezvoupfumi hwakanyanya uye makore makumi amakore U.S. Ambergo. [[FLT: 0] World Health Organization yakarumbidza Cuba] nokuda kwe “kusvika kwose”. Zvisinei, tsika inotambura nokuperevera kwemishonga, midziyo, uye migove mipfumitemi yeCuba inotsvaka kuchengetwa kune dzimwe nyika kana kuti ipfume kupfumite.

North Korea: Kudzora Hurumende Yose, Kuwana Kwakaganhurirwa

North Korea inoshandisawo gadziriro yapasi pose, yakadzorwa nehurumende, asi ichiri kushanda pakati pemitengo yenyika inoshata zvikurusa. Gadziriro dzoutano dzakaparadzwa nenzara nokuputsika kwemari muma 1990. Vacherekedzi vamarudzi ose vanoshuma kuti kuvhiya kwomuitiro kunoitwa pasina kuomesa utachiona, uye mishonga ishoma nokuda kwavagari vemowo zvavo. Hurumende inoisa nhevedzano yezvoutano panzvimbo dzehondo dzinoshandiswa pautano, zvinosiya chiverengero chavagari vemo chiri mungozi kuTB, kushaya zvokudya zvinovaka muviri, uye zvimwe zvirwere zvinodzivisikanwa. Human Rights Watch World Report 2024 magwaro anorambwa nenzira inorongwa yokurapa senhau yavanhu.

Kuchinja Kwenyika yeSoviet Nekuchinja Kwechisosha Kwamazuva Ano

Yaichimbova Semashko fotomu yeSoviet Union yakapiwa zita rokuvakisa youtano hwayo nejeni rezvoutano. Yakagadzirwa kuronga kwapakati, zvivako zvehurumende, uye tarisiro yapachena. Pashure pokuwa kweUSSR, nyika dzakawanda dzepashure peSoviet dzakaparapatika kuti dzisimuke kubva kumuenzaniso iwoyo, kazhinji kazhinji dzichiona kuderera kukuru mumigumisiro youtano. Nhasi, nyika dzakafanana neBelarus dzinochengeta zvikurukuru gadziriro yetsika yeSoviet, nepo dzimwe (dzakadai seRussia) dzakatanga inishuwarenzi youtano inomanikidzirwa nemigumisiro yakavhengana, inobatanidza kupiwa kwehurumende nemibhadharo yadzokororo yadzorwa.

Munyori: Welfare sechishandiso Chomutemo

Hurumende dzinotonga zviremera(nzi madzimambo, nyika dzine chikamu chimwe, kana kuti juntas) dzinosvika pagarikano yenzanga netarisiro youtano kubva mumurangariro wokudzora kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokupukunyuka kwehurumende. Nepo dzimwe dzichigovera betsero dzorupo kuhurumende huru, dzimwe dzinopa mibato miduku bedzi. Mienzaniso miviri yakatanhamara zvikurusa iChina neGulf monarchy.

China: Kubva Kuna Vanachiremba Vanofamba Netsoka Kuenda KuUniversal Coversupe

Mumaruwa eChina “vanachiremba vokumaruwa, vamagweta-guru” vakagovera tarisiro huru yokudzivirira, asi gadziriro yakaputswa uye yakashatiswa. Chifo chokuchinja kwemisika yema 1980 na 1990, kurapa kwakava zvikurukuru kwakaparira kunyanyova kwapakuzvibhadharira, kuchitungamirira kundyiko ine ngwavaira nokuda kwemhuri dzakawanda. Mumhinduro, hurumende yeChina yakatanga chinjo huru muna 2009 kuti isvike [FLT: 0] yakapfuudzwa na 2020. Chiteshiviso cheNhando cheMarapidhi yezvokurapa zvino chinofukidza zvino 95% yavagari voruwa, uye vashandi vomumaguta ane inishuwarenzi inova isina kukura. Zvisinei, mwero inosiana neyakawanda inosara yakakwirira. World Bank inocherekedza kuti gadziriro yeChine cheChina inova neyamunyunguro inova neyamute. [Makuru]

Nyika Dzinogara Vanhu Dzakaoma Dziri Kukurirwa Nehomoni: Mari Yemafuta Nemichina Yezvikwekwe

MuSaudi Arabia, United Arabhu Emirates, uye Qatar, tarisiro yezvoutano negarikano zvine rupo zvinotsigirwa nemari yemari yehydrocarbon. Vagari (nyika) vanowana mahara kana kuti mabhii makuru ezvoutano panzvimbo dzehurumende dzekutyaira, pamwe chete nepenjeni, mari yedzimba, uye zvikwereti zvedzidzo. Vashandi vokune dzimwe nyika vanoumba voruzhinji vevagari vemo mudzimwe nyika dzeGulf (8) vanobviswa chaizvoizvo muidziripo uye vanofanira kuvimba neinishuwarenzi kana kuti vabhadhare kunze kwepapareji. Iyi gadziriro yemiitiro yemiitiro yemiitiro yenzanga yezvikwereti yenzanga inosimudzira zvikwereti, uye dzidzo inogovera muenzaniso wakajeka wenzira iyo hurumende inotonga nokuchengetera chengetera nzanga yemhuri yemhuri yavose kuti ichengete nzanga yemhuri yavose kuti ichengete nzanga yemhuri yemhuri yogariro yemo yakaberekerwa.

Russia: Kuparadza Kugarisana Pakati Pechinzvimbo Chinotsigirwa Nevamiririri

Russia yakagara nhaka vimbiso yeSoviet-reera yereta yezvoutano hwapachena, asi pashure pa19991 chinjo dzakatungamirira kuuchokwadi huviri hunotsigirwa zvakawandisa: gadziriro yavose yavashandi yakadziviswa zvishoma, iri parutivi peboka ravanhu riri kubudirira nokuda kwaavo vanogona kubhadhara. Hurumende yakawedzera kupedzera utano mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya — zvikurukuru mukupindura denda reCOVID-19 (81), asi miuyo youtano hwavanhu inoramba iri yakashata, nenduramo yakaderera nokuda kwavanhu uye mwero yakakwirira yehosha dzinosapararira. Mitemo yegarikano yeRussia inowanzoshandiswa kutusa kutusa nzvimbo dzakavimbika kana kuti mapoka, nepo mizinda inoshorwa inogamuchira kubetsera kuderera.

Mashandiro Etsandanyama Nezvinhu Zvisinganzwisisiki

Hurumende dzakawanda dzinozvidza kuisa nhevedzano iri nyore. Indiya ihurumende yedemokrasi ine chikamu chikuru chesocialism chavanhu vose chakafuridzirwa, asi kutakura kwayo utano kunodzorwa nehurumende yedemocracy, bva kusagona kudzora, kuchiguma nokumwe kwendyiko hurusa yenyika. [[FLT:]Brazil[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] inoita kuti gadziriro yezvoutano yesero yaposerosey (SUS) pasi pehurumende yedemocracyic, bvuti yetsika dzapasi pevhu, uye musika wepato wepasoripo unopfuurira, uye unodzora pakati pezvikero yehurumende. [[FLT][FLT]] SSINGAROFE[FFF:5] ishandise “gadziriro yezvipo]

Mapuroteni aya anoratidza kuti pfungwa yoga haisarudzi migumisiro; tsaona dzenhau, kufambira mberi mune zvemari, tsika, uye dzvinyiriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoumba muitiro wose wegarikano netarisiro youtano.

Migumisiro Nezvidzidzo Zvinoenzaniswa

Pakuenzanisa michina, mitoo inoverengeka inobuda:

  • Kubhadharwa kwapachivande [[FLT: 1] kwakakotsekana zvikurusa kunowanwa nenzira yakavimbika munyika nemitero nesimba rinofambira mberi nomurairo, uye muhurumende dzesosationalist dzinogovera zviteshi zvinokosha kuutano. Hurumende dzoumperi dzingawana purojeti yakakwirira papepa asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinokundikana paukoro nemutezo wavanhu vorudzi.
  • kusasarura kunowanzova kwakakwirira zvikurusa mugadziriro dzinodzivisa kuvimba kukuru nemiripo yomunhu oga. Mufananidzo wakavhengana weU.S., pasinei zvapo nokushandiswa kwakakwirira, une zvose zviri zviviri homwe huru dzisina kuiswa chikwereti nemitoro mikuru yezvikwereti nokuda kwevanorwara kwenguva refu.
  • Kusatsarukana[[FLT: 1] idenho nokuda kwegadziriro dzose. Democracism inotarisana nechiverengero chavagari vemo vakwegura nendyiko dzinokwira; nyika dzechisosharisiti dzinotarisana nekusatendeseka kwezvemari neperevedzo; hurumende dzine chiremera chinodzvinyirira dzinogona kutsausa pfuma pachido asi dzinoparira kurasikirwa nokuvimbwa navanhu vose nedzimbahwe ravanhu.
  • Nhau dzokuzvidavirira [[[FLT: 1]: hurumende dzedemocracy dzinogamuchira zvikuru zvinodikanwa zvavanhu nokuda kwokufukidzwa kuri nani, kunyange zvazvo vadzori vemibatanidzwa yavanhu vanogona kudzora chinjo. Hurumende dzinodzora dzinogona kuita chinjo nokukurumidza asi dzingafuratira mapoka maduku kana kuti asina dziviriro.

mhedziso

Nzira iyo gadziriro yehurumende inosvika nayo garikano yenzanga netarisiro youtano chiratidziro chemipimo yayo mikurusa yazvo inoiswa pachisarudzo yomunhu oga, chengeteko yeboka, kudzorwa kwehurumende. Democratic reriphabliki nehurumende dzinotonga dzamabumbiro emitemo zvakatungamirira kazhinji kazhinji mukuvaka gadziriro dzinotevedzana, dzisingasawi pasi pedzvinyiriro dzenzanga nedzezvamatongerwe enyika. Masangano echisocializimu akaratidzira kuti kusvika kwapasi pose kunogona kuwanwa kunyange mumitengo yepfuma, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kuchiparira kurasikirwa norukudzoreso rwechisarudzo. Mahurumende ehurumende anodzora anoshandisa garikano anobetsera, achigovera nokuda kwedzimwe nguva apo anobvisa vamwe, uye kazhinji achirega miuyo youtano yenguva refu nokuda kwokudzorwa kworudzorwa.

Sezvo vagadziri vemiitiro munyika yose vachirwisana nehosha, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kuchinja kwenhamba dzevagari vemo, zvidzidzo zvinobva mugadziriro idzi dzakasiyana - siyana zvinova zvinokosha zvikuru. Chinangwa hachisi chokuzivisa kuti gadziriro imwe chete yakakwirira asi kuti kunzwisisa kuti mumwe nomumwe anogona kudzidza sei kune dzimwe dzacho (jekiseni rinodzivirira kuCuba, kudzora kudyira kwemari yeGermany yokurwara, kana kuti kushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende kubva kutsika dzakavhengana neSingapore. Kupfurikidza nenzvero yakadaro tinogona kukarira kuvaka nzanga dzinoitira hanya zvamazvirokwazvo garikano vagari vemo vose.