Kutangwa kwedziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwavanyajambwa vemhosva dzoruvengo kunomirira ganhuro rakakomba mukurwisa maruramiro avagari vemo neruramisiro yakaenzana pasi pomutemo. Muzana ramakore rapfuura, mubatanidzwa wemichero inoparira kushata, njodzi dzakakwirira, uye kuchinja kwokuziva vanhu kwakanyandura kuiswa kwemitemo inobvuma kuvadziko yakasiana neyakawedzerwa yaparirwa nemhosva dzechizivano. Iyi mitemo haisati ichiranga bedzi vapari vemhosva zvakakomba zvikuru asi inopawo vanyajambwa kuzivikanwa kwakananga, kukwanisa kutsigira mabasa, uye nzira yokururamisira. Kunzwisisa kuti idzi dziviriro dzakashandurwa dzakashanduka dzakavapo sei nedziro dzinoramba dzichiva nenzwisiso yenzwisiso inopfuurira kutamburira kudzivirira nzanga kurwisana namasimba masimba masimba.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Ekare

Kuzhinji kwenhau yeAmerica, mhaka dzakasundwa noruvengo kana kuti kufungira mano akaipa dzakabatwa sezviito zveutsotsiwo zvazvo. Gadziriro yemitemo haina kuziva chisakiso chinonyandura chefungira mano akaipa kana kuti kugovera kurangarira kupi nokupi chaiko kwekuvadziko yakaitwa munzanga dzose. Apo munhu akadenhwa nemhaka yedzinza rake, rudzidziso, mirangariro yevatano, kana kuti zvimwe zvizivikanwa, kurovererwa kwemhosva kwakanangidzirwa chose chose chose chose pachiito chakaderera chekutya, kushayisa mari, kuuraya nokuuraya zvinhu zvisina pamutemo. Uku kuita kwakarerutsa chose chose chose kuvadziko yenzanga: utsotsi hahusati huchingotyisa bedzi nyajambwa akananga asi munhu ari wose anogoverana izvozvo, kuchiparira mugariro worutyo nomugariro wokusarira.

Musangano wazvino uno wedziviriro dzoruvengo wakawana dziviriro dzapanguva yeChivil Rights yema1950 nama1960. Kuurawa kwoutsinye kwavashingairi vamasangano avanhu vakadai seEmmett Till, Medgar Evers, uye vashandi vatatu vekodzero dzavagari vemo muMissississippi vakafumura kusakwanisa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kunzvera nokudzoresa masimba edzinza anotsigirwa nomutemo. Ganhuriro yedzinza rakavakirwa panzvimbo yakava madikanwa, uye Congress akavamba kugadzira maturusi apamutemo angagona kusvika kunzvimbo dzinopfuura hurumende. Chibvumirano cheChivigamunisi chekodzero chomubatanidzwa chavagari vemo chenyika cha19649, kunyange zvazvo chakanangidzirwa zvikurukuru pakugumisa kusarura mhaka norusaruro, chaiva negadziriro yeutsotsi yemitemo inodzorwa nomutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo wakarongwa nomutemo. Pakasvika makumi amakumi amakore anozotevera okuvenga utsotsi. Pakasvika 1970 ne1980, kuzivikanwa chamasimba masimba masimba anorwisana neAkashanti, nzanga yechiJudha, uye LGBTttt muganhu wavanhu vogaromeoga

Mitemo Inokosha

Kupindira Kwokutanga

Nguva yazvino uno yomutemo woutsotsi woruvengo, kubatanidzwa kwehurumende kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa kumirau yakananga yaidzivirira maruramiro akati ehurumende. Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights cha 1968, somuenzaniso, chakakuita utsotsi kukuvadza namaune, kutyisidzira, kana kuti kudzongonyedza munhu upi noupi nemhaka yedzinza ravo, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi apo vaibatanidzwa mumubato wakadzivirirwa nehurumende (zvakadai sokuvhota, kupinda chikoro, kana kuti kushandisa pokugara vanhu vose). Mutemo uyu wakabvumira hurumende kutonga mhosva umo zviremera zvomunzvimbomo zvakakundikana kuita chiito, asi zvakanga zviri zviduku uye zvisingawanzoshandiswi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenzvimbo Kwehurumende

Sezvo mutemo wehurumende waishandiswa, maruwa akava marabhoritari emitemo yokuvenga utsotsi. Pakuzosvika kuma1990, nyika dzinopfuura 40 dzakanga dzine chimiro chakati chomutemo woruvengo, kubva mumirairo inosimudzira urongwa hwokumira mhaka dzoutsotsi. Iyi mitemo yakasiyana zvikuru. Mimwe yaida kuti vavariro yerusaruro ive chikonzero bedzi kana kuti chikuru chemhosva; mimwe yaingoda bedzi kuti fungidziro ive chisakiso. Zvirango zvakasiyanawo: dzimwe nyika dzinoiswa mitongo miraudzo mirefu refu, faindi, kana kuti kupa zano rapamutemo nokuda kwavatadzi. Mitevero yakavamba basa rakaumbwa redziviriro iro, nepo kusakwana, rakagovera kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kwokutanga kwechiziva mhaka kukuvadza uye kugovera vanyajambwa chishandiso chepamutemo chokuzvidavirira.

Chiratidzo Chezviverengero Zvoruvengo cha 1990

Danho rinokosha rokuzvidavirira rakauya neChange Crime Statistics Act, rakasainwa mumutemo muna 1990. Iri basa rakarayira Attorney General kuunganidza nokubudisa mashoko pamusoro poutsotsi hunoratidza ufakazi hwekufungira mano akaipa hwakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, kuda vatano, kana kuti rudzi. Kwenguva yokutanga, masangano anochengeta mutemo akadikanwa kushuma utsotsi hwokuvenga FBI, kuita shopu yenyika. Mashoko, kunyange zvazvo akapiwa nokuzvidira namadhipati akawanda, ave anokosha kuti anyorese ukuru hwechinetso chacho, zvisarudzo, uye kururamisazve chiito chemitemo. Chiteko chacho chave chave chachinjwa kanoverengeka kuti chibata mamwe masangano (in 1994), chirevo (19969), uye chiziviso chevatano (mu 2013).

Matthew Shepard naJames Byrd Jr.Vengai Kudzivirira Utsotsi (2009)

Mutongo unokosha zvikurusa wehurumende unovenga utsotsi iMatthew Shepard naJames Byrd Jr. Hate Crimes Act, yakapfuudzwa muna 2009 ndokusainwa mumutemo naPrezidenti Barack Obama. Akapiwa zita ravanhu vaviri vakaurawa nemhondi dzakakatyamadza rudzi rwacho nedzinza chairo kana kuti rinotendwa, rudzidziso, mavambo evatano yorudzi, vatano, chiratidzo chevatano yevatano, kana kuti urema. Zvinoita kuti, murume weAfrica weAmerica wewendindi asururwe norufu nemuchena mubato wetsotsiro muTexas, Act akudza chiremera chenyika yose chamasimba masimba kuti afukidze mhaka dzamasimba masimba dzinoparirwa norwupi utsotsi hwechienzi chairwo kana kuti ruvere, utsotsi hwenyika yose hwapameso, utsotsi hwevatano hwevatano nevatano, uhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhu huve utsotsi hunobvumirwa kuparira utsotsi hwemugoveri hwechipokaro yomutemo hutsva.

Mitemo Nedziviriro Zvinokosha Zvinoshandiswa

Mitemo Yakawedzerwa Yakavharwa

Nzira mbiri huru dziripo mumutemo woutsotsi woruvengo. Yokutanga, inoshandiswa nehurumende dzakawanda, mutemo wakawedzerwa. Mumuenzaniso uyu, utsotsi huhombe (g., kudenha, arson, tyisidziro) hunopomerwa senguva dzose, asi muchuchisi angatsvaka tongero yejeri refu kana kuti yakakwirira zvikuru kana mhaka yacho ikasundwa nechero. Kusvika kwechipiri, kunoshandiswa nehurumende nedzimwe nyika, kunorondedzera utsotsi semhosva youtsotsi yakasiyana. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende, unohuita kuti huve husati huri hwapamutemo kuparira kuvadziko yomuviri nemhaka yechakaipa chakadzivirirwa. Zvose zviri zviviri zvine tapuro imwe cheteyo yechirango chinowedzera, asi mufananidzo wekubuda kworumano unogona kuva nyore nokuda kwokunzwisisa nemhaka yedonzo routsotsi.

Gadziriro Dzetsigiro

Mitemo yakawanda yazvino uno yoruvengo rwoutsotsi inopfuura chirango kubatanidza kudzorerwa kwanyajambwa netsigiro. Mutemo weFederal unoda kuti Department of Justice reU.S. ritendere kuti vanyajambwa vanoziviswa maruramiro avo, kubatanidza maruramiro okukumbira nokuda kweripirwo kubva kuCrime Vanyajambwa vemhosva. Mitemo yeHurumende inowanzoraira kuti vavengi voutsotsi vapiwe mashoko pamusoro pemibato yokupa zano, betsero yapamutemo, uye zviwanikwa zvenzanga. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo vanyajambwa kunyoresa mhaka dzehurumende nokuda kwavaparadziri vemi vemi vemiitiro, kubatanidza nhamo yendangariro nokutsiva. Idzi dzinomirira kuziva uko utsotsi hunoparira kuvadziko inoparira kuvadziko inopfuudza kukuvadziko.

Kushuma uye Kuunganidzwa Kwemashoko

Rururami rwemashoko outsotsi anovenga runoramba ruri denho. Mushumo wegore negore weFBI weChate Crime Statistics, wakavakirwa pakushuma kwokuzvidira kubva kumasangano anotarisira mutemo anenge 15 000, wakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusashuma. Masangano akawanda haatori rutivi, uye pakati paayo anopesana kurovedza kuzivisa mirangariro yetsarira kukuita. Muna 2021, FBI yakashuma zviitiko zvoutsotsi zvokuzvidira zvouori, asi mapoka echinyakare anofungidzira nhamba yechokwadi akakwirira zvikuru nemhaka yokusazivikanwa navose vari vaviri vanyajambwa uye mapurisa. Mitengo yakadai seCalifornia neNew York yakarega mitemo inoda madhipati avo okushuma mhaka dzokuvenga, uye vamwe vakagadza matare anotarisira akasununguka kuti atarisire.

Kutapura Vakawirwa Nenjodzi Nenzanga

Kushanda Nesimba Nokuda Kwavanyajambwa

Chimwe chetapuro huru dzemitemo yoruvengo iko kuvambirwo kwadzinopa kuvanyajambwa. Apo gadziriro yeruramisiro inobvuma kuti denho yakasundwa nokusasarura. Zvinotumira mashoko ane simba okuti kuzivikanwa kwanyajambwa hachisi chisakiso chamasimba masimba(hrather, tsvetes dzemupari wemhosva ichinetso. Uku kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo kunogona kubetsera vanyajambwa kukurira kuzvitutumadza nokunyara, uye kunovapa simba rokutsvaka betsero. Zvidzidzo zvakaratidza kuti vanovenga mhaka yavo vanoona mhaka yavo ichitambudzwa nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inoparira kugutsikana zvikuru negadziriro yeruramisiro kupfuura avo vane mhaka dzinobatwa semhosvawo zvadzo.

Kurasa Mari uye Kuchengeteka Kwenzanga

Zvirango zvakawedzerwa nokuda kwechiratidzo chemhosva dzoruvengo zvokuti nzanga haisati ichizoshivirira masimba masimba anosundwa nefungira mano akaipa. Nepo ufakazi pamusoro pokudzivisa hwakavhengana --kumwe kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti mwero muduku bedzi wavapari vemhosva vanoziva nezvemitemo youtsotsi yoruvengo nejekiseni inokosha. Kuziva kuti masimba masimba anonyandura ruvengo ane mimwe miuyo kungaodza vamwe vapari vemhosva, zvikurukuru munzanga umo mubato weboka roruvengo wakakwirira. Uyezve, kuvapo kwemitemo yoruvengo kunokurudzira kuisa mitemo yakakomba uye kugovera mitoo miuyo yokunzvera nokudzivisa izvi zvinoitika, nokudaro zvichiwedzera chengeteko yenzanga yose.

Kungwarira Zvinhu Zvakawanda

Muitiro wokugadza nokusimbisa mutemo woruvengo utsotsi wakaparirawo kurukurirano yenzanga pamusoro porusaruro nerusaruro. Nhau dzakakwirira dzakadai nokupondwa kwaMatthew Shepard naJames Byrd Jr. dzakanyandura murangariro wavose nokumanikidzira vagari vemo kutarisana nokupfuurira kwamasimba masimba oruvengo. Kupindura kwemitemo kunobva mumutemo kunoitwa navanyajambwa (jeresa) yakaparira nhau yacho ndokuichengeta mumaziso avose. Mukuwedzera, kuunganidza kwamasangano outsotsi kwakabvumira vanzveri nezvinopesvedzera, kuzivisa zviito zvinopisa, uye kutanga kupindira kwedzidzo. Kuvapo chaiko kweiyi mitemo kunosimbisa kuti rusaruro neruvengo hazvisi hazvo zvakaipa zvapapote pamutemo asi kukuvadza vanhu vose kwakafanirwa nokupindira kwehurumende.

Matambudziko Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Kuchinja - chinja Kunoita Kuti Vanhu Vasapararire

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, kuchengetwa kwemitemo youtsotsi kunoramba kusina kufanira. Mamwe magweta oruwa anozengurira kupomera mhaka dzoruvengo nemhaka yechinetso chokubvumikisa tsvotsvotsvo murusarura, kana kuti nemhaka yokuti anotya kudzorwa nenzanga dzinorangarira mitemo yakadaro sechirango chinonyanyowandisa. Mune dzimwe zviremera, vakuru vakuru vamapurisa havatongorovedzwi pamusoro penzira yokuziva nayo tsvusvusvudzo, inotungamirira kukurongwa kwezvinoitika. A 2020 mushumo neBureauty of Justice Statistic Statisticss yakawana kuti ishomanenei 1 mu 10 bhos aidzo dzoruvengo rwakashumwa semhosva dzokuvenga.

Mikaha Yemashoko Nokushuma Pasina Kunyorwa

Mashoko akavimbika inheyo yetsika inobudirira, bva nhamba dzoutsotsi dzinoramba dzisina kutsarukana. Vanyajambwa vazhinji havasi kushuma utsotsi hwokuvenga nemhaka yokutya kutsiva nemhaka yokuti vanotya kutsiva, kusavimba namapurisa, kana kuti kudavira kuti hapana chinhu chichaitika. Nzanga dzinochinja uye vanhu, avo vakasarirwa zvikuru, vane bviro huru yokudzivisa kubatana nemitemo. Nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokuvandudza maunganidzwa emashoko dzinobatanidza zvirongwa zvemasangano kuti aunzi emashoko aunzi aparadzirwe, asi kushuma kwokuzvidira kwakaratidza kusakwana. Vamwe vatsigiriri vezvo kukumbira kuti utsotsi hunofanira kunzi bhishonga pamutemo semamiriro okuchengetera pamutemo, chiito chingagona kuvandudza zvikuru kuvandudza masangano azvo kuunganidzwa, kuchinja kuti zvisare masangano akurungwe ezvinyorwa (BRS), ayo anofanira kugovera mashoko ose akapfumiswa.

Kudikanwa Kwokuwedzera Marudzi Anodzivirirwa

Ndaza yemavara akadzivirirwa mumitemo youtsotsi inovenga inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Nepo dzinza, rudzidziso, uye dzinza zvichidokufukidzwa munyika yose, mapoka mazhinji anoramba asina kudzivirirwa kana kuti akadzivirirwa nenzira isingawirirani. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende hauna kufukidza pachena mhaka dzinosundwa nemugariro wokutama wemunhu anotapurwa, mugariro wezvemari wenzanga, kana kuti wirirano yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mitemo yehurumende inosiana kana inobatanidza kuva munhurume, chimiro chevatano, urema, uye zera. Kuvenga masimba masimba masimba anoparira kwezvamasimba masimba anoparira mamiriro ezvinhu epaipi kana kuti kurwisana nechenge kutyo kwapa paIndaneti kunosurukirwa nezvinosundwa neAnthelika mukati mechibhabhara reCHOVAD nereand , inongova nekurukurirano yedanongeri yedate, asi inodikanwa kuti ive dziviriro.

Dzidzo Nokudzivirira: Chigadzikiso Chenguva Refu

Pakupedzisira, nzira inobudirira zvikurusa yokuderedza nayo utsotsi hweruvengo iri kupfurikidza nokudzivirira, kwete bedzi chirango. Dziviriro dzapamutemo dzinoda kuvadziko pashure pokunge yaitika. Chinjo yechokwadi inoda dzidzo iyo inova nemavambo etsika. Nyika zhinji dzakaraira kuvenga utsotsi muzvikoro zve K-12, kudzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro penhau yefungira nerevo. Zvirongwa zvakafanana ne Anti-Defameation Chinzwano cheChitendero cheRuve[ uye shoo yeProctic Center yeUProctic Center inoparira ruvengo rwamasimba masimba. [FLT:]

mhedziso

Kutanga kwemitemo yokudzivirira yapamutemo nokuda kwavanyajambwa vemhosva dzoruvengo kwave kuri muitiro wapashoma napashoma, wakaoma unosundwa noushingi hwavanyajambwa, kupfuurira kwevatsigiri, uye kudisa kwevatsigiri kuti vapindurire kubvumirano yetsika dzinochinja. Kuvambira pamirauriro mishomanene yekodzero dzavagari vemo yema1960 kusvikira kuchiito chehurumende chaizere cha2009, mutemo zvino unoziva kuti masimba masimba anonyandura ruvengo anoparira kuvadziko yechienzi, kukuvadza kwakasiyana - siyana kunoitwa nechinhu chimwe chete. Asi basa racho riri kure nokure. Kuganhurira, miganhu mikana yemitengo yemazita, uye zvimiro zvitsva zvehurumende izvo zvinobuda nechinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa nokubudirira zvinoda kupfuurira. Kusimbisa mitemo yokuchengeta utsotsi, kuvandudza mabasa evanyajambwa, uye kuisa dzidzo yose mudzidzo kurutivi rwuri mberi kumunhu womunguva yemberi mumasimba masimba masimba. Chitototo chikuru chinova chinoitwa kupfurikidza nokubudirira, zvinotongetevedzero, zvinobudirira, zvinosimbisa mitemo inobudirira, uye zvinotsigira pamutemo, uye zvinobudirira, kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro penhamba dzazvino uno dzoruvengo uye nhano dzehurumende, shanyira [[FBI:0] Vhease Crime Crimes [[FFLT: 1] uye Bureau of Justice Statistics inovenga mibato yemibato youtsotsi[.]