Kutanga: Kubva muchiKomonizimu Kuenda Kuhurumende Inosarudzwa Nayo

Kuwa kwehurumende dzechikomyunizimu muEastern Europe neyaichimbova Soviet Union muna 1989-19991 kwakamutsa imwe yechinjo huru dzezvamatongerwe enyika mukupera kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri. Mumakumi matatu amakore apfuura, idzi nyika dzinotonga dzapashure penyika dzakafamba rwendo rwakaoma uye rwakakomba kuhurumende yedemocracy. Nepo mamwe marudzi akabatanidza nenzira inobudirira masangano edemocracy akasununguka, mamwe akapinda muhurumende dzemibatanidzwa yakavhenganiswa kana kuti chiremerera chakananga. Nyaya ino inonzvera shanduka-shanduka-shanduka yemiitiro yemiitiro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yavanhu mushure menyika, kunzvera zvinhu zvakaumba kuchinja kwadzokororo yedemocracyism nedenho dzinopfuurira kupesvedzera masangano avo ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kunzwisisa iyi chinjo kunoda kutarira kupfuvura miganhu yakapfava yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu mukupesana neautocracy. Nzvimbo yepashure pecommonism inopa rabhoritari yomusikirwo yokufunda nayo kuti ronge sei kuronga kwesangano, chinjo yezvemari, zvimiro zvetsika, uye dzvinyiriro yokunze kuti zvibudise miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasiana---- siyana. Kuvambira partictic relives kusvikira kuCentral Asia, nzira dzakatorwa dzakaumbwa nezvinoitika zvenhau, simba renzanga, uye zvisarudzo zvetsika dzehurumende dzehurumende dzomumba.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaita Nhau Yokutonga Kwehurumende Yakabudirira Pashure Pekunge Yasvika

Nhaka Yokutonga kweSoviet

Gadziriro dzechikomonizimu idzo dzakadzora Eastern Europe kwamakumi mana amakore dzakasiya zvisimbiso zvikuru zvokurongeka nendangariro. Kutonga kwoga, kudzorwa kwomugariro wemari, kudzvinyirirwa kwenzanga yavagari vemo, uye chishandiso chechengeteko chakapararira zvakaparira tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo zvisina kuchinjika nyore nyore kumipimo yehurumende. Mumarepubulic eSoviet amene, chinoitika chacho chakanga chakatowedzera zvikuru uye chinodzvinyirira zvikuru. Idzi dzi dzidzo dzakareva kuti basa rokuvaka masangano matsva ezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga isiri nhau yokungotevedzera bedzi mienzaniso yokuMadokero; yaida kukurira miitiro yakadzika mipimo youori, kushaiwa chivimbo mumasangano enyika, uye magamuchidzanwa akaneta zvikuru ezvamatongerwe enyika.

Makore Okuchinja Kunotanga (1999 - 19995)

Nhatsa yokutanga yechinjo yakaratidzirwa nokufara nokuchinja kwokushanda nokukurumidza. Kutaurirana kwemabhii muPoland, Hungary, uye Czechoslovakia kwakatungamirira kukutamisirwa kwesimba kune rugare. Mabumbiro matsva akaumbwa, gadziriro dzezvikamu zvizhinji dzakatangwa, uye kutanga kusarudzwa kwapachena kwakaitwa. Zvisinei, kuparara kwemari kwakatevera kubviswa kwokurongwa kwegadziriro kwakaparira chinetso chakakomba. Kushaya basa, kuderera kwemitengo, uye kubviswa kwenzanga kwakaparira kuvhiringidzika kwakakurumbira nechinjo yedemocracy. Munyika dzakadai seBulgaria neRomania, chinjo yacho yakadzokororwa zvishoma uye yakaitwa, namapati echikomonisiti anozvidzora vamene sedereshina yenzanga uye kuchengeta pesvedzero huru yenzanga.

Mukati menhambo ino, vatambi vamarudzi ose — zvikurukuru European Union neUnited States — vakagovera betsero younyanzvi, yamuro yemari, uye tsigiro yezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokudzorwa kwehurumende. Kariro yemitezo yeEU yakava sundo ine simba zvikurusa yokunze yokuvandudza, sezvo yakabvumira kupinda pakusangana nemipimo yeCopenhagen: masangano akasimba anovimbisa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kutonga kwomutemo, kodzero dzavanhu, uye ruremekedzo nokuda kwevoruzhinji.

Kusimbisa uye Divergence (1996 - 2010)

Pakasvika pakati pama1900, kupesana kwakajeka kwakatanga. Nyika dzeCentral Europe dzakadai seCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland, uye Slovenia dzakafambira mberi zvakatsiga kubatanidzwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Vakabatana naNATO muna 1999 neEU muna 2004. Mukupesana, nyika muBalkan neyaichimbova Soviet Union dzakatarisana nokusagadzikana kukuru. Hondo muYugoslavia nerwisano dzakaita chando muMoldova, Georgia, neAzerbaijan zvakadzivisa kukura kwedemocracy. MuRussia, ma1990 akanyongana akarega kutonga kwapakati pevladiokramendi yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, uyo akaputsa nguva yakarongwa. Nguva ino yakaratidzira kuti kuvapo kwemasangano ehurumende inotonga hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese hakuna kuvimbisa kuvakwadzokororo.

Mienzaniso Huru Yehurumende Munyika Dzakapera Kubatanidzwa Nemakomunisiti

Kudzora kwepashure pecommunist nhasi kunogona kuiswa mumienzaniso mitatu yakafara, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakawanda dzine nzvimbo dzisina kujeka pakati pavo. Kunzwisisa iyi mienzaniso kunobetsera kutsanangura mhatsa yemiuyo munharaunda yacho yose.

Muenzaniso Wokuzvipira Kunoita Vanhu

Nyika dzinofungidzira nokutendeka zvikuru hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yokuMadokero dzinogoverana mativi anoverengeka: dziviriro dzakasimba dzebumbiro remitemo, matare emitemo anozvimirira, nzanga dzinobudirira, zvinobudisa nhau dzakasununguka, uye kusarudza kwamakwikwi. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Czech Republic, Slovenia, uye Slovakia kazhinji kazhinji dzinodudzwa senhau dzebudiriro. Estonia, somuenzaniso, yakapayona kubatira pamutemo nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, inosvika mwero yakakwirira yokuoneka zvakanaka uye kuvimbisana navanhu. Czech Republic yakachengeta gadziriro yakatsigarira nezvinowirirana nedzikamisa kunyange mukati menhambo dzedzvinyiriro yePuganda.

Iyi hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakasununguka haina kudzivirirwa kuzvinetso. Zvisakiso zvouori, kusabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye denho dzapanhambo nenhambo paudzori hwokutonga zvakaitika. Zvisinei, kutsigira kwavo kupfuurira kwesangano (kunotsigirwa nemitezo yeEU nenzanga dzavagari vemo dzinoshingaira) kazhinji kazhinji kwakavabvumira kunaya panjodzi. Muenzaniso wehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji yakasununguka munyika idzodzi zvino yakasanoshatiswa, netsigiro yavose yetsika dzoutongi hwehurumende.

Utsanana Hunodziviswa: Kutsigira Kunosarudzwa Nehurumende uye Kutsigira Kumwe

Muitiro unokosha zvikurusa mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya wave uri kutanga kwehurumende dzemhuka, dzinochengeta mativi edemokrasi apo dzinoisa simba mumaoko amapoka anotonga kana kuti vakuru vakuru. Hungary nePoland mienzaniso yakatanhamara zvikurusa mukati meEU. Pasi poMutungamiriri wePrime Viktor Orbán, Hungary yakanyorazve bumbiro rayo remitemo, yakabata judicary nerezvinobudisa nhau, uye manzwi anopesana. Mutemo nebato reSakata rePoland (Pisi) nenzira yakafanana zvakasekesa kuzvimirira kwokutonga ndokutora udzoresarudzo yavose. Nyika dzose dziri mbiri dzinova nesarudzo asi dzakapomerwazve kuputsa mipimo yeEUS uye dzakatarisana nemiitiro muChikamu 7 cheChibvumirano cheEuropean Union.

Kunze kweEU, hurumende dzemhuka dzakatonyanya kuzivikanwa. Serbia, Bosnia neHerzegovina, Moldova (kusvikira pakuchinja kuchangobva kuitwa), uye Ukraine (pamberi napashure peEuromadan) dzakava nenhambo dzokudzora kwemari, umo fariro dzine simba dzebhizimisi dzinoumba zvamatongerwe enyika namasangano edemokrati. Muidzi gadziriro dzezvishoro, mapoka anoshora angakwikwikwidzana asi achitarisana nenzvimbo dzokutamba, tsvedzero, uye pfuma yehurumende inoshandiswa nokuda kwebetsero inodzorwa. Muuyo wacho ndiwo chimiro chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vakatanhamara vanotonga vanogona kukunda marusarudzo kupfurikidza nokudzorwa panzvimbo pokudzorwa.

Mienzaniso Yousosha uye Yevatongi

Boka rechitatu renyika dzinotsigira zvamatongerwe enyika dzakachengeta kana kuti zvimwe dzakadzorerwa kuutongi hwakazara. Belarus pasi paAlexander Lukashenko muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa: chifo cha 1994, Lukashenko akachengeta simba kupfurikidza nokudzvinyirira kwakarongwa, sarudzo, uye kubviswa kwezvinobudisa nhau zvazvimirimo nechishongo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Kurwisana kwamasimba masimba pakuramba pashure peporatwa kwe 2020 yakasimbisazve kudisa kwehurumende kushandisa simba. Nenzira yakafanana, Russia pasi paPutin yazova chidzoreso chikuru, nehurumende inodzora zvitepfeko zvikuru, kudzvinyirira kupesana, uye kushandisa chishandiso chayo chokudzivirira kuti ibvise vakwikwikwidzani vezvematongerwe enyika. Hondo yeUkraine neRussia yakabvisazve kutsigira nzanga dzehurumende.

Mifanikiso yavanyori inopfuurirawo muCentral Asia, umo nyika dzakadai seKazakhstan, Uzbekistan, uye Turkmenistan dzinotongwa nehurumende dzine hunhu pasina makwikwi ezvamatongerwe enyika ane revo. Idzi hurumende dzakagamuchira zvisungo zvehurumende zvechidhimoni zvapamutemo zvehurumende nemhesvo, maparamende, uye sarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo, asi dzinoshanda sefakisi yehurumende imwe kana kuti mhuri imwe. Kutuka kwemutengo (mafuta negasi) kwakabetsera kutsigira ava vazvipfumi vezvirongwa zvehurumende zvehurumende, zvichibvumira vatungamiriri kutenga kuvimbika uye kudzivisa tsika yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Kuchinja Kwemadhimocratic

Kusiyana kukuru mukudzora kwapashure pecommunist kunogona kurondwa kuzvinhu zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu kunokosha mukuyera kariro dzokusimbiswa kwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji munharaunda yacho.

Kuronga Kwakarongwa Nokutonga kwoMutemo

Simba nokuzvimirira zvemasangano makuru ._masangano edare, masangano anorwisa uori, uye masangano anovhota akakomba. Nyika dzakashandisa kunzvera kwebumbiro remitemo kwakakomba nedzikamo, dzakadai seCzech Republic neEstonia, dzakava nani kupfuura idzo dzakaunganidzwa simba pasati pari. Somuenzaniso, mutemo weHungary wa 2011 wakarongwa nechikwata chinotonga uye chiremera chikuru muhofisi yomukuru mukuru wehurumende, zvichiparadzana gare gare. Independent Judicary igweta redemocracy redecial; apo rinoiswa pasi, sePoland pashure pa 2015, mamwe magariro ehurumende anoputsa mutemo.

Kubudirira Kwezveupfumi Nokuchinja

Zvikonzero zvezvemari zvakaita basa rinokosha. Kuchinja kubva pakuronga kuchienda kuupfumi hwemari kwakaparira vakundi navakundi. Nyika dzakaronda kukurumidza, kugadzirwa kwemisika inoshanda uye dzakavakwa masangano ezvemari anoshanda ne(kazhinji) nenhungamiro yeEU (8) dzakada kutanga mapoka akasimba zvikuru akatsigira kugadzikana kwehurumende yedemokrase. Mukupesana, nyika umo mapringingingidhi akanga akajeka kana kuti akabatwa nevoritari, zvakadai seRussia neUkraine, dzakaona kuwanda kwepfuma nesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika zvichideredza utongi hwedemocracy. Upfumi hwemari kana kuti kuderera kwemari kwapanguva refu, somuBulgaria neRomania muma 1990, kushatisa kuvirira chivimbo chavose mumasangano ehurumende uye kuvamba nokushambadza majeri.

Kuchinja Kunoita Vanhu: Kuchinja EU uye Vaiti Vemitemo Pasi Pose

Hapana chinhu chave chiri chisakiso chikuru chokubatanidza kwedemokrase kupfuura kariro yemitezo yeEuropean Union. Kutsamira pamitemo kunoiswa nenyika dzeEU(h) inomanikidzirwa kutora macomtunaitaire ndokusvitsa mipimo yeCopenhagen() daro rokuchinja kwesangano muCentral neEastern Europe. Kana nyika dzikangokumbanira, zvisinei, kuderera kwemitengo yeEU, kunobvumira kuderera kwekudzoka kwapamberi muHungary nePoland. Mitemo mitsva yemari yeEUO, inobatanidza mitero yemari kuti idzore kuzviisa pasi pemitemo, inomirira kuedza kuwanazve pesvedzero asi inoramba iripo mune zvematongerwe enyika.

Vamwe vatambi vamarudzi ose vakaumbawo miuyo. United States yakatsigira kuiswa kwehurumende yepasi neyamuro nepurogiramu dzenzanga muva 1990. Nenzira yakapesana, Russia yakasimudzira nokushingaira mienzaniso yehurumende inodzvinyirira, ichishandisa kutsamira pasimba, kubvisa maruramiro, uye tsigiro nokuda kwebato dzisina kutendeka kuti dzinete kuchinja kwehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji munharaunda yayo. EU’s Eastern Partnetshipt neDare reEurope zvakagovera gadziriro dzemipimo yemitemo nedzehurumende yedemocracy, asi kubudirira kwazvo kunosiyana.

Tsika Dzematongerwe Enyika Nemitemo Yenhau

Mipimo yechimurenga nezvinoitika zvenhau zvinotapura zvikuru kugamuchira masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Munyika dzine tsika dzakasimba dzapamberi pechirongwa chavagari vemo nezivikanwo yorudzi, dzakadai seCzech Republic neEstonia, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakava nemidziro iri nyore zvikuru. Munyika umo kuzivikanwa kworudzi kwakasungirirwa nehurumende inodzorwa neodha kana kuti umo zvivako zvedzinza zvakapfuurira, zvakadai somumativi eBalkan neCentral Asia, masangano edemocracy akaramba asina kusimba. Kuvimba mumasangano, kushivirira kusabvumirana nokupesana, uye kugamuchirwa kweuzhinji hwezvamatongerwe enyika mavara etsika ayo asingabudisiti. Mipimo youori yetsika uye kusha yehurumende inowanzogarwa nhaka nhambo yetsika munhambo yechiKomonisiti uye kuoma kuti idzorerwe pasina dzvinyiriro yehurumende yavose.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Norusununguko Rwezvinobudisa Nhau

Masangano avanhu akasimba avanhu akaiswa muboka rimwe chetero kana kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvakazvimirira. Munyika dzehurumende yapashure pechitsama chavagari vemo akabuda nokukurumidza muma1990, kazhinji kazhinji nemari yokuMadokero. Zvisinei, muhurumende dzakawanda dzemibatanidzwa mizhinji nedzoudzvinyiriri, aya masangano akadzorwa, akadzorwa, kana kuti akadzvinyirirwa. Somuenzaniso, muRussia, mitemo inoda “vamiriri vedzimwe nyika” yakaremadza NGO. MuHungary, kuvharwa kweCentral Europe University kwakaonekwa sedenho parusununguko rwedzidzo. Rusununguko rweMedia ichiratidzo chikuru chinotapurwa zvikuru: nyika dzine zvizhinji, dzinozvimirira dzine kuzvidavirira kwadzorwa kwadzose-hurumende kana kuti kudzorwa kwehurumende (se Serbia kana kuti Bulgaria) inotambura nokutaura kwavose kwapachena.

Matambudziko Nekariro Dzenguva Yemberi

Kuparadza Kwechidhimoni uye Kubudisa Mabhodhoro

Denho hurusa muEurope yapashure pecommunistism kukura kwechipulism nokupararira kwedemocracy. Munyika zhinji, vagari vemo vakaodzwa mwoyo nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nemhaka yokusagadzikana kwezvemari, uori, uye kusaenzana. Mapati ePopulist anopikira zvigadzikiso zvakapfava nemitemo yedemocracy sechisvo. Kushandiswa kwenhungamiro dzavanhu kwakasimba kwakura, kunyange muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatangwa. Hungary nePoland zvinoratidza kuti hurumende dzechipulcillic dzinogona sei kubvisa zvishoma nezvishoma kunzvera nedzinochengeta tsigiro yakakurumbira. Ngozi ndeyokuti mamwe marudzi ari munharaunda yacho angatevera kudzorwa kana masimba edemocracy akundikana kutaura zvichemo.

Uori uye Kubatwa Nehurumende

Uori hunoramba huri chinetso chegadziriro munyika dzakawanda pashure pekomupiyuta. Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi, zvikurukuru muCentral Europe, nhaka yokubata kwehurumende inopfuurira munyika dzakadai seRomania, Bulgaria, uye Ukraine. Uori hunobvisa chivimbo muhurumende, hunodzivisa kuiswa kwemari mune dzimwe nyika, uye hunoita kuti kusada zvematongerwe enyika. Masangano anorwisa uori uye vachuchisi vakazvimirira atangwa, asi kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nedzongedzero dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kurwisana nouori hakudi mitemo chete asi tsika yokuzvidavirira inogona kutanga.

Dzvinyiriro Dzokunze Nekusanyatsoziva Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika

Gakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru kudenha kweRussia muUkraine chifo cha202, uye kuvhozhokera kwakazara muna 2022, zvakagadziridzazve pfungwa dzechengeteko nemirairo yezvamatongerwe enyika munharaunda yacho. Munyika dzakaganhura Russia neBelarus, tyisidziro yokudzongonyedzwa yakatungamirira kukuvadziko yezvamatongerwe enyika, dzimwe nguva pakurasikirwa nerusununguko rwedemokratiki. Masimba edemoritari, ganhuriro pazviteshi, uye kupesana kwekuchengeteka kwakarurama muzita rechengeteko yorudzi. Panguva ino, mhinduro yeEUC ($sanuctions, tsigiro yemari yechinjo, uye kurukurirano yemipindudziko yeUkraine neMoldovalthia (5) inopa nzira yokuenda mberi kurudzo rwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa, asi kufambira mberi uye kupfuudzo kukuda kwezvematongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kweupenyu uye Zvinetso Zvenzanga

Nyika zhinji dzinoda kuwanda kwavagari vemo pashure pemakombiyuta dzinotarisana nokuderera kwakakomba kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, nemwero yakaderera yokubereka nokuchinja kwakakwirira kwavashandi vaduku, vane unyanzvi. Uku kuderera kwouropi kunonetesa nheyo dzezvemari nedzenzanga dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Kuoma kwemibato yehurumende yehurumende uye kunogona kuparira kusagadzikana kwetsika dzenyika. Hurumende dzinoziva nezveidzi miitiro dzakatanga kutsigira mitemo yemhuri, asi kudzongonyedza kufambidzana kunoda mabanza ezvemari neteramo yezvamatongerwe enyika izvo nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kushaiwa.

Mupeto: Rwendo Rwusina Kupererwa Necharwo

Mhindumupindu yemienzaniso inodzora munyika dzinotevera kombiyuta inhau isina kupedzwa. Nepo mamwe marudzi akavaka hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinosimba dzinozvidzora, mamwe anoramba akabatwa mugadziriro dzemibatanidzwa mizhinji kana kuti dzehurumende inodzorwa. Zvinhu zvinosarudza kubudirira(masangano akasimba, majaji akazvimirira, mukana wemari, tsigiro yokunze, uye nzanga yavagari vemo inoshingaira (anosanonzwisiswa zvakanaka, asi kuzvishandisa kunoda kuda kupfuurira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nguva yemberi yehurumende yehurumende inotsamira pamano emasimba ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kuti idzidze kubva muzvikanganiso zvakapfuura, kudzivisa kukwezva kwemabhinya, uye kupinza vagari vemo vamo mubasa rakaoma rokutarisira gadziriro yehurumende. Sezvi mounda nyika inocherekedza kurwisa kuUkraine, kutvoneimbwa kwepoccommu democracy inosara nguva dzose dzinova chinyorwa chapakati penyika yose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona mishumo yegore negore ne Freedom House paMarudzi mu Transit, [[FLT:] , . Angororo dzeDreadement Bank reNyika yose [, uye [[FLT] , uye [[FLT] .[FLT] yeRepalement yemitemo yemitemo [[[FLT:]] inogovera mashoko akakomba paramendime pamiitiro yedemocracy.]