Munhambo inorondedzerwa nedenho dzinowirirana-nzi “kubva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze uye njodzi dzoutano kukusaenzana kwedzidzo nokuparadzana kwenzanga hazvisati zvatongova zvekurumidziro zvikuru. Nepo pasina kusvika kumwe kunoshanda munyika yose, boka rinokura roufakazi rinoratidza kuti nhano dzinosanosimudzirwa dzinogona kupa miuyo inosanosanowirirana nemamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo. Nokunzvera mapurogiramu anobudirira anobva mutsika nemari, vagadziri vemiitiro, vadzidzisi, uye vatungamiriri venzanga vanogona kubvisa nheyo dzinotamisirwa ndokudzivisa kuvandudzazve vhiri. Nyaya ino inogovera kunzvera kukuru kwedzidzo, utano, kutsigira mhoteredzo, uye kusimbisa magadzirirwo, magadzirirwe, magadzirirwe, magadzirirwo, uye migumisiro izvo zvinoaita kuti zvive zvakafanira kufunda.

Dzidzo Inotanga

Nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kuchinja zvinhu zvinoenderana nokusasarura, zvichiratidza kuti kuita zvinhu zvakakwirira uye kuva munhu akanaka hazvisi izvo zvoga zvinongogumira pakugadzirira vadzidzi mari nokukurumidza.

Muenzaniso Wedzidzo weFinland

Dzidzo yeFinland inoramba ichienderana nedzidzo yepamusoro - soro munyika dzakawanda, asi inonyatsosimbisa kuenzana, kuvimba, uye kuzvitonga kwevadzidzi pane kuongorora zvinhu zvisina kuoma.

  • Kugadzirira mudzidzisi kwakakwirira zvikuru kwazvo – bedzi 10-15% yavakwidzi vanobvumwa kumapurogiramu edzidzo yedzidzo yemadhigirii epamusoro, kuvimbisa basa ravarapi vane unyanzvi zvikuru.
  • [ Mudzidzisi kuzvitonga - Vadzidzisi vanogadzira zvirongwa zvavo vamene zvechikoro nezvinzvero mukati menhungamiro dzenyika, vachisimudzira mano okuita zvinhu nechisarudzo chenyanzvi.
  • Kuedza kwakarongwa [ - Finland inoshandisa nzvero dzakavakirwa pachikoro nebvunzo imwe yenyika yokuisa madaidziro pazera ramakore 18, kuderedza dzvinyiriro apo inenge ichingova nechokwadi chokuzvidavirira.
  • Tsigiro yavanhu [[[FLT: 1] - vadzidzisi vedzidzo chaiyo vanoshanda pamwe chete navadzidzisi vekirasi kugovera kupindira kwapakuvamba, uye vadzidzi vanogona kufambira mberi pamwero wavo vamene.

Miuyo yacho inotaurira vamene: Vadzidzi veFinland havasati vachingova vanopfuura bedzi mukurava, masvomhu, uye sayenzi paOECD’s Programme for International Studentssment (PISA) asiwo vanoshuma mwero yakakwirira yegutsikano nefunganyo yakaderera. Muenzanisiro wakanyandura chinjo munyika dzinovambira kuSouth Korea kusvikira kuUnited States, kunyange zvazvo kuvimba kwavo nokuvimba kwavo kukuru kwetsika muvadzidzisi kungava kusingakurumidzi kuoneka kwose kwose. Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru kwenzira yeFinland, ona CD EDragment Outlook for Finland .

Kudzidza Kwakangwara kweSingapore

Singapore yakachinja kubva mugadziriro yakaoma, yakatsiga yebvunzo kuenda kune imwe yakavakirwa pa “kudzidza.” Kugona kwayo kudzidza kunosimbisa nzwisiso huru yokupeta nomusoro. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza:

  • “ Dzidzisa Zvishoma, Dzidza Zvemarimu [ - zvinoiswa musero wesllabusi zvinobvumira nguva yemabasa akavakirwa pabvunzo nokufunga kwokutsoropodza.
  • Muraidzo wakarongwa[[FT:1] - Vadzidzi vanorongwa nokudisa panzvimbo pezera, netsigiro inonangidzirwa nokuda kwaavo vanorwisa nokupfumisa nokuda kwavadzidzi vakakwirira.
  • Kukura kwenyanzvi – A A Academy yeSingapore Teveraidzo inogovera rovedzo inopfuurira, navadzidzisi vaidikanwa kupedza maawa 100 gore negore pakukura kwenyanzvi.

Mubato weSingapore muPISA ne TIMS (Trends muInternational Mathnames and Science Study) nguva dzose wechienzi, asi unoorora zvikuru kuganhurirwa kwemisiyano yebudiriro pakati pamapoka enzanga nezvemari. World Bank inosimbisa Singapore sefundo mu [[FLT: 0]] miitiro yedzidzo yokuchinja .

Kutanga Kudzidza Nemadhigirii muKenya

Chirongwa cheKenya cheDigital Learning Programme, chakatanga muna 2016, chine chinangwa chokuti chigadzirire mudzidzi wose wechikoro chepuraimari ane tapu yakanyorwa mashoko anoenderana nezvidzidzo zvenyika.

  • Muchina unopa michina yemazakwatira [[FL:1] - Mahwendefa anopfuura mamiriyoni 1,2 anoparadzirwa kuzvikoro zvepuraimari, nezvishandiso zvokubhadharisa zuva zvenzvimbo dzinovharwa.
  • Chisiko chefigita [[[FT:1] - nyanzvi dzenzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau dzakatanga zvidzidzo zvakawanda muchiNgezi neKiswahili, kubatanidza mavhidhiyo, mapini, uye zviidzo.
  • Rovedzo yomudzidzisi [ – vanopfuura vadzidzisi 180 000 vakagamuchira chitupa chekunyora nokunyora mumichina kupfurikidza nebatira pamwe neKenya Institute of Curricuum Development.

Nzvero dzeUNESCO dzakawana kuti vadzidzi vari muzvikoro zvinotora rutivi vakaratidza mhindu huru mukunyora nokunyora uye kunyora, zvikurukuru vasikana avo kare vakanga vasina mikana yokuwana zvokudzidzira kunze kwechikoro. Zvinetso zvinosara nejekiseni yedevice neInternet inhau dzinopfuurira (asi nhamburiko dzeKenya dzinoratidza kuti kusvetuka kusvika pakudzidza mitauro kunobvira kunyange munzvimbo dzakaderera. Nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu, verenga UNESCO] mushumo pamusoro pedzidzo yemitengo muAfrica

Kutanga Kwoutano

Gadziriro dzoutano dzavanhu kupota nyika yose dziri mudzvinyiriro yakabva kunhamba dzavagari vemo vakwegura, hosha dzisingatapukiri, uye zvirwere zvinopararira. Nhano dzokutanga dzinobatanidza kudzivirira, kubatanidzwa kwenzanga, uye kubatira pamwe kwemapoka dzinopa mifananidzo inobvira.

Gross National Happiness Index yeBhutan Sebasa Routano

Bhutan akakurumbira anoisa pakutanga “Gross National Mufarwa” (GNH) kupfuura Gross Fomatidge Product. Uhwu uzivi hunoumba rutivi rwuri rwose rwomuitiro, kubatanidza utano. Panzvimbo pokubata utano sokusavapowo zvako kwehosha, mutoo waBhutan unobatanidza ndangariro, yomudzimu, uye mhoteredzo zvakanaka. Zvinhu zvikuru zvinobatanidza:

  • Utano hwemazino senzvimbo yokutanga yenyika [[[FLT: 1]] - Hurumende yakakudza mabasa okupa zano, yakavamba purogiramu yokudzivirira kuzviuraya kwenyika, uye inobatanidza kufunga muzvikoro.
  • Tsika yokurapa yakapfuudzwa [ - Varwere vanogona kusarudza pakati pomushonga wegamuchidzanwa weBhutanese (wakavakirwa pakurapa kweTibet) uye mishonga yezvino uno, kazhinji kazhinji inogamuchira zvose zviri zviviri.
  • [ Rongedzero yezvoutano yakavakirwa pa - “Makurukota eGNH” anoyera zvinodikanwa zvoutano ndokugovera zviwanikwa, achivimbisa kuti nzanga dzakaganhurirwa dzine inzwi.

Nepo GDP yaBhutan ichiri yakaderera, miuyo yayo youtano inoenzanisa zvakanaka navavakidzani vakapfuma. Nyika yacho yakawana tsinhano dzoutano hwenyika yose muna 2019, uye zviverengero zvinoshumwa zvoutano hwendangariro pakati peyakakwirira zvikurusa muSouth Asia. World Health Organization [ yakabvumikisa miitiro yendangariro yendangariro yetsva semuenzaniso wokubatanidza utano hwendangariro mutarisiro huru.

Muitiro Woutano Hwemhuri weBrazil (Estratégia Saúde da Família)

Brazil’s Family Health Strategy (FHS) ndeimwe yegadziriro hurusa dzezvirongwa zvokutarisira nzanga munyika, dzinofukidza vanhu vanopfuura mamirioni 130. Yakarongedzerwa kusvika vagari vomumaruwa varombo navane zvitangwena vomumaguta vakanga vabviswa mugadziriro yezvoutano. Zvikamu zveCore zvinobatanidza:

  • Vashandi vezvoutano vekommony (vamirioni vecountarianários de saúde) - chikwata chimwe nechimwe chinobatanidza chiremba, mukoti, chiremba wemazino, uye vashandi voutano vanoverengeka vomunzvimbomo vanoita shanyo dzapamusha, vanogovera dzidzo youtano, uye mudungwe pavarwere vezvikepe.
  • Empasi pamusoro pokudzivirira [[FL: 1] – Nhimbe dzokurapa, kurapa kwapamberi pokusununguka, kutarisirwa kwehosha dzisingaperi (hypertension, diabetes) dzinopiwa nenzira isingaiti basa panzvimbo pokumirira kuti varwere varwere.
  • Zvikwata zveutano zvinobatira pamwe namabasa enzanga - zvinobatira pamwe nezvikoro, zvirongwa zvokutamisirwa mari (Bolsa Família), uye madhipatimendi eutsanana kuti apedze ganhuriro dzeutano.

Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vamiriri vakapfuudzwa zvizere FHS vakawana 20% yakaderedza kufa kwavacheche uye kuderedzwa kwe 10% mukuvakwa nokuda kwemigariro yokutapurwa kwehosha yechipatara. Rancet[ yakabudisa kunzvera kunosimbisa FHS somuenzaniso unoparira mutengo wezvoutano munyika dzapakati.

Universal Courage Scheme yeThailand (UCS)

Thailand yakatanga Universal Courage Scheme yayo muna 2002, ichitambanudzira inishuwarenzi youtano kuvagari vemo vane mamiriyoni 47 vakanga vasina kuchengetedzwa kare.

  • Mari inotsigirwa ne[[FL:1] - Hurumende inobhadhara chitsama chegore negore chakatsikirirwa kuboka remigove yakapinzwa, kudzivirira nokudzora.
  • Kufukidzwa kunocherekedzwa - Kubatanidza murwere, murwere, kurapa kwemari yakawanda (mutoo, chemotherapy, dialysis), uye mishonga yakasiyana - siyana inokosha ine mari shoma.
  • Kuchengeta suo retarisiro huru - Varwere vanofanira kutanga vawana nzvimbo inochengeterwa vanachiremba yakasarudzwa, kutoti yava njodzi yechokwadi, kuderedza chipatara kunyanyowandisa.

Thailand yakaita purojeti inodokufukidza nyika yose mukati mamakore matatu, uye ndyiko dzoutano dzine ngwavaira dzakaderera kubva pa 5,5% kusvikira ku 1.4% yedzimba. WHO Bulletin[ inopa mbiri UCS kukuvandudzika kukuru kwoutano, zvikurukuru pakati pevagari vomumaruwa.

Kutanga Kwemhoteredzo

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunoda kuti zvinhu zvifambe zvakanaka.

Mutero Wecarbon wokuSweden

Yakatanga kuitwa muna 1991, mutero wecarbon weSweden ndimumwe wemitero yakakwirira zvikurusa munyika, panguva ino inopfuura 110 000 patani yeCO2. Vatsoropodzi vakatanga kudeya kutaura kuparadzwa kwezvemari, asi miuyo yave iri yakasiana. Mavambo makuru:

  • Kufukidza mumugwagwa nokusapinda kwakarongwa [[[FLT: 1]] – Mutero unoshanda kumafuta ezvicherwa anoshandiswa nokuda kwokudziyisa nokufambisa, asi maindasitiri aratidzirwa kumakwikwi amarudzi ose anogamuchira mwero yakaderedzwa kudzivisa kudzungaira kwecarbon.
  • Kushandiswazve kweraue - Mari inopinzwa mumabasa esimba anomutsidzirwa (mhepo, zuva, bionergy), gadziriro dzesimba rokushanda zvakanaka, uye kuderedzwa kwemitero yemari inotambirwa() kuita kuti kuchinja kugamuchirwe munzanga.
  • Mitemo yokubatanidza [ – Mutero wecarbon unoshanda pamwe chete negadziriro yokushambadza yakasimba (EU ETS) uye mabumbiro ezvivakiso akaisvonaka.

Sweden yakaderedza kubudisa kwayo gasi rinodziyisa nokunayidza ne 35% chifo cha 1990 apo yaiwana kukura kweGDP inopfuura 75%. World Bank inodudza mutero weSweden somuenzaniso mukuru wekubvisa sei kukura kwecarbon prigamest muutsi. Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti mutengo wakakwirira pacarbon, wakatemwa zvishoma nezvishoma uye wakabatanidzwa nebhadharo nokuda kwamapoka ari nyore, unogona kuparira kutanga pasina kukuvadza makwikwikwi.

Kutema Masango kweRwanda uye Kuwedzera Kwegirini

Rwanda, nyika duku, ine vanhu vakawanda muEast Africa, yakachinjwa zvinoshamisa. Pashure pokuparadza rudzi kwa1994, chifukidzo chesango renyika yacho chakanga chaderera kusvika pasi pe 10% yenzvimbo yevhu. Nhasi, yakwira kusvika kuinopfuura 30% kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwetsika yenharo nenzanga. Zvikamu zvikuru zvezvikamu zvinobatanidza:

  • Unganda (basa rekubatira) - Mugovera wokupedzisira womwedzi, vagari vemo vanotora rutivi mubasa renzanga rinogombedzerwa, kazhinji kazhinji kubatanidza kusima miti uye kuchenesa mhoteredzo. Ikoku kwakadenha mamirioni avazvipiri.
  • nharaunda yakadzivirirwa [ – Volcapes National Park neNyungwe National Park dzakakudzwa uye dzakatevedzerwa zvikuru, dzichiwedzera rwendo rwezvokufeya uye kudzivirira mhuka dzakasiyana - siyana.
  • Ban pamapurasitiki anoshandiswa rimwe [ – Rwanda yakanga iri imwe yenyika dzokutanga kurambidza mabhegi epurasitiki, inoteverwa nechirambidzo pamabhodhoro epurasitiki anoshandiswa rimwe mumapaka enyika, zvinoderedza zvikuru tsvina neshatiso.

Nhamburiko dzokucheresera masango dzakadzorera nzvimbo dzokugara dzegorila dzemakomo dziri mungozi nokukukurwa kwevhu, izvowo zvakavandudza kugadzirwa kwezvirimwa. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) yakaratidzira Rwanda senhau yebudiriro mukugadziridza nyika, inoratidzira kuti kunyange nyika dzine zvipfuro zvakaganhurirwa dzinogona kuderedza kushata mhoteredzo kupfurikidza nechido chakasimba chezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva nenzanga.

Mubhadharo weCosta Rica weMabasa Eecosystem Service (PES)

Purogiramu yeCosta Rica yePropaticial for Ecosystem Services yakatangwa muna 1997, yave ichibatsira mukubvisa kutemwa kwemiti uye kuchengetedza zvinhu zvipenyu zvakasiyana - siyana. Purogiramu yacho inoshanda nechinhu chiri nyore: Varidzi venzvimbo inobhadharwa mari nokuda kwemabasa anoitwa nemasango avo, akadai secarbon sescarn sestatus, translation, uye kuchengetedzwa kwemvura. Zvinhu zvinokosha:

  • [ Tsvakaro dzemari – dzinodhwawanwa nomutero wepeturu wenyika, mirau yemvura, uye mari inobva kumakambani emagetsi emvura anobetserwa nezvinobviswa nemasango.
  • [ Kutora rutivi kwokuzvitutumadza – Varidzi veNyika vanosarudza kunyoresa munda wavo kwenhambo dzamakore 5-15, vachigamuchira muripo pahekita rimwe pagore.
  • Miuyo inoparirwa - chifukidzo chesango muCosta Rica chakura kubva pa 26% muna 1983 kusvikira kuinopfuura 55% nhasi, uye nyika zvino inobudisa chinopfuura chikamu chimwe muzvina chamagetsi ayo kubva kumvura inotsigirwa nezvinonaya zvakanaka.

PUS yakatevedzerwa munyika dzakawanda, kubatanidza Mexico, Brazil, uye Vietnam. Vanzveri pa World Resources Institute[ inosimbisa purogiramu yeCosta Rica sefundo mukuronga kurudziro dzemari nenharidzano dzokuchengetedza.

Kutanga Kushamwaridzana Nevanhu

Zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinogadzirisa kusaenzana uye zvinokurudzira kubatanidzwa kwenzanga zvakakosha pakuvaka nzanga dzinosimba.

Purogiramu Yokupinda Muvapoteri yeGermany

Pavakasvika vanhu vanopfuura miriyoni imwe vachitsvaga nzvimbo yokupotera muna 2015, vanobva vatanga kubatana kwakawanda kwava kuita kuti nyika yose ikwanise kufambirana.

  • Kosi dzechikwata chenhurikidzwa [ - Vatsvaki veAsylmum vane kariro dzakanaka dzokugara vanogamuchira maawa 600 omurayiridzo womutauro weGermany namaawa 100 edzidzo yehurumende inofukidza mutemo weGermany, tsika, uye zvinokosha.
  • Kunzvera kwounyanzvi nokugoverwa kwebasa – The Federal Agency inoitisa mufambiro wokukwikwidza muvhiki shomanene dzokusvika, kugovera rovedzo yebasa, zvikepe, uye kugoverwa kwamabasa kwakabatana namabhizimisi omunzvimbomo.
  • Vapi vezano vekommony - Minister vapoteri vaviri vane vapi navapi vanozvipira vanobetsera kufamba negadziriro dzehurumende dzinoshanda, kuwana pokugara, uye kuvaka masangano enzanga.

Pakasvika 2022, vanopfuura 50% vavapoteri vakasvika muna 2015 vakanga vava kubasa nguva dzose, uye mutengo wemari wachinja kubva pamutengo wenhambo pfupi kuenda kumupiro wakananga kuhurumende yegarikano. CD [ yakanzvera gadziriro yebatanidzwa yeGermany semuenzaniso wemitoro yeyamuko yemibato yenzanga nokubudirira kwezvemari.

Boka reIndia Rinozviyamura (SHG)

Sangano reIndia rinonzi Une Zelf-Help Group ndirimwe ramabasa makurusa okusimbisa uswa munyika, kusvika kuvakadzi vane mamirioni 100 munharaunda dzomumaruwa. National Liveliodess Mission (NRLM) inogovera murakatira, asi injini chaiyoiyo mapoka akakwirira omusha avakadzi vanoponesana ndokukweretesa mativi. Chinokosha:

  • Microfy pasina maredhia[[FL:1] - Mapoka akachengeta mari kuti agovere zvikwereti zviduku nokuda kwemibato inoshandiswa pakuwana mari (mutoo, kutenga muchina wokusona, kutanga nzvimbo yemiriwo), kupfuudza mabhangi egamuchidzanwa namabhengi emari.
  • Purogiramu yebank yewindi yewindi[ – Hurumende namabhangi ezvokutengeserana zvinogovera dzimbahwe kuSHGs pamibereko yakaderera, zvichideredza kuvimbika kwamapoka uye kuderedza ngozi yapanguva yakarongwa.
  • [ Chivako choukuru - SHGs zvinopa rovedzo mudzidzo yemari, kutarisirwa kwebhizimisi, kodzero dzavakadzi, uye kuziva utano. Mapoka mazhinji anochinja kuva zvitsinhano zvinotsigira chinjo dzemiitiro pamwero woruwa.

Nzvero dzakaitwa neWorld Bank dzinoratidza kuti vakadzi vanotora rutivi muSHGs kwaanenge makore maviri vanowana wedzero ye 30% yemari yemhuri, simba rokuita zvisarudzo rakavandudzwa mukati memhuri, uye kuderera kwamasimba masimba omumba. World Bank[ yakadana sangano reSHG] kuti “chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwesimba remari ravakadzi muBangladesh, Ethiopia, uye Peru.

Muitiro Wetsika Dzakawanda weCanada

Muitiro weCanada wetsika dzapamutemo, wakabatanidzwa muna 1988, unopfuura kushivirira mhatsa kutsigira nokushingaira kuchengetedzwa nokugoveranwa kwenhaka yetsika. Muitiro wacho unotsigirwa negadziriro dzekongiri:

  • [ Kubatanidza masangano edzinza namatami – Department of Canadian Heritage inogovera kumapoka enzanga anoronga mitambo yetsika, makirasi emitauro, uye mashopu anorwisana neracism.
  • Minamato yokugarisa inotama - Vatsva vanogamuchira rovedzo yomutauro, yamuro yebasa, uye nzira yenzanga yeCanada, inowanzopiwa namasangano omunzvimbomo asingapinduri anotsigirwa nehurumende yehurumende.
  • Mutemo wokusabvumirana[ – Canadian Human Rights Act nebumbiro remitemo roruwa zvinorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, mavambo orudzi, rudzidziso, uye zvimwe zvikonzero, zvinomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nematare anowanika.

Canada nguva dzose inosvika pakati penyika dzakakwirira nokuda kwegutsikano nokubatana kwenzanga. Mukuwirirana ne Hurumende yeCanada, muitiro wakasimudzira pfungwa yokuvapo: vanopfuura 85% vatami vanoti vanonzwa “vane simba zvikuru” kana kuti“ pfungwa yakasimba zvikuru” yokubatana neCanada. Zvinetso zvinoramba zviripo kana kuti zvikurukuru pamusoro pemigumisiro yemari nokuda kwezviduku zvinooneka / Canada zvinopa muenzaniso wenyika dzinorwisana nemhatsa inowedzera.

mhedziso

Nhano dzinoratidzirwa pano dzinogoverana shinda dzakafanana: dzinotapurwa namashoko akapoteredza, dzinotsigirwa nemisengwa yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzakagadzirirwa nemiitiro yokudzidza nokuchinjika kunopfuurira. Finland inoratidza kuti chivimbo muvadzidzisi chinogona kuita basa rakakwirira pasina kuedzwa kwakakwirira. Kenya inoratidzira kuti maturusi emichina anogona kuvhara mipata muvadzidzisi nokupinda. Sweden inobvumikisa kuti carbon prigation inogona kuderedza kubudisa nokutsigira kukura kwezvemari. Rwanda inoenzanisira kuti nzvimbo dzakashata dzinogona kudzorerwa kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nzanga noutungamiriri hwakasimba. Germany neIndia zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kubatana munzanga navakadzi kunobva mumibatanidzwa wenzanga zvinogona kupfuudzwa kupfurikidza nokwakarongwa, mapurogiramu akawanda ezvikwata.

Hapana nhano yokutanga imwe inogona kunyorwa kuva huru, asi nheyo pakuvamba, kupindira, kuva nenzvimbo yechero, kushandiswa kwemashoko nokuda kwokuita zvisarudzo, uye kubatana muzvikamu zvinobatanidza zvinhu (jenass) zvakakodzera munyika yose. Sezvo nyika inova inobatana zvikuru, mukana wokudzidza kubva mumienzaniso inobudirira yokumwe hauna kumbova huru. Kupfurikidza nokufunda iyi miitiro yakanakisisa nenzira yokungwarira uye kuigadziridza nenzira yokufunga, tinogona kukurumidzisa fambiro mberi padenho dzinotambudza dzenguva yedu.