Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo Yokuenzana

Chipikirwa chokuenzana chinomira seimwe yenheyo dzinogara uye dzinopesana zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo yeAmerica. Nepo Chiziviso cheKuzvimirira chakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakasikwa vakaenzana, kwakada rinenge zana ramakore kuti pfungwa iyoyo iwane mashoko akajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Kusimbiswa kweKirasi ye14th Amendment muna 1868 kwakaratidza nguva yokuchinja, kusuma maruramiro echiNgezi eEtencial Protection Classiale, iyo inoraira kuti hakuna nyika icharamba kumunhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwemitemo. Uyu mutongo mumwe wakaparira Dare gurusanopfuura zvimwe zvirongwa zvipi nezvipi zvemitemo uye wakabatira semotokari huru nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo dzinofambira mberi zvichitevedzana.

Nhoroondo yeMitemo yeMitemo ye14th Amendment inokosha kuti inzwisise kukura kwayo. Kugadziridzwa kwakaitwa kuti kuchengetedze kodzero dzevatema vakanga vachangobva kusunungurwa muAfrica pamutemo wehurumende ine utsinye. Chikamu Chokutanga, chine zvose zviri zviviri Nhengo yeCengetement Claus neFolegiment Prolection Clause, zvakagadzirirwa kuita kuti mitemo yemitemo yeChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu oga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga ishandiswe nemaune, uye Dare Gurusa reChirungu rakatanga kushandura Dare Rinodzora rinopfuura kure kure nokuregeredza rusarura rwedzinza, zvichitambanurwa kuti zvisarurwe patsikanotangira pabonde, unzenza, shati, kusaruramato, uye kurara.

Kududzira kweDare kwokuenzana hakuna kusino kusiana. Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba mukupera kwamazana amakore ane gumi namapfumbamwe namakumi maviri kazhinji kazhinji zvakaganhurira fambiro mberi. Civil Rights Cases [ ya1883] yaitsigira zvakashata kusarurana kwehurumende, kuisa dziviriro yakaenzana yoga, kuisa muganhu weIclaus kuti aparate. P] Pyv.[FLT] [1866]) (186) yakatsigira zvakaenzana kwedzidziso yakaparadza dzinza pasi pedzidziso yakaenzana, chigamuchirevo icho chaizova chamakumi matanhatu amakore. Kunzwisisa ukukoshatiswa uku kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi nemhaka yokuratidzira kuti repuko remitemo yetsikano yetsikano pakati pezvibvumirano, kupfurikidza netsarudzo yemitemo, uye kutsanangura zvapamutemo.

Zvisarudzo: Mugwagwa Wakananga kuBrown

Ferguson (1896) uye Dzidziso Yakasiyana

Hapana nzwisiso yemitengo inoenzana yakakwana pasina kurwisana ne [FLT] Pnety v. Ferguson. Homer Plesby, akanga ari muchena wakareba ne85 Black, akadenha noune Louisiana kupfurikidza nokuramba kusiya motokari yenjanji bedzi. Dare Gurusa, muchisarudzo chakanyorwa noMutongi Henry Bills Brown, akatsigira mutemo, kuti rugwaro haruna kureva kuva pasi perimwe dzinza kwenguva refu kwazvo sezvo mabasa akagoverwa. Mutongi John Marshall Harlan akabudisa mutsetse wakakurumbira webumbiro remitemo, muruvara rwakakurumbira, kupfurikidza neshoko rapashure.

Muuyo unoshanda we Plassity yakanga iri yokubvumira gadziriro yakakwana yokuzviisa pasi kwedzinza muMadokero. Nzvimbo dzakaparadzana nokuda kwedzidzo, zvokufambisa, dzimba, uye pokugara vanhu vose dzakanga dzisingatongoenzaniswi mumugariro wakanaka kana kuti mari. Dzidziso yakapfuurira kwamakore ane makumi matanhatu, yakatsigirwa noruzivo rwedare rwekusvika kwapane mapurisa ehurumende nokurava kwayo kwakatetepa kwe 144. NAACPCP UFF, zvinotungamirirwa naThurfable Defence Marshall, yakapedza makumi amakore akawanda achivaka chinyorwa choufakazi hwokuratidzira kuti nzvimbo dzakaparadzana dzakanga dzisingaenzaniki, kuchiguma muchisarudzo chakatanhamara mu [[FL:]B]Brown. v Vroadformation yeDy [FFF]

Chelley v. Kraemer (1948) uye State Action Doctrine

Pamberi pa . Dare rakaita nhano inokosha mukuganhurira rusaruro rwedzinza mu .[FLT] shelley v. Kraemer[. Iyi mhaka yaitaura sungano dzinoganhurira dzinza, zvibvumirano zvapachivande zvinorambidza kutengeswa kwezvinhu kuAfrica. Dare rairangarira kuti apo sungano dzakanga dziri zvibvumirano zvakavanzika, kuchengetwa kwesungano idzodzo dzomutemo dzaiiswa pamusoro pechiito cheSayenzi Clausle. Ichi chisarudzo hachina kuderedza sungano dzinoganhurira chose chose chose, asi chakadziita kuti dzisadzorerwe, kutakura mudare, kupfuutsa kwakatanhamara.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Pamusoro Pekuenzana

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Rufu Rwokuparadzana

Brown v. Board of Education inorangarirwa zvikuru sechisarudzo chinokosha zvikurusa cheDare gurusa rezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza denho shanu dzakaparadzaniswa kukuvara zvikoro zvavose kubva Kansas, South Carolina, Virginia, Delaware, uye Distard of Columbia. Mukuru we Justice Earl Warrenren, anonyora nokuda kweDare rinowirirana, airangarira kuti zvivako zvedzidzo zvakaiswa pasi padzoresakaenzana uye zvakapunza dziviriro yaClaus. Dare raivimba norutivi noufakazi hwesayenzi hwenzanga hunoratidzira kuvadziko yendangariro dzinoratidzirwa pavana veAfrica.

Chisarudzo chakapidigura dzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana ndokutanga nhevedzano yezvinoitika zvaizochinja nzanga yeAmerica. Kushandiswa kwakabvumikisa kuva kwakaoma zvikuru kupfuura kutonga kumene, uye Dare rakaita chisarudzo chechipiri mu Brown II [[ (1955] inoda kubvisa nzanga nemhanza yose yamaune, mashoko aibvumira kurwisana kukuru. Majeri enyika akabatanidzwa mukudzivisa kukuru, kuvhara zvikoro uye kugadza mitemo yokudzivisa kutonga. Yakatorazve chibvumirano cheChirevo chavagari vemo cha 1964 kuti atange kuita kubatanidzwa kune revo. ]

Korematsu muv. United States (1944): A Epilery Tale

Kurukurirano ipi neipi yokuenzana inofanirawo kubvuma kundikano dzeDare. Mu [FLT]Korematsu v. United States[FLT]], Dare rakatsigira kubatanidzwa kwakamanikidzirwa kweMajapani okuAmerica mukati meHondo Yenyika II, kuchishandisa mupimo wokunzvera wakakomba uko hurumende yakagutswa. Chisarudzo chinomira senyevero pamusoro pekodzero dzapamutemo dzebumbiro remitemo mukati menguva dzenjodzi yorudzi uye chakashorwa zvikuru. Yakarambwa nenzira inobudirira mu [[FLT:] Trump. Hawaii[FLT] v [FLD:]] [2017]) asi hachitongoronge chinoitwa.

Rudo Virginia (1967): Kodzero Yokuroora Pasina Ganhuriro Dzedzinza

Mu [FLT][[FLT] v. Virginia[[FLT]], Dare Rapamusorosa rakaparadzisa novvudino rimwe Gwendero reReligin, iro rairambidza roorano yemarudzi akawanda. Richard naMildred Longlie, murume muchena nomukadzi Mutema, vakanga vapiwa mhaka ndokutongerwa gore mutorongo nokuda kwokuroora muWashington, D.C., uye ipapo kugara muVirginia. Dare rairangarira kuti mitemo yeBrigine yakadzo yakadzosa zvose zviri zviviri yeIclaus neChibvumirano cheGrand Claus Claus yeGrame.

Chisarudzo chacho chaiva nemativi anoverengeka anokosha. Chokutanga, Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti dziviriro yakaenzana yakagutswa nemhaka yokuti mutemo waishanda zvakaenzana kumadzinza ose ari maviri, uchicherekedza kuti marudzi akasarira aidzorwa kunzverwa kukurusa. Chechipiri, Dare rakaziva roorano sekodzero huru pasi peGuer Procestion Claus, nheyo yaizobvumikisa gare gare kuva inotsoropodza munhau imwe cheteyo dzeroorano dzevatano. [[FLT: 0]] Isitaginti:[ Iyi chisarudzo yakaodzadza mitemo inodzivisa kurwisana nemiscegeno muS gumi namatanhatu mashoko ayo achiri kuchengeta uye kubvisa shongwe huru huru huru yezvoukuru hwevachena kubva kumutemo weAmerica.

VaRegents veUniversity of California v. Bakke (1978)

Mubvunzo wekubvuma wakasvika Dare mu . Regents dzeUniversity of California v. Bakke, chisarudzo chakapesana icho chakabudisa mirangariro mitanhatu yakasiyana. Dare rakaita kuti miganhu yedzinza ive isingachinjiki asi kuti dzinza raigona kurangarirwa sechinhu chimwe pakati pezvisarudzo zvizhinji. Mutongi Lewis Powell's anoratidzira mifungo yedzidzo yakakwirira sefariro inogombedzera kururamisa miraudzo inoziva mirangariro yorudzi. Chisarudzo ichi chakagadza chigadziko nokuda kwechiito chinoshanda chinofadza chamakore makumi mana nashanu kusvikira pachisarudzo cha [FT] [FT] [FT]

Kupesana Kunokonzerwa Nokuenzana

[FLT][1] R. [[FLT]] inoyeukwa zvikurukuru sechinhu chakavanzika nechisarudzo chakafanira, mibvunzo yokuenzana yakasimbiswa zvikuru munhau. Dare rakaziva kuti mano okudzora upenyu hwokubereka anokosha kuvakadzi mukutora rutivi munzanga uye upenyu hwakaenzana navarume. Chisarudzo chakagadza chikwaniriso chakaenzana chinodzikamisa kodzero dzomukadzi dzokuvandama pamusoro pezvinodiwa nehurumende muutano hwaamai uye upenyu. [[FLT:] [FLT]] chikaidzoso chamagamupikirwo ose ari maviri okubereka uye vashongeri, chichiva chimwe chenhau hurusare. [F][3][3]

United States v. Windsor (2013): Federal Brand of Save - Sex Ages

[FLT] United States v. Windsor[[FLT]] yakadenha Chikamu 3 cheDefense of Marriance Act (DOMA), icho chakarondedzera roorano nokuda kwamadonzo ehurumende sekubatana kwomurume nomukadzi. Edith Windsor naThea Spyer vakanga varoora muCanada uye vakagara muNew York, iyo yaibvuma roorano yavo. Apo Sper akafa, Windsor akamanikidzirwa kubhadhara mari inopfuura $363 000 mumitero yemitero yenyika nemhaka yokuti DOMA yakadzivisa roorano yavo. Dare guru rakarova chikamu 3 sekuputswa kweGandizo reHPremist Claus, rakava nehurumende risingagoni kupesana nehurumende inorwisana nemitemo yehurumende mumutemo wehurumende.

Chisarudzo ichi chakadzorera betsero dzomubatanidzwa kuzviuru zvavakwanyina vevatano vakaroorana pamutemo ndokugadza nzvimbo nokuda kwokutonga kwapashure kweDare pamusoro pokuenzana kweroorano. Chiratidzo:[ Chakaratidzira nguva yokutanga Dare rakaziva kuti mitemo inonangidzira vatano yevatano nedzechikadzi yavanhu yaigona kuputsa bvumirano yapamutemo yedziviriro yakaenzana.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015: Roadial Ukuenzana kweNyika yose

Makore maviri pashure pa . Dare rakapedza basa rokuchengeta ganhuriro dzeroorano mu . Obergefell v. Hodges. . Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza denho kuroorano imwe cheteyo yetendi kubva kunyika ina. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, kunyora nokuda kwe 5-4 voruzhinji, akarangarira kuti kodzero yokuroora ikodzero inokosha pasi pegadziriro inodikanwa neFold Explanustion uye kuti varoorani vakafanana havanganyiwi izvozvo zvakarurama. Chisarudzo chinodikanwa chose kubudisa mareze eroorano kumibatanidzwa anobvumiranwa kuzivikanwa nokuzivikanwa.

ITY]

Kuchinja - chinja Kwekuenzana

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Chivi Nedare

Dare rapamusoro rakataura pamusoro porusaruraganda rwemitezo yavakadzi pasi peFelt Protection Claus chifo cha 1970. Mu Red v. Reed (1971], Dare rakarova mutemo weIdaho waisarudza varume kupfuura vakadzi savatarisiri venzvimbo, kuratidzira nguva yokutanga Dare rakashandisa Dare Rinoyera Police Claus kuti ripeseidzedzedzei mutemo pahwaro hwevatano. Panzvimbo pezvo, gore rinotevera, [[FLT:]FRON] v. Richardson[FLT:][3]] [12]), uzhinji hweDare racho hunofanira kunzi kufungira kuti vatano inofanira kurangarirwa kuva chinhu chinofungidzirwa kuti chisarutsoro chapamutemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rinovakwamuraudzirwa mumupimo mukuru [FRAFRA] [FRA]

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare rakataura dziviriro nokuda kwavanhu vanovhurwa mu Bostock v. Clayton County (2020), richirangarira rusaruro irworwo pahwaro hwechimiro chevatano kana kuti mugariro wokuchinja utachiona unoumba rusaruro nemhaka yevatano paChikamu VII chekodzero dzavanhu muTrevol Act ya1964. Nepo BHOSCTY [ yakanga iri chisarudzo chechisarudzo chemitemo yemitemo panzvimbo yemitemo yevatano, rekunzvera kwakaenzana kudzivirira kunopfuurira kupedzerwa mumatare akaderera.

Kusaenzana Kwemari Nedare

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kunoshanda kumapoka akavakirwa papfuma bedzi mumiganhu yakaganhurirwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti dare harigoni kuramba kusvika kumatare akavakirwa pakusatenderwa mumikumbiro youtsotsi, somu Griffin v.Illinoia [1966] [1966], uyewo havagoni kuramba betsero dzegarikano pasina dziviriro dzakakwana. Zvisinei, Dare rave richiwanzodzivisa pfungwa yokuti kusaenzana kwezve kwemari kwoga kunoputsa Bumbiro remitemo. Mu Antonio Independent School School Res. Rodriguez [FLT] [FLT] [3] [73], Dare rinotsigira gadziriro yechikoro yakavakirwa pamitero, rinoramba chibvumikiso chokuti dzidzo chikuru pasi pePromendementmentationstion idzo inodzo inodzo inodzosa yemariso yorudyi. Rodersa kuruwa rwedzidzo runopfumisa dzidzo. Rose. Rod. Rod. Rod.

Kurwira Kuenzana Kunopfuurira

Pasinei zvapo nezvisarudzo zvokuchinja zvamakore makumi manomwe apfuura, kurwisa kwokuenzana kunopfuurira mumativi akawanda. Kubatanidza kwave kuri mudzvinyiriro itsva mushure me Shelby County v. Horer [202013], kwakabvisa kunyorwa kwemitemo yekodzero dzemunhu ye656. Marusando okuvhota, maruwa akavhota akadzorwa, uye akabvisa mavhoti nenzira idzo dzakatapura zvikuru nzanga duku. Voruzhinji veDare vanoramba kupanikira mishonga yedzinza nechiito chinozivikanwa.

Kuchinja ruramisiro youtsotsi kunoramba kuri itiro hanya huru. kusungwa kwavakawanda kwakava nomuuyo unoparadza panzanga dzeAfrica yeAmerica neHispanic, uye Dare rakakurukura nhau dzinovambira parusaruro rwedzinza mukusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kusvikira kukushandiswa kwedzinza mugadziriro.

Tsika dzinopfuurira kuita kuti pave nedzidzo yakakwirira. Chisarudzo cheDare mu Zvikamu zvemapire eAdagings v. Harvard [2023]) (2023) zvakagumisa nenzira inobudirira chiito chokubvuma dzinza mudzidzo yakakwirira, zvichida masangano kuronda mhatsa kupfurikidza nemitoo yedzinza nedzemari. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparira kurangarirwazve kwemiitiro yekubvuma uye kurukurirano itsva pamusoro penzi yokuwana nayo mukana wedzidzo wakaenzana munzanga inoratidzirwa netsika dzinopfuurira dzedzinza nedzemari.

Kunzwisisa Kuenzana Mukirasi

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi vanodzidzisa idzi misoro, mitoo mizhinji inogona kubetsera vadzidzi kupinda muhuoma hwehumwe utongi. Chokutanga, kunokosha kusimbisa kuti revo yokuenzana yachinja zvikuru munhau yeAmerica uye kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo kunochinja mukupindura masangano enzanga uye kuchinja mipimo yenzanga. Chechipiri, vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro harishandisi pasina chinhu; zvisarudzo zvaro zvinoratidza nokupesvedzera zviitiko zvakawanda zvezvamatongerwe enyika nezvetsika. Chechitatu, kunzvera kunofanira kubatanidza ngwariro yokungwarira kumaidi enhau imwe neimwe, zvibvumikiso zvapamutemo pamativi ose ari maviri, uye kurangarira kwevoruzhinji uye kupesana kwemirangariro.

Mirangariro yakaenzaniswa inogonawo kuvandudza kurukurirano yomukirasi. Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza Canada, South Africa, uye Germany, dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzakaenzana mumirayiro yadzo yapashure peHondo Yenyika II iyo inopfuura United States mumativi akati. Kunzvera kuti mamwe matare akasvika sei nhau dzorusaruro, ichokwadi chiito, uye kuenzana kweroorano kunogona kujekesera mativi anosiyanisa omutemo wemitemo yeAmerica nechisarudzo zvinoiswa mugadziriro yedu yemitemo.

mhedziso

Dare rapamusoro rakaita basa rinokosha mukurondedzera nokudzivirira vimbiso yokuenzana pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Kubva rown v. Boka reDzidzo kusvikira ku Obergefell v. Hodges[, zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo zvakawedzera ukuru hwedziviriro yakaenzana uye kusimbisa chiremera chamapoka akabviswa muugari hwemo hwakazara. bva dare pacharo rimene harina kuva remitsetse, uye denho dzinooneka. Dare rimene rachinja muuzivi, uye gakavaro pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhotera, kubvutira, kubvumwa, uye kwezva, uye kuratidzira chiremera chevatano.

Kunzwisisa izvi zviitiko uye mashoko azvo akapoteredza anokosha nokuda kwokuva mugari wemo akadzidziswa. Nheyo dzokuenzana neruramisiro zvinotsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yeAmerica hadzisati dziri njodzi dzinoparadza; dzinoda kuvimbisana kunopfuurira, kurongeka, uye kungwarira. Sezvo vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanonzvera izvi zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo, vanotora rutivi mukutevedzerwa kukuru kwedudziro yebumbiro remitemo uye vanopa chipikirwa chokuva nohuenzani hunova zera. Chipikirwa chokuva nomwe kupfuurira kuti chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chishande kuzadzika.