Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinoumba chiteshi chenzanga yakasununguka neyamadhimoni, kuchivimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana kwomunhu ari wose mumutemo. Bva nzvimbo yedziviriro idzi hadzisi idzo dzoga; inoumbwa nokubatanidzwa kukuru pakati pemirau yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende nehurumende zvinotapura sei kodzero dzako ndezvinokosha (8) kwete bedzi nokuda kwenyanzvi dzemitemo asi nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoda kushandisa maruramiro ake nenzira inobudirira. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzenheyo dzenheyo dzekodzero dzevagari vemo, gadziriro dzehurumende, nzvimbo dzemitemo yehurumende, zviitiko zvehondo, uye zvirongwa zvokusarira pamutemo zvinoshanda.

Nheyo Dzekodzero Dzevagari Vomunyika muUnited States

Murangariro wekodzero dzavagari vemo muAmerica wakavakirwa muBumbiro reMitemo, zvikurukuru Foletenth Amendment [, iyo inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo nomuitiro wakafanira. Nokufamba kwenguva, matare akadudzira izvi zvibvumikiso zvokushanda kumhatsa huru yemigariro, kubatanidza dziviriro dzakawanda patapuro dzoruwa kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzinodzivirira vanhu pakusarura padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, mavambo orudzi, urema, zera, uye, uye, kuwedzera, dziviriro yevatano nechiratidzo chevatano.

Kodzero idzi dzinosvika paanenge zvinhu zvose zvoupenyu hwevanhu, kusanganisira:

  • Kutamba nokutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika
  • Basa uye mamiriro ezvinhu ebasa
  • Dzimba nenzvimbo yokugara
  • Dzidzo nokukwanisa kuwana mabasa anoitwa nevoruzhinji
  • Rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye chitendero
  • Kodzero yokuva woga uye kuzvitonga
  • Ruramisiro youtsotsi nokubatwa nenzira yokururamisira kunoitwa nokuchengetwa kwomutemo

Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchiisa muganhu wedziviriro, maererano nemitemo, inogona(a kazhinji kazhinji) uye do·e akapararira pachivako ichocho. Zvisinei, apo mitemo yehurumende inorwisana nemipimo yehurumende, Supremacy Claus inovimbisa kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unovapo. Uku kunyanduka rutivi runodzora rwemutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo weAmerica.

Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Huru

Hurumende yehurumende yakaita nhevedzano yemirau yakatanhamara iyo pamwe chete inoita gadziriro huru yokuchengetwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo. iyi mitemo inodzorwa namasangano akadai seDepartment of Justice (DOJ), Aume Oplic Opportution Commission (EOC), uye Department of Hospital and Urban Development (HUD).

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Sezvinobvumwa kuti chikamu chinokosha zvikurusa chemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yazvino uno, Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu cha1944 chinorambidza rusaruro pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mumabasa, pokugara kwavose, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Umutwe VII wechiito chacho wakaparira EOC uye wakaronga hwaro hwemitemo yeReliginodenti yezve. Kuchinja kwamakore ose kwakawedzera dziviriro, kubatanidza Pregnancyctivation Act [ uye [FLT:] Coodentious Religious ction Act [F]]

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Ichi chiito chakarongedzerwa kukurira mhinganidzo dzapamutemo pamwero yehurumende neyomunzvimbomo idzo dzakadzivisa vaAmerica veAfrica kushandisa maruramiro avo okuvhota. Yakarambidza miitiro yokuvhota nouori, yakadai senzvero dzokunyora nokunyora, uye yaida kuti dzimwe nyika dzine nhau yokusarura dzive netendero yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota (pamberi). Chisarudzo cha 2013 cheDare Rapamusoro reAfrica mu Shelby County v. Raker[

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Chinozivikanwawo seTitle VIII yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu, Fair House Act inorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kubhadharwa kwedzimba dzakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.

VaAmerica Vane Muitiro Wourema (ADA) wa 1990

SAYENZI rinonzi ADA rinorambidza kusarura vanhu vakaremara pabasa, mabasa anoitwa nevoruzhinji, pokugara pavose, uye mafoni.

Mimwe Mitemo Yemitemo Inokosha

  • Umutwe IX weInformations of the Education of 1972:[[FLT: 1] Rusaruro runotsamira pavatano mupurogiramu ipi neipi yedzidzo kana kuti mubato wokugamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende, kubatanidza mitambo nemitemo yevatano.
  • Rusaruraganda muAdrea Act (ADEA) ya 1967: runodzivirira vanhu vane makore 40 navakuru pakusarura mabasa pahwaro hwezera.
  • Genetic Information Nondicrinication Act ya 2008: Kusarura kunotsamira pamashoko okugara nhaka muinishuwarenzi youtano uye basa.

Nokuda kwamashoko ane udzame pamusoro pokuchengetwa kwehurumende, shanyira Chivil Rights Division of the Department of the Justice yeU.S..

Kubatsira Kunoita Mitemo yeHurumende Kuwedzera Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Nepo mutemo wehurumende uchigovera uriri, masangano kazhinji kazhinji anobatira samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu — achidzivirira zvikuru nedziviriro dzakafara idzo dzinopfuura mavambo orudzi. Hurumende ingabatanidza maruramiro akajeka asingawanwi muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uye matare ehurumende anogona kupfuudza mitemo inobuda nokukurumidza zvikuru nhau kupfuura Congress.

Mienzaniso Yokuwedzera Kwehurumende

  • LBTQ+ Dziviriro: Nyika zhinji, kubatanidza California, New York, uye Illinois, dzine mitemo inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano nezivikanwo yevatano mumabasa, dzimba, uye pokugara vanhu vose (kunyange apo dziviriro dzehurumende dzakanga dzichiderera kana kuti dzisingapo. [[FLT:]]]
  • Rusaruro: Murayiro WHOUNIO [ (Ika Nyika Inoremekedzeka Neyakazaruka yeBvudzi) yakagamuchirwa nehurumende dzakawanda kudzivisa rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamagadzirirwo ebvudzi akabatanidzwa nedzinza, zvakadai semabhuraid, ocs, uye mabhii.
  • Kuvhota Access: Sa Oregon, Washington, uye Colorado zvakaita kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwomuzvarirwo, tsamba nomuvhoti, uye kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero kuti vawedzere kuwanika, nepo vamwe vakaita mitemo yevhoti yorumano iyo inotsigira kodzero dzokuvhota inorwisana nenzanga shomanene.
  • [[FLT: 0] Chitsama Chidukusa Chibharo Nekodzero Dzomunhu: nepo mari shoma yehurumende inoramba iri $7.25 paawa, nyika dzinopfuura 30 uye maguta akawanda akagadza mari shoma zvikuru, uye mamwe akawedzera dziviriro pakuwana rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachinhu kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu.
  • Police Reform and Accounting: Pashure pezvinoitika zvakakwirira zvamasimba masimba amapurisa, nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo inoganhurira dziviriro inokwaniriswa, inoda makamera omutumbi, uye kugadza mabhodhi anotarisira asiri varwi.

Magweta ehurumende anotonga uye masangano ekodzero dzavanhu anoita basa rinokosha mukusimbisa iyi mitemo, kazhinji kazhinji achibatira pamwe nevamwe vehurumende. Somuenzaniso, EOC inoshanda parutivi pehurumende Fair Actives Actives (FAPAs) kunzvera nyunyuto dzorusaruro.

Kugumisa Gakava Pakati Pehurumende Nomutemo Wehurumende

Apo mitemo yehurumende inopa dziviriro shomanene kupfuura mutemo wehurumende(sor) inoipokanidza zvakananga — − Supremacy Claus kazhinji kazhinji anopedza rwisano mukuda chiremera chehurumende. Zvisinei, masimba enyika chaiyoiyo akaoma zvikuru. Mitemo ingadzivisa kuchengetwa kwomubatanidzwa kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo yakaitirwa kuiedza noune miganhu yesimba remubatanidzwa.

Mutambo Wokuzvitutumadza waClaus uye Kusunungurwa

Chikamu VI cheBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. chinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende i "Mutemo wakakwirira weNyika". Naizvozvo, mutemo upi noupi wehurumende unorwisana nomutemo wehurumende wapamutemo unosunungurwa uye haumanikidzwi. Iyi nheyo yave iri chinhu chikuru kurwisa pamusoro pa:

  • Roorano yeSame-Sexcone: Pamberi pechisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosa 2015 mu bergefell v. Hodges[, dzimwe nyika dzakarambidza roorano imwe cheteyo yetengi nepo dzimwe dzakaiziva. Dare rakadzivisa kuti zvirambidzo zvehurumende zvakaputsa Amendment ye14, zvinobudirira kuisa mitemo yehurumende.
  • Kupinda munyika: Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakapa mitemo yakarongedzerwa kuputsa vatami vasina kunyorwa, dzimwe dzacho dzakarohwa sedzinodzongonyedza chiremera chokupinda munyika chehurumende (g., SB 1070).
  • Kodzero dzehurumende: Chisarudzo cha 2022 mu Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi Voutano[ vakatendeutsa dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo rehurumende nokuda kwokubvisa pamuviri, kudzorera nhau yacho kuhurumende. Ikoku kwakaparira basa apo vamwe vanotaura zvakakomba kubvisa mimba apo vamwe vanoiganhurira serudyi, kuchitungamirira kurwisano dzapamutemo pamusoro pokufamba, mishonga, uye kudzikamisa.
  • Mitemo yokuvhota: Kutevera Shelby County , mitemo yakagadza mhatsa yemitemo yokuvhota, mimwe yayo yakadenhwa mudare seinoputsa Kubvumira kodzero kana kuti Bumbiro remitemo. Matare eFedera anopfuurira kuyera idzi denho.

Mabhuku Anobatsira Vanhu

Kana mamiriro ako ezvinhu akakundikana kudzivirira kodzero iyoyo yomutemo wehurumende, unogona kungotsvaka rusununguko mudare rehurumende kana kuti kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende.

Masangano epamutemo okusatendeseka akafanana ne American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) anowanzopfuudzira idzi rwisano kujekesa miganhu yechiremera chehurumende nechehurumende.

Zvinhu Zvichangobva Kuitika Nenhau Dziri Kutanga

Kunzwisisa zvinhu izvi kunokosha kuti munhu arambe achiziva.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Pashure BOstock

Mu .Bostock v. Clayton County [20]), Dare rapamusorosa rakataura kuti rusaruro rwakavakirwa pamurangariro wevatano kana kuti mugariro wevatano rudzi rwekusarura vatano pasi peTitle VII yeChibvumirano cheChivile Rights. Iyi chinyorwa chinorevererwa chenzvimbo yebasa chinodzivirira nyika yose, asi hachina kushanda chose chose kudzimba, pokugara dzavose, kana kuti purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Zvitendero zvevhu zviri kupedza mibvunzo iyoyo. Munguva ino, mamwe mapepanhau akapfuudza "rusununguko rwechitendero" zvikwereti zvinobvumira mabhizimisi kuramba mabasa ku LGTQ, kuparira kusawirirana kutsva kwepamutemo.

Kubudisa Kodzero Mufuro

Pashure pejato 2020, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo iyo vatsigiri vekodzero dzokuvhota vanotaura kuti pesvedzero isingaenzaniswi yavavhoti veruvara, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zveID zvakanangidzirwa, kuderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye ganhuriro paposi mubhorati. Dare rakaedza kupfuudza John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act [[[FLT: 1]] kudzorera mutoo wekuvhotera, asi wakadzora. Hurumende, yakaita sevhotera yafutunurwa netsamba muColoradorado neWashington, inopfuurira kufambira mberi mukupinda mudzimwe nharaunda.

Chiito Chinosimbisa Nekukwana Kwedzidzo

Mu Vadzidzi vefair Adgings v. Harvard [2023], Dare Rapamusorosoro rakakurira mapurogiramu okubvuma dzinza asingazivi pa makoreji namayunivhesiti, richipedza nenzira inobudirira kushandiswa kwekubvuma mudzidzo yakakwirira. Iyi chisarudzo chakasunda maruwa akafanana neCalifornia, ayo akanga atova nerambidzo papindidzo dzakavakirwa parudzi, kurangarira dzimwe nzira dzokusimudzira mhatsa. Munguva ino, dzimwe nyika dziri kunzvera mitoo yedzinza yezvo.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Rusarura Runoumbwa

Unyanzvi hutsva hwakadai sematurusi okuroja eAI, kuziva chiso, uye mapurisa anodeya kutaura zvinomutsa mibvunzo yekodzero dzavagari vemo. Masangano eFederal akatanga kubudisa nhungamiro, asi hakuna mutemo wakakwana uchiripo. Dzimwe nyika, kubatanidza Illinois neCalifornia, dzakapa mitemo inodzora kushandiswa kweAIA kubasa uye kuita chisarudzo chinodzorwa nemotokari kudzivisa rusaruro.

Kuchinja Kwemapurisa Nokubatana Kwakakodzera

Pashure pokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd, anoda kuti pave nokugadziridzwa kwamapurisa kwakawedzerwa. Nepo Congress isina kupfuura George Floyd Justice in Policing Act, nyika zhinji dzakaita chinjo dzadzo dzimene, kubatanidza ganhuriro panzvimbo dzinodziviswa, makamera echikwaniriso eboka, uye kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kwevakuru vakuru vanopfurambwa nemapurisa. Dzidziso yokudzivirira kukwaniriswa kwezvisakiso zvehurumende inodzivirira pasuturo dzehurumende kutoti vaputsa "mutemo wakagadzwa chose chose chose," inoramba iri mhinganidzo huru kukuzvidavirira. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita mitemo inoganhurira kushandiswa kwayo muzvinoitika zvedare rehurumende.

Kutsigira Kunoita Kudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzevagari Vemo

Kusimbisa nokufambisira mberi kodzero dzako dzevagari vemo nenzira inobudirira, kuvimbisana kunokosha.Hedzino nzira dzinoverengeka dzinoshanda.

Ziva Kodzero Dzako uye Zvinyorese

Tanga nokuzvidzidzisa pazvinodzivirira zvaunoda iwe. [[FLT: 0] ZVINOZIVA maruramiro Ako [[FLT: 1] peji yakanaka nokuda kwenhau dzebasa, nepo DOJ's Civil Rights Division inochengeta mirayiridzo yedzimba, vhota, uye kodzero dzourema. Chengeta zvinyorwa zvezviitiko zvipi nezvipi zvinotemwa, kubatanidza misi, nguva, zvapupu, uye kurukurirano ipi neipi yakanyorwa.

Kunyunyuta Kwefaira Neagency Yesimba Rakafanira

Kana uchifunga kuti kodzero dzako dzevagari vemo dzakatyorwa, unogona kuisa nyunyuto nesangano rehurumende rakakodzera. Nokuda kwekusarurwa kwebasa, ona EEOC. Nokuda kwokusarura dzimba, faira neHUD. Nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota kana kuti kusazvibata kwamapurisa, svika kuDoJ’s Civil Rights Division. Nyika dzakawanda dzine basa radzo dzimene rakarurama namasangano edzimba anogona kubatsirawo. Kurangarira miganhu yemisi; miraudzo mipfupi ine mahwindo mipfupikito (g. 1,80 kana kuti 300 nokuda kwenyunyuto dzeEOC).

Gadzirisa Masangano Anodzidzisa

Mapoka omunzvimbomo neorudzi akadai seACLU, NAACP Legal Defense Fund, National Women’s Law Center, uye Human Rights Camper inogovera zviwanikwa zvapamutemo, dzidzo yavose, uye nhamburiko dzokukurudzira. Kuzvipira kana kuti kugovera kunogona kuwedzera simba razvo. Mukuwedzera, aya masangano kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ane "zivikanwo" zvishandiso zvinowirirana nemigariro yakati, zvakadai sebatano namapurisa kana kuti kuvhota panzvimbo yokuvhotera.

Ona Vamiriri Vako Vakaratidzwa

Vaiti vemitemo nehurumende vanogamuchira zvinetso zvinobatanidzwa. Kuridza mhere, email, kana kuti kunyora tsamba dzinovakurudzira kutsigira kana kuti kushora zvikwereti zvakati. Horo dzeguta uye kutongwa kwedare zvinopa mikana yokutaura zvakananga pamusoro penhau dzine chokuita newe. Pakutsigira, kuuya neidi nenhau dzomunhu oga dzinoratidzira tapuro chaiyoiyo yenyika yemitemo inokarakadzwa.

Itawo Basa Rehurumende

Kupa kodzero yehurumende ndiyo ichiri kodzero inokosha.Bhadha kuti uvhote, uone kuti uri munhu akaita sei, unokurudzira vamwe kuti vaitewo saizvozvo, uye unoramba uchiudzwa nezvokuchinja kwemitemo yokuvhota munyika yako.

Shandisa Manyuko Ezvinobudisa Nhau Nezvesocial network

Kuudza vamwe nyaya dzenhau dzakapinzwa, kushandisa pfuma yehurumende, uye kusimbisa basa rinoitwa nemapoka evafundisi anoremekedzwa. Pakurondedzera zvakaitika kwauri, funga nezvemigumisiro yepamutemo yakadai sokuzvidzwa kana kuti kutsiva waunoshandira, asi usarega kutya kuchikunyaradza. Kudzivirirwa neFirst Amendment kunokubvumira kutaura pamusoro porst Remendment.

mhedziso

Kubatanidzwa kwemitemo yehurumende nehurumende kunoparira zvose zviri zviviri mikana nedenho nokuda kwedziviriro dzavagari vemo. Mutemo weFederal unogadza mupimo worudzi, asi nyika dzinogona kunzi (apo) uye do do_da yakakwidziridza maruramiro iwayo, kuchitungamirira kubasa redziviriro dzinosiana kuvambirana nehurumende imwe. Magakava anoramba achimuka, uye tsika yemitemo inofanira kupfuurira kutsanangura miganhu youkuru hwehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi muLBTQ+ kodzero, kuvhotera, kuvhotera, kubvutira, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinoratidza kuti kurwisa kuenzana kuri kure nokure. Kuziva kodzero dzako, kutsigira mapoka okudzora, uye kutsigira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, unogona kubetsera remangwana kodzero dzevagari vemo munzanga yako uye munyika yose. Mutemo hauna kupfurikidza nokuzivisa zviito zvavagari vemo.