Basa Rokuvamba: Kududzira Revo Yomutemo Yakadeya Kutaurwa

ChiOrigalist mutoo wedudziro yebumbiro remitemo iyo ine rugwaro rweUnited States Constitution inofanira kunzwisiswa mukuwirirana nerevo yayakanga inayo panguva yakatenderwa, zvimwe “donzo repakuvamba” ravaFrames kana kuti“ revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” yaichengetwa navaratifiers. Uhwu uzivi hunopesana zvakananga ne“ chinyorwa chinorarama, icho chinobvumira vatongi kuvandudza revo dzamabumbiro emitemo kuti varatidzire mipimo yazvinovapo panguva ino.

Manyuko emavambo apakuvamba azvino uno anoronda kuma 1980, apo zviverengero zvakadai seAttarney General Edwin Meese III naMutongi Antonin Scalia vakaitsigira sechirambidzo pachiito chokutonga. Scalia, zvikurukuru, akataura kuti vatongi vanofanira kuva “vabatiri vakatendeka venzwisiso yapakuvamba” panzvimbo pa“ vasiki vomutemo mutsva.” Chitendero chakawana kumwe kuwirirana muacademia kwapamutemo kupfurikidza nenyanzvi dzakafanana naRobert Bork, Randy Barnett, uye Michael Mcnnell. Nhasi, irens akakurumbira nokuda kwavatongi vazhinji, kubatanidza paDare gurusa.

Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti kudavira pakuvamba kunogovera dzikamo, kudeya kutaurwa, uye kuva pamutemo kwehurumende: kana revo yeBumbiro remitemo ichichinja pachishuvo chavazhinjisa veruramisiro, chinyorwa chacho chinorasikirwa nechiremera chacho chinobata. Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanopomera kuti chinofuratira mugariro unochinja wenzanga, chinogona kutungamirira kumiuyo isina kururama, uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa nenzira yakasarudzwa kusvika miuyo inodikanwa. Pasinei zvapo neiyi kurukurirano, mavambo anoramba ari simba guru muAmerica jurisprudence, zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza rusununguko rworudzidziso.

Revo Yavanhu Vose Yopakuvamba Yakapindwa Mungozi

Chinokosha mudzidziso yapakuvamba ikurukurirano pakati pe “donzo rapakuvamba” (izvo vaFramers vakafunga pachivande rugwaro rwacho) uye“ revo yavanhu yapakuvamba” (izvo munhu ane mufungo panguva yokunatsa aizova akanzwisisa rugwaro kuva anoreva). Mutongi Scalia akanga ari mutsigiri akatanhamara werthesi, achitaurira kuti “donzo rechiremera” reVanababa vashomanene vaAkatanga kufungidzira zvikuru uye vaisazvidzora. Panzvimbo pezvo,“ revo yezviito” yavose, kushandiswa kwavose, uye mashoko enhau anodzora. Izvi zvinhu zvakasiana nokuda kwerusununguko rwerudzidziso nemhaka yokuti vatongi vapakuvamba vangasvika mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pokusvika peFirst Amegemplimetic, kunyange kutaura kutendeka kumiitiro imwe.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Mubumbiro Remitemo: Rugwaro Nenhau

Mubatanidzwa Wenhau Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Wokutanga unogovera dziviriro mbiri dzinokosha pamusoro pechitendero:

  • Chivako cha Claus: “Konparate haisati ichizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso.” Ichi chirevo chinorambidza hurumende kuzivisa pamutemo kana kuti kutsigira rudzidziso rwakati.
  • The Free Execroem Claus: “kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwaro kwapachena.” Ichi chitsama chinodzivirira maruramiro avanhu vamwe navamwe namapoka kushandisa rudzidziso rwavo pasina dzongonyedzo yehurumende.

Aya mashoko maviri anoshanda pamwe chete kuumba icho Thomas Jefferson nenzira yakakurumbira akadana kuti “rusvingo rweparadzano pakati pechechi nehurumende.” Zvisinei, revo chaiyoiyo yokuparadzana ikoko(uye nzira yokuidzikamisa nayo mukurovedza muviri kwakasununguka) yave ichikwikwidzana zvikuru kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri.

Nhoroondo yenhau ine chokuita zvikuru nenyanzvi dzemavambo. Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi18, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakanga dzatanga machechi (Massachusetts, somuenzaniso, dzakachengeta chirongwa cheCongregation kusvikira muna 1833). Framers, vachinyora kubva kuvazivi vokuNjenganyidzwa saJohn Locke uye kubva muzvakaitika zvavo vamene muhurumende, vakatsvaka kudzivisa chechi yerudzi nepo dzichisiya nyika dzakasununguka kubata nhau dzorudzidziso. Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment yaishandiswa pakuvamba bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kwete kuruwa (ichokwadi chokuti vapakuvamba vanowanzosimbisa apo vanonzvera nzvimbo yenhau. Kubva bedzi pashure pokuitwa kweGrandmentermetic Claus Claus Express muna 1868 ndimonge Dare gurusalgue rakavamba “kudzora kudzorongedzero rePrimende, Hurumende dzakatongedzerwa zvikuru nepakati pezana ramakore rechi20.

Mirangariro Yedzidziso Dzekare Parusununguko Rworudzidziso: Nheyo Nezvishandiso

Vazivi vemavambo vairava chiKristu chaClaus zvishoma: chinorambidza kutangwa kwechechi yorudzi kana kuti kusarudzwa kwesangano rimwe parimwe, asi hakudi kunamatwa kwakakomba kunobvisa rudzidziso muupenyu hwavanhu vose. Sezvinoreva Justice Scalia akanyora mu Lee v. Weisman[ [1992], “nhau netsika zvorudzi rwedu zvakabatanidzwa nemitambo yavose inoratidzira minyengetero.” Nenzira yakafanana, vapakuvamba vanowanzodudzira Free Eunicie Claus sedziviriro kumitemo inodenha namaune muitiro worudzidziso, asi kwete kugovera kusunungurwa kusingatendi rutivi rwamato, kazhinji kazhinji.

Iyi “nhau inosasarura mavambo . Nheyo yakajekeswa neMutongi Scalia mu Employment Division v. Smith [1990], nhau iyo inoramba iri fandesheni yepfungwa dzepakutanga pakurovedza. Dare rakaramba kuti mutemo usingatsigiri rutivi pameso awo uye wezvakanakira hausi kuputsa Free Expression nemhaka bedzi yokuti unorema muitiro worudzidziso (* kunyange apo mutoro iwoyo unenge uri mukuru. Muiyi mirariro, vanhu vangadikanwa kuwirirana nomutemo kutoti usarura rudzidziso nenzira yakajeka kana kuti unosundwa nairwo. Vatsoropote kuti uku kutsanangura zvakanaka Free Classious, asi vanogamuchira chinyorwa chenhau kuti vasatongoshandurira kubuda murusununguko.

Nhau Huru Dzinoratidzira Kurangarira Kwokuvamba

Kupfuura Smith, zvinoitika zvinoverengeka zvechiratidzo chakatanhamara zvinoratidza mitoo yapakuvamba mumashoko akapoteredza orudzidziso:

  • [FLT]Everson v. Board of Education (1947): Kunyange zvazvo Dare rakashandisa murangariro wakakomba wokuparadzanisa weChibvumirano chaClaus (kubvumira kudzorerwa kwehurumende nokuda kwokubhadharisa zvikoro zvorudzidziso mu “purofitiro yomwana), Mutongi Hugo Black’s revomhiswo huru yakashandisa zvikuru patsamba yaJefferson nenhau yezvirongwa zvorudzidziso. Gare gare gare vafundisi vakatsoropodza Everson nokuda kwokurava nhau isiri, vachiramba kuti Frame haina kurambidza kuyamura kusiri kwemibato kusangano rorudzidziso.
  • Letzman v. Kurtzman (1971: Muedzo weLemon(--kanonzvera donzo renyika, muuyo mukuru usingafambisi kana kuti kudzongonyedza rudzidziso, uye pasina kurovererwa kwakanyanyisa kurwiswa nenyanzvi dzemavambo (kuvhinjiwa) sechisakiso chemitemo chisina hwaro murevo yapakuvamba. Mutongi Sctalia anopesana zvikuru mu [[FLT:] LEA. Wean, anodana kuedzwa kwe‘mazano e‘makero akaitwa pamwe chete sebhegi remasvuru.]
  • Throway yeGreece v. Galloway (2014: Dare rakatsigira muitiro wokuzarura misangano yedare reguta nomunyengetero, richisimbisa nhau refu yomunyengetero wemitemo. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy, akakumbanirwa naScalia naThomas, akavimba zvikuru nedare rapakuvamba nomuitiro, mutoo wapakuvamba wetsika.
  • [FLT][FLT]Utatu hweChechi yeLutheran v. Comer (2017) Dare raidavira kuti gadziriro yehurumende inonyima kuwanwa kwechikoro chorudzidziso kuchengeteko yenhandare yaipesana neFree Express Claus nemhaka yokuti yakasarura mugamuchiri akakodzera nemhaka bedzi yomugariro wake worudzidziso. Chiratidzo chaShe mukuru Roberts chakasimbisa kuti “Mushandisi Wehurumende Claus anodzivirira kuutsinye hwehurumende,” nheyo ine midzi mikuru yenhau.
  • Macagedwork v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): Murangariro wavazhinji Kennedy wakadzivisa chisarudzo chakafara cherwisano pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso nomutemo wokusabvumirana, panzvimbo pezvo kunanga pakutaura kweCommission kworuvengo kuzvitendero zvorudzidziso zvomubiki. Vatongi venhau vakaita saThoma naGorfort vakanyora Complictivencess vakanzvera nzwisiso yenhau yekutaura kwakasununguka, kurovedza muviri, uye rudzi rwekuratidzira.

Kukakavadzana Kwaiva Pakati Pevaidavira Kuti Bhaibheri Ndiro Rakatanga Kunyorwa, Nhau, uye Tsika

Havasati vari vatangi vose vanobvumirana pamusoro penzira yokushandisa nayo revo yapakuvamba kumibvunzo yorudzidziso. Vamwe, kufanana noMutongi Clarence Thomas, vanopikisa nokuda kwedziviriro yakasimba zvikuru yerovedzo yapachena, kubvunza [[FLT: 0]Smith uye kukarakadza kuti nzwisiso yapakuvamba yeGaramende re1445 yakabatanidza maruramiro makuru kukusapinda kworudzidziso kupfuura kuedzwa kwazvino uno kunogovera. Vamwe, kufanana neRugare Samuel Alito, vakaratidzira kujeka kudzokererazve t muzvinoitika kufanana na [FLT]] Filton]. City yeFilton. v[Flup5] [5] [201], izvo Dare remitemo razvinoyera kumusoro, Jibhin, Jith.

Zvinetso Kuuda Kutanga Munzvimbo Yerusununguko Rworudzidziso

Chitendero choumwari chinotarisana negadziriro dzinoverengeka dzinosanozivikanwa apo dzinoshandiswa kurusununguko rworudzidziso. Chokutanga, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chitendero chapakuvamba chinogona kuva chinoganhurira zvikuru: chingakundikana kudzivirira zvitendero zviduku kuti vaFrames vakanga vasina kutongokarira, zvakadai seIslam, chiHindu, kana kuti chitendero chisiri chedzidziso. Revo yapakuvamba yavanhu ya “rudzidziso” muma 1790 inodokuva nonongedzerwa zvamazvirokwazvo kuzvitendero zverudzidziso, izvo zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti chitendero chapakuvamba chinogona kudzivirira zvakakwana maruramiro avasiri vadi vohunhu kana kuti marudzidziso akasiana namagamuchidzanwa.

Chechipiri, dzidziso dzokutanga dzinowanzotungamirira kumigumisiro inorwisana nezvinofungwa nemazuva ano. Somuenzaniso, kana Kugadzwa kwaClaus kuchingorambidza chechi yenyika bedzi, ipapo munyengetero wechikoro unobhadharwa muzvikoro zvavose ungava webumbiro remitemo pasi peakatanga kurava (inzvimbo inoramba nhasi vaAmerica vazhinji. Vezvepakuvamba vanopindura kuti kuomerera kurevo yapakuvamba kunodikanwa kunyange apo isingadiwi, nemhaka yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo ibvumirano inosungisa, kwete mamiriro ezvinhu echienzi.

Chechitatu, chinyorwa chenhau chinowanzova chisina revo. Sezvinombotaurwa neMadzibaba anopesana zvikuru pamusoro porudzidziso nehurumende. James Madison, somuenzaniso, anoshora rudzi rupi norupi rwemari yehurumende nokuda kworudzidziso, nepo vamwe vaFramers vachiitsigira. Kusarudza nhau kunogona kusekesa kutaura kwemavambo. Seizvo Justice Robert H. Jackson akambonyevera, “kudzokorora zvawo maidi enhau hakuvimbisi kuti revo yakarurama yeBumbiro remitemo yakawanikwa.”

Chechina, kushandiswa kwemavambo munyika yazvino uno kunopa zvinetso zvinoshanda. Mitemo yakawanda isingatori rutivi iyo inoremedza rudzidziso nhasi --marongedzero ebasa, mabumbiro emitemo okugara nzvimbo, mirau youtano nekotsekano (jeni) (jenidhe) haina kuvapo muna 1791. Vatsigiri vechechi dzekare vanoitirana nharo kana Free Expression Claus yaizodaidza kusunungura vatendi kubva mumitemo yakadaro, kana kuti kusiya nzvimbo kumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzikamo Pakati Pokutanga Nedzidziso Yazvino Uno

Pasinei zvapo neizvi denho, kuvamba kunoramba kuri gadziriro inoremekedzwa zvikuru yokududzira. Madare ayo anoshandisa mutoo wapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji anoubatanidza nezvimwe midziyo zvinodudzira, zvakadai semuenzaniso, magwaro, uye kushivirira nokuda kwokuiswa kwemitemo kwemuitiro worudzidziso. Religious Freedom Reformation Act (RFRA) ya 1993, iyo yakadzorera mupimo wokunzvera kwakakomba nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende inoremedza rudzidziso, yakatsigirwa navose vari vaviri vagadziri vemitemo vanoregeredza tsika, uye kunoenzanisira kuti miitiro yedemocratic ingagona sei kutsigira dziviriro yemitemo yemitemo.

Kurerekera kuchechi hakurevi hako kudzivirira vanhu vashomanene vezvitendero.First Amendment pachayo, nemashoko ayo akajeka, inorambidza mitemo “inorambidza kuzviita pachena” kwechitendero .

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nenzira Zvinofambira Mberi

Sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inova yakawanda zvikuru, nhau yokuti yodzivirira sei rusununguko rworudzidziso nepo ichichengeta rugare rwavagari vemo inowedzera kuva yokukurumidzira zvikuru.Kudavira pakuvamba kunopa nzira imwe yokuvamba nayo iyi kurukurirano murugwaro rwakatsiga rwebumbiro remitemo, asi haisati iri nzira bedzi. Vadzidzisi, nyanzvi dzapamutemo, uye vadzidzi vanofanira kunzwisisa zvose zviri zviviri simba rayo neganhuriro dzayo. Dzidzo yakakwana mumutemo webumbiro remitemo inoda kupesana nechinyorwa chenhau, rugwaro, uye kushandisirwa kunochinja kweFirst Amendment munyika inochinja.

Kuti unzwe zvimwe zvinhu, funga nezvezvinotevera:

mhedziso

Kurerekera kudzidziso kunogovera mutoo une simba, une nheyo nokuda kwokududzira zvitsama zvemitsetse yorudzidziso. Kupfurikidza nokutsigisa kududzira kunzwisiso yapakuvamba yorugwaro, vatangi vanovavarira kuchengeta kuva pamutemo kwedemocracy yeBumbiro remitemo ndokudzivisa vatongi kuisa mipimo yavo vamene. Munzvimbo yerusununguko rworudzidziso, uyu mutoo wakabudisa zvose zviri zviviri dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokushandisa kwakasununguka uye murangariro muduku zvikuru weChiitwa chaClaus. Yakaparirawo gakavaro huru yomukati pakati pavatangi vamene, pamwe chete nokutsoropodza kukuru kuna avo vanoda chirongwa chakachinjika zvikuru, kutsinhiranisa pamutemo.

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunokosha kune munhu wose anodzidza nezvechitendero muupenyu hwevanhu vose vokuAmerica, chinyorwa cheFirst Amendment chinoramba chiri chipenyu mupfungwa yokuti chinotarisana nezvinetso zvitsva nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe, asi kudavira pakuvamba kunotiyeuchidza kuti zvachinoreva hazvina kugadzirika zvachose.