Hurumende inodzivirira Hurumende dzidziso yapamutemo inodzivirira hurumende namasangano adzo pakukwidzwa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwavo. Nokuda kwamabhizimisi navanhu vanobatirana, basa nokuda, kana kuti vanokuvadzwa namabhizimisi akasiiwa nehurumende (SOEs), iyi dzidziso inopa mhinganidzo huru. SOEs ine nzvimbo yapamutemo yechienzi; vanoita mabasa ezvokutengeserana anowanzoitwa namabhizimisi ehurumende asi vanochengeta dziviriro dzamabumbiro emitemo enyika. Navigatignation digion yehurumende inorwisana namasangano aya masangano ehurumende inoda nzwisiso yakatanhamara yemitemo yehurumende, pamutemo, uye chibvumirano chakananga chinotaurwa kuva chirevo chinotaura kuti chiteve.

Kusabatana kwaChangamire weHurumende kweBumbiro Romutemo

Dzidziso yazvino uno yokuzvitonga kwechigadziko yakabva pasimba rayo rapamutemo kubva paPendement yechi115 kusvikira kuUnited States Constitution, yakanyoreswa muna 1795. Amendment yakanyoreswa mumhinduro yakananga kuchisarudzo cheDare Gurusa, mu Chashilm v. Georgia[ [1793], apo Dare raidavira kuti mugari wemo wemo oga aigona kukwidza hurumende mudare rehurumende. Rugwaro rweDemonth Amendment yakamurevering ipfupi, ruchitaura bedzi kuti simba redare rehurumende harisati richitambanutsa kusutswa nehurumende yavagari veimwe nyika kana kuti vazvigaro zvavatorwa zvisiri zvenyika.

Pasinei zvapo norugwaro urwu rwakaganhurirwa, Dare Gurusa rakarangarira Mutemo somubatanidzwa wenheyo huru yokusatapurwa kwehurumende. Mu Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Dare rakasimbisa kuti uku kudzivirira kurwisana kunodzivisawo kupfurikidza navagari vemo vomunyika vamene. Gare gare, mu [FLT:]] SATINOLE REFY of Florida v. [1966]], Dare rakasimbisa dzidziso kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti Congressssssss I haagoni kushandisa masimba ayo (zvakadai seCommacembreal Claus) kumutest anoparadza nyika yose. Iyi mhaka inokosha yakagadza kuti uchangamire inzvimbo inokosha yehurumende, kudzorongedzero yehurumende dzose dziri mbiri dzose dzinotonga matare.

Kudzivirirwa pazvirwere uku hakusi kwakakwana, asi kunoparira chipingamupinyi chehurumende chinofanira kubviswa dare risati ragona kunzwa runako rwenhau inorwisana neSOE.

Kurondedzera kutanga kweHurumende-nangana: "Muedzo weHurumende"

Mubvunzo wakakomba muchinhu chipi nechipi chinodzorwa nehurumende ndewokuti kana sangano iroro richikwaniriswa se romubatanidzwa wenyika. kana SOE ichirangarirwa kuva ruoko rwehurumende, inogara nhaka yokudzivirira hurumende. Kana rikanzi isangano remanisiparati kana kuti giravhinzi yezvamatongerwe enyika yomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji haisati ichigamuchira dziviriro yePremistempment yechiPrence yePweter, kunyange zvazvo ingave nedzimwe dziviriro dzinowanika pasi pomutemo wehurumende.

Matare anoshandisa nzvero yamativi akawanda adzikamisa kuti aone kana chinhu chiri ruoko rwehurumende. Chisakiso chinokosha zvikurusa ndi uyo anobhadhara rutongeso. Kana kuvadziko yacho yaizobhadharwa kubva mupfuma yemari yehurumende, sangano racho ringasatapurwa. Zvimwe zvinhu zvinotambudza zvinosanganisira:

  • Chiratidzo cheruwa: Mwero woutariri nokudzora Hurumende inodzora kushanda kwechaunga nokuita zvisarudzo.
  • Kuratidzira Pasi poMutemo weHurumende: pamutemo wehurumende unorondedzera sei chiteshi (umh., sesangano rehurumende kana kuti mudziyo wakazvimirira).
  • [ Manyuko okuisa: Kana sangano racho richitsigirwa nemari zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokudzokororwa kwehurumende kana kuti mibato yaro imene yemari.
  • [[NHAU] Purpose: Kana sangano racho richibatira basa rehurumende kana kuti basa rehurumende.

Mu Hess v. Port Authority Trans-Hudson Corp. [1994], Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasimbisa kuti nepo zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvichikosha, "zvikonzero" nokuda kwePremendment yegumi naManani] inodzivirira mitengo yehurumende nokuchengeta chiremera chehurumende. Zvinhu zvinoshanda semabhizimisi, zvinosimudzira mari yazvo, uye rutongeso rwechiso chisingapindi muhomwero mukuru. Zvisinei, masangano anodzorwa zvakasimba nehurumende uye aripo kuti achengetedze mamiriro ezvinhu enyika kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinodzivisa, kunyange kana achiita mibato yezvokutengeserana.

Kutapura Kunoita Kubatana KwaChangamire Mubatanidzwa Wehurumende

Apo dziviriro yapamutemo inoshanda, miuyo yayo inoshamisa. dare rehurumende harina chiremera chechiremera pamusoro pesutu, kureva kuti nhau yacho inogona kubviswa pamavambo chaipo pakuedza kudzinga muMutemo 12(b)(1) weFederal Regard of Civil Procediture. Kudzingwa kwacho kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira rusaruro, kubvisa mupurisa mudare rehurumende.

Izvi zvinowedzera kumarudzi akawanda okutaura kunowanzounzwa kumaSOE, anosanganisira:

  • Brokutevedza kwaContract: SOE inokundikana kubhadhara mutengesi kana kuti zvisarudzo pabvumirano zvingava zvisingatapurwi nesutu yekuvadziko.
  • Zvinotaurwa: Munhu akakuvadzwa nokuregeredza kwomushandi weSOE angarambidzwa kutsvaka muripo mudare rehurumende.
  • Consitugal Torts (42 U.S.C. 86):[ Mutengi haagoni kupomera sangano rehurumende kana kuti SOE nokuda kwekuvadziko yemari zvakananga mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwamaruramiro emitemo ehurumende.
  • Rusaruro: runoti pasi peAmerican neChiteshi cheUrema (ADA) kana kuti Rusaruraganda rweNhambo muScount Act (ADEA) muChitemo cheSHO) mukurwisana neSOE rungaganhurirwa kana kuti kurambidzwa kunzwika kwepamutemo kunoitwa neDare.

Kiyi Yakasiana Neyakabudirira Nokuda Kwokurwisana Nedzokuzvidzora

Pasinei zvapo nokusvika kwakafara kwokuzvidzivirira kwakakomba, unyanzvi hunoverengeka hwokudzivisa zvirwere nokuzvidzora huripo hunobvumira vapfumi kuronda zvinodavirwa namabhizimisi akazvidzwa nehurumende.

Kubviswa Kwechechi Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Nepo Congress isingagoni kudzivirira dziviriro yapaChikamu Chayo I, inogona pasi peChikamu 5 cheKineth Amendment. Mu FATRItzrick v. BITH [197], Dare rakaramba kuti nemhaka yokuti Dare reMitemo yeMineith Amendment rakagadzirirwa kuganhurira uchangamire, Dare rine simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzaro dzivedze kupfurikidza nokubvumira sututi nokuda kwezviradziko. Nokuda kwechirongwa kuti chive chapamutemo, Congress (1) inofanira kuita kuti chinangwa charo ku "magatedro" murugwaro rwedare, uye (2) rinoita mukati moukombiso yeChikamu charo charo.

Dare rakashandisa uku kuvhota. Somuenzaniso, mu Testae v. Lane (2004), Dare rakatsigira kubviswa kwechikwaniriso cheTitle II yeADA pamusoro pokusvika kwomuviri kumatare. Zvisinei, mu Ukama hweAlabama v. Garrett [2001], Dare rakarova chidhindo cheI yeI yeADA (kusarura basa), rikawana kuti Dare rakanga risina kuratidzwa mutoo wakakwana worusarura. Litiglass anofanira kusanonzvera mutemo womutemo panhau kana ine gadziriro yedare inoshanda.

[[CV:0] Exte Young Dzidziso: Kubvisa Vakuru vakuru veHurumende nokuda kweyamuro yokusashanda

Chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvinorwisana nokusatapurwa kwesimba rehurumende i dzidziso yeEx Young. Yakagadzwa muna 1908, iyi dzidziso inobvumira boka ravanhu kukwidza mukuru mukuru wehurumende mudare rehurumende nokuda kwesununguro yehurumende inokarirwa kudzivisa kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Chinofungidzirwa ndechokuti mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoita zvisina pamutemo haasati ari kuita pamusoro pehurumende, uye naizvozvo Pendementation yechigumi namanomwe haisati ichidzivisa jatiko.

Kusiiwa uku kunokosha nokuda kwamaruramiro avagari vemo, mutemo wemhoteredzo, uye chinoitika chipi nechipi umo mupurisa anoda kumisa hurumende kana kuti muitiro weSOE panzvimbo pokuunganidza kuvadziko. Somuenzaniso, murapi aigona kukwidza musoro wechipatara chehurumende (NOKU) kumisa muitiro unoputsa mirau yehurumende. Zvisinei, dzidziso haibvumidzi kutaura kweyamuro yokuhwirutsira, yakadai semari inokuvadzwa kana kuti muripo nokuda kwekuvadziko yapfuura. Kudzosera kana kuti "respendi" inzvimbo yakaoma yomutemo inorondedzera muganhu wouku kupesana.

Chinodhura uye Chinovaka

Hurumende kana kuti SOE yayo inogona kukuvadza dziviriro yehurumende nebvumirano. Uyu murairi anofanira kunzi "create and theply". Mutemio wehurumende anogona kupfuudza mutemo unodzivisa dziviriro nokuda kweboka rakati rezvinotaurwa, zvakadai sechibvumirano chinorwisana netsika yayo yeyunivhesiti yehurumende kana kuti kutaura kwokuvhota kunotangira mukushanda kwemotokari dzehurumende.

Dzimwe nharaunda dzakaita kuti Tort Acts iteme kuti kudzivirira zvirwere kwamarudzi akati eregeredzo kunotaura, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kuchitsiva kuvadziko pamwero wakaderera. Mukuwedzera, SOE inobvisa mhaka mudare rehurumende kuenda kudare rehurumende ingarangarirwa kuva yakabvisa dziviriro yayo nokuda kwemhaka iyoyo, seinosimbiswa mu Lapides v. Board of Regents of University System of Georgia (2002]].

Vamiriri vanofanira kunzverawo gwaro rokushandira reSOE kana kuti mutemo wakagadzwa. MaSOE akawanda anosikwa negadziriro dzakajeka pamusoro pokuti anogona kukwirira kana kuti kukwidzwa. Chikamu che "vhilichenzi nekukwidzwa" muchatati yehurumende chiratidzo chakasimba chokuva muparati, asi zvikamu zvakafanana zviri mumitemo inoreverwa zvinodudzirwa zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru nematare ehurumende.

Dare reHurumende Rinopomera

Hurumende inogona kurondedzera ukuru hwekuzvidzivirira kwayo mumuviri wayo mumatare ayo ehurumende.

Uyu musiano wakakomba. Pasi pa Erie Railroup Co. v. Tompkins (1938), matare ehurumende akagara mumhatsa anoshandisa mutemo wehurumende wehurumende. Zvisinei, dare rePremendement rechi115 rinodzivisa dare rehurumende kunzwa mhaka inorwisana nehurumende, kunyange kana kutaura kwacho kwakavakirwa pamutemo wenyika. Muteobhurari anofanira kudzosera dare rehurumende. Masangano mazhinji akachengeta dzidziso dzawo amene dzinozvidzora idzo dzingava dzakakura kana kuti dzakatetepa kupfuura mupimo womubatanidzwa wenyika, naizvozvo mutemo wakananga unofanira kusanonzverwa.

Musiyano Wechibvumirano chaChangamire Wedzimwe Nyika (FSIA)

Kunokosha kusiyanisa pakati pamabhizimisi ehurumende nemabasa ehurumende yokumwe. Mudzimba SOES (muchirevo, chiremera chepachiteshi chengarava chenyika muNew Jersey) chinodzorwa neDeminermentation ye145 neU.S. jurisprudence. [FLT]] SOES , (mh., kambani yeoiri yehurumende yeOiri inobva Saudi Arabia inoita bhizimisi muU.S.) inodzorwa naChangamire weIMMUNIS (FUSIA), U.S. 1601611.

FSIA nenzira yakajeka inogovera mubato unosiiwa webhizimisi , uyo unoramba kudzivirirwa kuSOES yokumwe apo kukwirira mhaka kunobva pamubato wezvokutengeserana muUnited States. Uku musiano mukuru nePrandment yegumi namana, iyo isina mubato webhizimisi wehurumende nokuda kwama SOE. Mutendi anokwidza jasi wemhuri nokuda kwokuputswa kwechibvumirano chebhizimisi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nedziviriro yapamutemo yezvokutengeserana, nepo mutengi anokwidza SOE asingadi kuparapatidzwa kwomumwe nzanga nokuda kwokuparadza kwakaenzana nakwo.

Kuchinja Kwedare Repamusorosoro Remisi Ichangobva Kupfuura

Chiteshi cheDare Gurusa chinoramba chichishanda, nechisarudzo chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chinoganhurira kudzivirirwa kwehurumende mumashoko akapoteredza chaiwo.

Mu Pennn Easter Pippine Co. v. New Jersey (2021), Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende yehurumende ingapa simba rayo renzvimbo yakatanhamara kumakambani ehurumende, uye kuti iri simba rinokunda dziviriro yehurumende. Dare rakarangarira kuti apo United States inoshandisa masimba ayo ebumbiro remitemo reshurikidzo, hurumende dzakapa dziviriro yadzo mu "planition of Convention" muganhu wesimba rayo mumashoko ezvirongwa zvehurumende.

Mu Torres v. Department of Public Safety [202], Dare rakashandisa rondedzero yakafanana "mutengi" kuUniversity Services Resporation Rights Act (USTERRA). Dare rakaramba kuti Texas yakanga isina kudzivirirwa pasutu yakaunzwa nomushandi wehurumende pasi paMESCORRA nemhaka yokuti chiremera chehurumende chebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pechengeteko yenyika namabasa ehondo zvinodavirira nyika kudika chose chose chose kubvumiranisa izvi zvitatiso.

Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kombamiro iri kukura: nepo dziviriro yehurumende yetsika yapamutemo inoramba yakasimba nokuda kwekakavadzano dzenguva dzose dzezvokutengeserana, ingava ine ngozi zvikuru apo masimba ebumbiro remitemo rehurumende anodudzwa sedziviriro yorudzi, murairo wezvokutengeserana wenyika, kana kuti nzvimbo yakatanhamara nokuda kwamabasa avose (inenge iri kukurukurwa. MaLitiga anofanira kutarira kumwe kuwedzera kwe "proviceal allivator" kana kuti "plani yeKokorodzano" yakasiyana.

Zvirongwa Zvokufambisa Mashoko Zvinoshanda Zvemaatomu

Vasati vanyora sutadho inorwisana nesangano rinodavirwa kuva bhizimisi rehurumende, magweta anofanira kuita nzvero yakakomba isati yatangwa:

  1. Chirevo Chikuru Chinomirira mamiriro echipo: sarudza kana sangano riri ruoko rwehurumende. Nzvera gadziriro yemitemo, mibato yemari, uye mwero wokudzora kwehurumende. Kana sangano iri sangano remanisi kana kuti ruwa rwezvishandiso zvemari rwemo, Kudzivisa Kudzora kweNdengedzero kweNyamamwe-mwendinga sezvingabvira hakushandi.
  2. Kuratidzira Chisakiso cheChiito: Kana kutaura kwacho kumuka pasi pomutemo womubatanidzwa, kusimbisa kana Congress ine dziviriro yapamutemo inoiswa mupamutemo. Kana kutaura kwacho kuri mutemo wehurumende unotaura (um., kuputswa kwebvumirano), ona kana hurumende yakatapurwa mumatare ayo imene.
  3. .Dinisa hwiro rakafanira: Pane dzimwe nguva nzvimbo iyo bedzi inoshanda idare rehurumende. Usatora dare rehurumende rakafanira nemhaka bedzi yokuti nhau yacho inobatanidza mubvunzo womubatanidzwa. Nzvera mutemo wehurumende pamusoro pezvisarwa zvapamutemo uyewo.
  4. Tsvaka Rubatsiro Rwokufungidzira: kana kuvadziko yemari yakaganhurirwa, rangarira kana kutaura kwacho kuchigona kudzorwa nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa mukuva mukuru mukuru wehurumende pasi pe Kure. Ikoku kunoda kuratidzira kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo womubatanidzwa.
  5. Chirevo chewaiver: Tsvaka "kui ndokupiwa" zvikamu zvemitemo inoita kuti sangano rikwanise. Sarudzai kana sangano racho rakamboiswa mudare rehurumende pasina kumutsa dziviriro.

mhedziso

Hurumende inodzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inodzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende inoramba iri imwe yedzidziso dzakaoma zvikurusa uye dzinokosha mukuwirirana nemitemo. Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kurwisana namabhizimisi ehurumende, dziviriro haisati iri hayo mugumo wakafa hayo, asi inoda kusanofamba kwegadziriro dzapamutemo dzehurumende nehurumende. Musiyano pakati pekuvadziko neyamuro yakajeka, mutauro wakananga wemitemo yehurumende, uye chimiro chakasiyana cheSOE chimene zvose zvinosarudza kana mhaka yacho ichigona kupfuurira. Sezvo zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa remisi ichangobva kupfuura inopfuurira kuchenesa miganhuro yehurumende, kuradziridza iyi miganhuro yemitemo kunokosha inokosha nokuda kwamasangano ezvokutengeserana anodzorwa nehurumende.