Kurerekera kumutemo uzivi hwepamutemo hunodudzira Bumbiro reMitemo rakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwechinyorwa panguva yarakaitwa. Iyi nzira inopesvedzera kurukurirano dzakawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza kodzero dzezvisiri zveU. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, kuvamba kwakabva kupfuudzira kududziro huru dzebumbiro remitemo, kuumba zvisarudzo zvikuru zveDare guru redare nemitemo. Kunzwisisa kuti nheyo dzemitemo dzepakuvamba dzinoshanda sei kudzimwe nyika dzinoda kusanonzvera mashoko enhau, mutauro wemanyoro, uye kurangarira kwokutonga.

Mavambo Echiito Chokutanga

Chitendero chekare chinotaura kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inogadzwa panguva yokugamuchirwa kwayo. Kune zvimiro zvinoverengeka mukati mechiito chapakuvamba, asi chakatanhamara zvikurusa nhasi ndi chirevo chavanhu chepakuvamba [, icho chinobvunza icho munhu ane mufungo aizova anzwisisa rugwaro rwacho kuti rwaizoreva apo rwakagamuchirwa. Irwo runosiana neshanduro dzapakuvamba dzakanangidzira ngwariro zvikurukuru pavavariro dzetsika dzeFramerss. Mutongi Antonin Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri mukuru weiyi nzira, achisimbisa kuti runogovera kuteverwa, kutendeka, kutungamirira, uye mitoo yehurumende.

Vazivi vezvokuvamba vanoramba pfungwa ye “Bumbiro reMitemo mhenyu” inoshanduka netsika dzenzanga. Panzvimbo pezvo, vanotaura kuti kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo inzira yakafanira yokuchinja. Iyi misengwa yemiitiro ine miuyo yakananga nokuda kwekodzero(zvikurukurudzi idzo dzisina kurongwa zvakajeka(itsanangurwa. Kuvasiri vapanguva ino. Mamitemo ayo asina kunyorwa zvikuru muzana ramakore rechi 18, nyanzvi yemavambo inowanzoshandura mashoko chaiwo egadziriro dzemitemo, dzakadai se “vanhu,” kana kuti“ vana vamagariro.”

Revolution: Nokuda kwechitsama chakakwana cherondedzero yapakuvamba, ona kurukurirano yeTsatation Anotendity yemitoo inodudzira [.

Kodzero Dzebumbiro reMitemo Nedzisiri Dzokushanda

Kodzero dzavasiri vagari pasi pomutemo weU.S. dzinopa dziviriro dzakaoma kunzwisiswa dzedziviriro neganhuriro. Dzimwe bumbiro remitemo rinonongedzera zvakajeka ku “vane,” semumabanza kana kuti mumaImmuniti Claus we 144th Amendment. Dzimwe, dzakadai seCurces and Exlimite Protection Clausssolite, dzinotaura nezve “munhu upi noupi” kana kuti“ munhu upi noupi ari musimba rake.” Iyi mhatsa yamashoko yakatungamirira kugadziriro yakagadzirwa nebhurungwe: dzimwe kodzero dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinokosha uye dzinotambanurirwa kuvanhu vose pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokutama, nepo dzimwe kodzero dzinochengeterwa vagari vemo.

Kodzero Dzinokosha Dzakapiwa Vanhu Vose

Dare rapamusoro ragara richirangarira kuti Nhevedzo yaMaitirwo yaDorona yeFindre Amendment neFomment Clause of the 14neth Amendment inodzivirira “munhu upi noupi,” kubatanidza asingashandisi mari inobvumirwa nomutemo kana kuti kunyange isina kunyorwa. Nhau dzeLandmark dzinoenzanisira iyi nheyo. YRIK [v. Hopkins[[FLD]] [1866] [-1866]), Dare rakarovanyanya Sand Francisco mutemo wakashandiswa nenzira yapamutemo muparadzirifiki muvatami vagari veChina, uchiita kuti dziviriro yeGazeribhiribhiri ye145] haiganhurirwi kuvagari vogaro. Nenzira yakafanana [FLT] Wing Wing v [FFFFFFFF] [3] [96:] [18], Dare risingasaru rakatonga rina maruramiro okutonga

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, mu [[FT:0] Mathews v. Diaz [1997], Dare rakatsigira chinodikanwa cheMedicare akakodzera chamakore mashanu okugara, asi rakaziva kuti kunyange zvisati zviri zvizvarwa zvine maruramiro akafanira egadziriro mukutarisirwa kwebetsero dzehurumende. Uye mu [[FLT:] Zoddas v. Davis[FLT:] [2001], Dare rairangarira kuti hurumende haigoni kudzosa nguva dzose kusava yapa nhevedzano yokubvisa, nemhaka yokuti chibvumirano cheshanu chinoshandura chinoitwa naClaus chinoshanda kuvanhu vose varipo muUnited States, pasinei zvapo nomugariro wavo wokutama.

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinotsamira pakunzwisisa mashoko enhau uye kuti mashoko okuti “mutevedzeri” muBumbiro reMitemo anobatanidza munhu ari wose ari mukati menharaunda yeU.S. kana kuti chiremera. Vanyori vekare vanowanzonzvera mashoko enhau: panguva yokuwanikwa, “munhu” akanzwisiswa mumutemo wavose kubatanidza vaenzi navagari vemo zvakafanana, murangariro wakasimbiswa neMenth neTenth Amendments tsinhiro ku“ vanhu” mupfungwa huru.

Kodzero Dzinochengeterwa Vagari

Nenzira inopesana, dzimwe gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoganhurira zvakajeka maruramiro ku “masangano.” Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmuniti a Claus anodzivirira “zvipo kana kuti vadziviriri vevagari veUnited States,” izvo Dare Gurusa rakadudzira zvishoma, zvikurukuru maruramiro akadai sokuvhota muvhota, kufamba kwechisoti, uye kusvika kumatare ehurumende. Irefection ye14th Amendment inosianisa pakati pe“ zvikamu zveUnited States nehurumende. ”

Kutsinhanisa ikodzero yakatanhamara zvikurusa yakaganhurirwa kuvagari vemo. Bumbiro reMitemo, kupfurikidza neMitemo ye 144 ne15, mabhawa anotonga kubva pakuisa maruramiro avagari vemo okuvhota, kuchireva kuti vasati vari vagari vemo havana maruramiro emitemo okuvhota muhurumende kana kuti hurumende. Ikoku kwakasimbiswa nenhau dzakadai se FOLIY v. Connelie [[FL:1]] [10] [10] [10], iyo yakatsigira chinodikanwa chemapurisa chokuti mapurisa ave vagari vemo, uye Cabell v. Chaveldo-SALT] [[FLT] [2] [8], icho chakabvumira California kubvisa kuva varwi vechine.

Betsero dzegarikano dzakaganhurirwawo. Rusando Rwomunhu Oga neWork Frounsion Act ya1996 (PRWORA) yakaisa mitemo yorumano panzvimbo dzisiri dzechienzi, ichidzivisa vagari vemo vechigarire zvikurusa vapamutemo kugamuchira betsero dzemari inoedzwa yehurumende nokuda kwamakore avo mashanu okutanga. Dare Gurusa re Mathews v. Diaz[FULT][FULT] [[FULT]] [1] uye gare gare gare gare gare gare gare [[FLT]] kubviswa kweHomeland Security v. Regents dzeYunivhesiti yeCalifornia yeCalifornia [FLT] [FLT] [20] yakabvuma kuti Dare rokusarira nokutama rakafara pamusoro pezvirongwa zvokuzvienzi mukubetsera nguva dzose.

Kududzira Kwepakutanga Kodzero Dzisiri Dzokushandisa

Nyanzvi dzezvokutanga hadzisi dzokungofunga chete mumhedziso dzavo pamusoro pekodzero dzisiri dzechienzi. Gakava racho kazhinji rinotsamira pakuti gadziriro yakati yebumbiro remitemo inoshandisa shoko rokuti “preson” kana kuti“ bheji,” uye revo yavanhu yapakuvamba inoruramisa musiyano iwoyo.

Gakava Rakadikanwa Rougari Hwomunyika

Vatsigiri vazhinji vemavambo vanotaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzirwa zvikurukuru kudzivirira maruramiro avagari vemo. Vanonongedzera kuBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba, iro nongedzero “madokodzi” muzvinodikanwa zvinoshanda nokuda kwaPurezidhendi, Senator, uye Vamiririri, uye muMasitiki Clause of Artic III. Kubva muMaonere aNinetic Confective yeGrandment yakawedzerwa kubvisa [[FL:] Drid Scott v. Sandford[[FLT] [1857] uye kuvimbisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekerwa muUnited States vagari vemo. Kubva mumurangariro uyu, kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba hakuna kupa kodzero dzakaenzana dzezvamatongerwe enyika kuva vatorwa kuvaeni vatorwa zvikuru, uye kutsaunzika vanodiwa kuva vagari vemo vemo vemo vagara munyika dzapasi pete.

Chisarudzo chikuru: Mu [FLT] United States v. Verdugo-Urquidez (1990), Dare rakakamukana rakataura kuti dziviriro yeFreadmersion yeNhevedzo yeNhevedzo yekusachenjera nepfari haishandi kumusha womutorwa muMexico. Mukuru weSanihedhedrini Rehnquist, achinyorera voruzhinji, kurangarira kwapakuvamba: “Vanhu” vanodzivirirwa neRepunsoridzo inonongedzera kuboka ravanhu vari rutivi rwenzanga yenyika. Uku kurangarira kuti kodzero dzakati dzemitemo ndedzenyika yose uye kuvagari vomunyika.

“ Person” ne “Citicen” Kusiyana

Vamwe vatangi vanodenha kurava kwakaganhurirwa, vachicherekedza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoshandisa rashandisazve “mugadziriro pamusoro perusununguko rukuru. Gadziriro yeshanu neMitemo yeChishanu inodzivirira “munhu upi noupi,” sezvinoita Fourth Amendment (kunzvera kusina mufungo) uye Sixth Amendment (kodzero dzokuedza mhosva). Ava vapakuvamba vanotaura kuti vaFramers vakasarudza namaune kuti“pper” pamusoro pe“ mamiriro ezvinhu anobatanidza upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, vanoratidzira donzo rokutambanudzira dziviriro kuvanhu vose varipo muhurumende.

Uyu murangariro unotsigirwa nomuitiro wenhau. Panguva yokuwana, vaenzi vaizviisa pasi peyakawanda yomutemo mumwe chetewo woutsotsi uye vaigona kukwidza mhaka mumatare ehurumende muhurumende musimba rakasiana-- siyana. Alien Tort Sigmete ya 1789 yakabvumira vaenzi kuunza sututi dzetort dzakaitwa mukuputswa kwomutemo wamarudzi. Dare rokutanga, iro raibatanidza maFramers, raigovera mitemo yakagovera dziviriro dzakakodzera kuvatorwa vakanga vasara vachienda kunyika. Izvi zviito zvinokarakadza kuti kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwaizivikanwa navasiri vagari vemo vehurumende sekodzero dzehurumende mumaakapoteredza akawanda.

External Resource: Kukakavadzana kwenyanzvi kunopfupikiswa zvakanaka muiyi [[FLT:] Georgown Immigation Law Journal [.

Gakava Remitemo Repanguva Ino

Kusawirirana kwemagwaro uye kuchinja magariro evanhu kuri kunyanya kutonyanya kukura muzvinhu izvi.

Kutama Kuchimanikidza uye Kufambira Nguva Yakafanira

Mitemo yehurumende yeTrump yakanyandura nhau dzinoverengeka dzakaedza nheyo dzemavambo. Mhaka yokurambidza kufamba, Trump v. Hawaii (2017), yakabatanidza chiremera chaPrezidhendi kuganhurira kupinda kwavaenzi vanobva kunyika dzakati. Dare, kushandisa nheyo ine mufungo, yakatsigira chirambidzo. Justice Kennedy’s Complictrence, zvisinei, akacherekedza kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisa “nheyo yedziviriro yakaenzana, iyo inoshanda kuvanhu vose. Vakurukuru vakasimbisa simba rapamusoro pamusoro pokutama, rakavakirwa pakunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwenhau dzokumwe nouchangamire.

Imwe nhambo yokuvharirwa kwezvisingabvi muuranda. Sadvydas chisarudzo chadudzwa pakuvamba kusungwa kusingaganhurirwi, asi zvinoitika zvapashure zvakadai Jenings v. Rodriguez yakachinja, kubata kuchengetwa ikoko kwapamutemo kwavatorwa hakuputsi muitiro wakafanira muraviso wapakuvamba waImmigation neNational Act. Murangariro waAlto, nokuda kwouzhinji, unotsamira parugwaro nemuitiro wenhau, uchipikisa kuti kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kwehaaspus uye muitiro hausati uchida kurangarirwa nokuda kwokusanzwa kwose.

Betsero Dzorugare Nedzevoruzhinji

Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzehurumende, dzehurumende, dzemavambo, uye dzisiri dzehurumende dzinooneka mukakavadzano pamusoro peganhuriro dzehurumende dzinobetsera. Mitezo inoverengeka yakaedza kurambidza vatami vasina mvumo kugamuchira muvvuko, marezenisi okutyaira, kana kuti dzimba dzavose. Dare rinowanzoshandisa muedzo une mufungo, asi vatangiri vehurumende vanopikisa kuti masimba emapurisa enhau enhau akabatanidza chiremera chokuisa paruvara rwakavakirwa parumwe muganhu, kutoti kupesana nemitemo yomubatanidzwa. Chisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu Arizona v. United States[FLT:] [FLD] [20] [20] akarova pasi mativi eS.B. 1070 panzvimbo dzapamberi, asi Justicestiast Scalialcial anoisa mutest.

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Dare Gurusa mu Tsvet of Homeland Security v. Regents weUniversity of California (2020) rakataura kuti kudzorwa kweTrump yeDACA kwaigona kudzokororwa asi hakuna kusvika pakwakafanira kwebumbiro remitemo. Mhaka yacho yakasimbisa kuoma kwechisarudzo chomukuru mukuru pakupinda munyika nefariro yakafanira yavagamuchiri veDACA. Vafundisi vanokombamira kurutivi norumiririri mukuru mukuru, asi vamwe vanobvuma kuti mutorwa angobvumirwa kuvapo, mutauro weBumbiro remitemo unoshanda.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuda Kwavasina Kuzvidzora

Kunyange zvazvo vasiri vagari vasina maruramiro ehurumende okuvhota, mamwe madzoro ehurumende akadai seSan Francisco, Chicago, uye mataundi anoverengeka muMaryland(akapa mari inobvumirwa mukuvhota vasiri vagari vomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza vagari vomunyika vechigarire pamutemo. Iyi mitemo inodenhwa pazvikonzero zvehurumende, asi mubvunzo wehurumende ndewokuti revo yeConstitution inorambidza mitemo yakadaro here. Vamwe vatangiri veChechi vanopikisa kuti chitunhanharo cheConicionac neFinformation inorambidza kusarutswa kuvhota kusingamiri novhota nemhaka yekodzero yokuvhota. Vamwe vanopikisa kuti Tentith Rest Reformation inosiya zvikwa zvokuvhota kuhurumende, uye masangano angarondedzera “mutongi” sezvavanoda. Vanoita kuti vasave kodzero dzokuva vagarisana kodzero dzevagari vemo vomunyika.

Kuedza Kururamisira Nokuenzana

Kupindirana kwetsika dzapakuvamba nekodzero dzisiri dzechienzi kunomutsa mibvunzo huru pamusoro porudzi rwebumbiro remitemo. Kana kudavira pakuvamba kuchida kuti revo yeBumbiro remitemo ive yakagadzwa kuzana ramakore rechi 18, ipapo gwaro racho rinogona sei kupedza zvakakwana kuoma kwekutama kwenyika yose kwazvino uno?

Kudzikamisa Kufunga Netsika Dzazvino Uno

Vazivi vemitemo vanowanzobvuma kuti Bumbiro reMitemo harisi gwaro rakakwana, asi vanochengeta kuti rugwaro rwaro nerevo yapakuvamba zvinogovera muganhu wakatsiga. Chinjo kumaruramiro nokuda kwavagari vemo, ivo vanotaura kudaro, dzinofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro wehurumende wekugadziridza mutemo wehurumende, kwete kududzira kwokutonga. Uyu murangariro wakatungamirira kuchimiro chokudzora: matare anofanira kutsigira nhevedzano dzakawanda dzehurumende dzavasati vari vagari vemo, chero bedzi asingaputsi revo yapakuvamba yegadziriro chaidzo.

Vatsoropodzi veiyi nzira, kubatanidza vamwe vafundisi vakatanhamara saPurofesa Randy Barnett, vanotaura kuti revo yapakuvamba yavanhu vose ye “zvipo kana kuti dziviriro zve 144t Amendment” chitsama chamashoko chakafara kupfuura icho Dare Gurusa rakaziva, chingagona kudzivirira rusununguko rwezvemari nekodzero dzakati dzegarikano nokuda kwavanhu vose. Iyi kurukurirano yapakuvamba inokarakadza kuti uzivi hahusati huchiraira muuyo mumwe muzvinoitika zvizhinji; panzvimbo pezvo, hunopinza nharo muufakazi hwenhau nohwemagwaro.

Pakupedzisira, mubvunzo wokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kutsanangurwa zvakasimba maererano nerevo yaro yapakuvamba kana kuti kuchinjirwa kumipimo yapanguva ino unoramba uri mupenyu. Nokuda kwavasiri vagari vemo, mapango akakwirira zvikuru, sezvo kusvika kwavo kukodzero dzinokosha(ndaudzo, dziviriro yakaenzana, rusununguko pakusarurana) kunotsamira pakuti shoko rokuti “person” rinonzwisiswa sei. Chitendero hachisati chichigovera mhinduro yakapfava; chinoraira kuti tinzvere icho maFramers nama ratifiers airwe, uye kuti vavariro iyoyo inoreva sei kunyika yavaisagona kufungidzira.

Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati penyanzvi dzepakutanga, vatongi, uye vatsigiri vemitemo kunosimbisa kuti nzvimbo iyi icharamba ichishanda. Sezvo muitiro wokupinda munyika uye kuumbwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kunochinja, kutsanangurwa kwekodzero dzepakutanga kuchapfuurira kuumba zvisarudzo zvemajeri kwemakumi emakore anouya. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha kumunhu wose anotsvaka kutungamirira nzvimbo yepamutemo yokuva mugari wemo, kuva munhu, uye kudzivirirwa nemitemo muUnited States.

Revolution: nokuda kwechiono chikuru chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvinobatanidza maruramiro asingazivikanwi, bvunza nzvimbo dzebumbiro reSanihese pamusoro pokupinda nokupinda munyika uye gadziriro yakafanira.