Chinjo dzomutemo hadzisi gadziridzowo zvadzo dzepamutemo; ivo vatyairi vane simba vanodzoserazve nzvimbo yemiitiro yokudzora mumativi ose enzanga. Apo mubatanidzwa wehurumende unopfuura mutemo mutsva kana kuti kugadziridza uripo, tapuro dzinotambanukira zvikuru mumuitiro wokuisa mitemo, miitiro yokuchinja, uye mabasa ezuva nezuva esangano nesangano rinodzorwa. Kuvaraidzi, vaiti vemiitiro yemitemo, uye vadzidzi vehurumende, kunzwisisa ukama uhwu hune simba zvinokosha kunzwisiswa kuti masangano achashandura sei zvamatongerwe enyika kuva mitemo inoshanda. Nyaya ino inonzvera nzira dzakawanda dzokuchinja nadzo mitemo yokudzora, kubva pakuchinja kwenheyo dzenheyo kusvika kuzvinetso zvokuteerera uye kugadziridzwa kunopfuurira kwemitemo yose iri yose iripo nenguva.

Mitemo Inotonga

Pamavambo payo, mutemo unogovera chiremera chapamutemo nokuda kwemirau. Pasina murairo wemitemo, masangano aisazova nesimba rokuita mitemo, kumanikidzira mipimo, kana kuti kuisa zvirango. Uku ukama hwenheyo hunoreva kuti chinjo ipi neipi yomutemo (hwupindupikiswa, kana kuti kugadziriswa kwemitemo) inotapura zvakananga gadziriro nenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, apo U.S. Congress yakapfuudza Diease Air Act ya 1990, yakakudza zvikuru chiremera cheNyakaronzevedzo yeNhungamiro yenzvimbo yepasi, chiremera chokudzora tsvina, kuchitungamirira kudzokorodzwa kwemitemo mitsva inodzora kubudiswa kwenzvimbo yenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa. Nhengodzo, uye kuita gadziriro dzehurumende dzeEurope dzeP. Njongodziyo yeU.

Zvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yazvo hazvisipo. Varairi vanowanzodavidza kumigumisiro inodzorwa, uye vadzori vanotsanangura vavariro dzemitemo nenzira dzinogona kuumba kugadzirwa kwemitemo inotevera. Izvi zvinotanga gadziriro yakaoma, inogadziridza umo kuchinja chimwe chinhu kungaparira migumisiro isingakarirwi mune chimwe. Kuvadzidzi vezvokutarisira ruzhinji, kuziva izvi kunobatsira kujekesa nei mimwe mitemo ichichinja nokukurumidza apo mimwe inoramba iripo, uye nei kuchinja kwakati kwemitemo kuchibudirira zvinangwa zvavo zvikuru kupfuura mimwe.

Marudzi Okuchinja Kwomutemo Nokutungamirira Kwawo

Kusiyanisa pakati pemarudzi ezviito zvemitemo hakusi kuchinja kwose kwemitemo kunokosha kuti tinzwisise zvakunoita pamiitiro yokutungamirira.

Mitemo Mitsva Inoumba Mazita Matsva Oudzori

Apo mutemi wemitemo unoita mutemo mutsva chose chose, kazhinji kazhinji unoparira hurumende itsva chose chose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza kutangwa kwePumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) pasi peDodd-Frank Wall Street Reformation neConsumer Protection Act ya2010. Iri dare idzva raida kuti sangano ritange kubva pakukwanura: vashandi vanobhadharwa, kuronga miitiro yokuronga mitemo, uye kugadza mitemo yezvigadzirwa zvemari zvaisadzorwa munguva yakapfuura zvakafanana nechikwereti nokudzosa. Mutoro unodzoresa pamasangano eRounding Street mukati medzoro inoda kukurumidza kuvaka nokubudirira nokukurumidza uye kukura kwounyanzvi munharaunda dzinozivikanwa.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Kuti Pave Nezvinodiwa Zvinotungamirira

Zvinowanzochinjwa zvikuru imitemo iripo. Izvi zvinogona kusimbisa kana kuti kusunungura zvinodikanwa, kubvisa mutoro wechibvumikiso, kana kuti kutanga misi mitsva yokushanda. Somuenzaniso, Food Safety Modertization Act (FSMA) yakagadziridza zvikuru Federal Food, Drug, uye Cosmetic Act, kubvisa Food and Drug Administration’s (FRA) kumira mberi kukushatairira kukudzivisa. Iyi chinjo yemitemo yakamanikidzira FDA kuvamba gadziriro itsva yokudzora yokudzivisa, kuvandudza mitemo yokunzvera, uye kuita gadziriro yemiuyo yechitatu yeparation. Kuchinja kwaparadziro kwezvokudya zvinotambanurwa kumura zvokudya, vagadziri vezvokudya, vagadziri vezvinhu, uye vatengesi vedzimwe nyika, vose vakanga vagona kugadziridza kugadziridza kushandira mamiriro okutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu.

Mitemo Inobvisa Kana Kuti Inorerutsa Mitemo

Chinjo dzemitemo dzinovavarira kuputsa zvivako zviripo. Repeals dzinogona kudzorwa nemirairo yokudzora, ufakazi hwokuti murairo haushandi kana kuti hauchishandi, kana kuti chishuvo chokuderedza ndyiko dzinotevedzerwa. Somuenzaniso, kupfuudzwa kweTsix Cuts neJobs Act ye2017 kwakabatanidza gadziriro idzo dzinodzorwa mativi eAffordicurect yedable Act, zvinobudirira kubvisa chinodikanwa chokudzora icho chakanga chaumba misikasi yeinishuwarenzi kwamakore. Masangano anodzorwa aitofanira kugadziridza zvinhu zvokutanga, uye mari chaiyo kubva padare rekudzosa. Masangano akadaro kazhinji kazhinji anoita kuti basa riitwe, sezvo masangano anofanira kubvisa purogiramu dzemhepo paanenge achitarisirwa mamiriro ezvinhu epamutemo.

Nzvero Dzemhosva Mukuchinjwa Kunoita Muitiro

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo kunotibatsira kunzwisisa kuti kuchinja kwemitemo kunoitwa maitiro okudzora zvinhu kunochinja sei.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo: Mutemo Wakachena Wemhepo Nokutonga kweEPA

Cleena Air Act yakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka chifo chokupinda kwayo yokutanga muna 1970, kugadziridzwa kumwe nokumwe kunoparira chinjo dzinokosha mumiitiro yeEPA yokudzora. Kugadziridza kwa1990 kwakatanga miitiro yemitengi yakavakirwa pamusika sekapu ne-trade nokuda kwesulfur dioxide, iyo yaida EPA kutanga mitoo mitsva yokutungamirira zvinhu (inobva pamitemo yetsika yakavakirwa pamitemo yetsika panzvimbo pemipimo yegamuchidzanwa yemirairo nedzoro. Sangano yaifanira kugadzira gadziriro yokutengesa nokushuma zvinodikanwa, kugadza nhevedzano nokunyora zvinodikanwa, uye kuita gadziriro yokutendisa ingagona kubata zviuru zvemibato zuva nezuva. Iyi mitemo yakachinja basa reEPA rakananga kumutariri wemisika, ichida unyanzvi hutsva hwezvokugadzira unyanzvi hwetsika negadziriro yePromende yePromende.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, nharo dzemitemo pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze dzakatungamirira dzvinyiriro yakavandudzwa paEPA kudzora magasi egreenhouse pasi peDerare. Nepo chisarudzo cheDare rapamusorosoro mu Massachusetts v. EPA yakagombedzera sangano kuita, kuedza kudzora kwakatevera kupfuudza mutemo wemamiriro okunze kwakarevedza mamiriro okunze. Kukundikana kwechikepea ne-tradebhuti muCongress kwakamanisira EPA kutsamira pachiremera chiripo, kuchiguma nechirongwa cheChecro Powence pasi peObama uye kutsiviwa kwayo pasi pokutarisira Trump. Kuedza kumwe nokumwe nokumwe kwokudzora uku kudzorwa kwemitemo kwakadzorwa kwakadzorwa nezvamatongerwe enyika, kuratidzirwa kuti kunoitwazve nenzira inoitwazve sechiito.

Kudzorwa Kwemari: Mutemo weDodd-Frank uye CFPB

Hapana nzvero iratidzirwo huru yebhuku rokuchinja reconfiblication recontext religional Act. Yakaumbwa mukupindura njodzi yemari ya2008, Dodd-Frank yakaita Samakemishoni yeSalcial Stability Overst Council (FSOC) uye Conference Finical Protection Bureaution (CFPB), uye kuisa Mutemo weVolckerry Relagement kuganhurira kushairwa nemari nebhangi. Makambani anoronga anoshanda nokushandisa Dodd-Frank aisaidzoroseroserosero yemikoro itsva. Somuenzaniso, chiremera cheCFPBCC's chitagetting tundertsssss anotungamirira kuchisiko chemabhangiringiro, icho chaida kuyera mari nemitoo inodzorwa kudzosera mari mumugwagwa mukuru mukuru pamberi pehurumende. Masangano aipo akanga adaidzorwawo kudzorwa kudzosera mari, uye anoshanda nea mapurisa, anoshanda kare.

Muitiro wokuita wakanga wakazadzwa nedenho: kukakavadzana pakati pemitemo pamusoro poukuru hweVolcker, denho dzapamutemo kubumbiro remitemo reCFPB, uye indasitiri inopesana nezvinodikanwa zvemitengo. Nokufamba kwenguva, gadziridzo dzemitemo (zvakadai seProject yezvemari, Reguralalal Act, uye Contertection Protection of 2018(2018), yakadzosa shure zvimwe gadziriro dzemabhangi maduku, dzichida CFPB nemamwe masangano kuisazve mitemo yawo. Iyi yapashure-pashure-pashure inoratidzira chinjo yemupinduko pakati pomutemo nemitemo, apo masangano echinjo imwe neimwe yokuvandudza gadziriro dzawo, mapepa enhungamiro, uye zvokutarisira.

Utano Nechengeteko: Kudzivirira Kusvuta Kwemhuri uye Kudzora Fodya

Pamberi pa2009, Family Desmond Prevention and Tobacco Control Act yakapa FDA chiremera chokudzora zvinhu zvefodya kokutanga. Kuchinja uku kwemitemo kwakamanikidza FDA kugadzira boka idzva rose, Center for Tobacco Products, uye kusimudzira materukiro okuita mitemo nokuda kwemipimo yezvinhu, kuzivisa, uye kuongorora kwapamberi pema. Sangano racho raifanira kubudisa mutemo unoyera kuti e-garettettets, mas, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinoiswa pasi penzvimbo inodzorwa mumugwagwa mumugwagwa mutsva, nea zvinotanga kupfuudzira kuvimbisa. Chibvumirano chacho chaidawo kuti chive mufambiro woutano wavose uye kuronga nguva yezvigadzirwa zvezvigadzirwa zvehurumende. Chidzidzo ichi chinosimbisa sei kuti zviitwe pamasangano anenge atadza kutakura zvinhu, chirongwa chokubhadhakambira chikoro chisati chaitwa, chirongwa chokupfupikisa, kurovedza kurovedzwa, kurovedzwa kwokurovedzwa kwapa dzidzo.

Taisi Inodzosera Kudya: Kudzosera Kunoita Mitemo Kubvumiranwa

Kupesvedzera kwacho hakusi nzira imwe. Mitemo inowanzosimbisa misiyano, zvisakafanira, kana kuti migumisiro isingarongwi mumutemo uri pasi pevhu, inosunda vagadziri vemitemo kushanyirazve uye kugadzirisa mitemo. Uku kupindura chinhu chinhu chinokosha mukudzora kwazvino uno.

Kukundikana Kutungamirira Sezviito Zvokuita Mutemo

Apo mirau ibvumikisa kuva isingashandi kana kuti kuparira miuyo yakaipa, masangano emitemo angapinda kuti aruramise. Somuenzaniso, kurasika kweoiri yeDeeter Hooking muna 2010 kwakaratidzira utera muMinerals Management Service yeUneutor Service yekutungamirirazve pakuchera pamhenderekedzo. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Outer Contental Shelf Safety Oversight Act, iyo inogadzazve gadziriro neiraira kuchengeteka kwakakomba kwechakachengeteka. Nenzira yakafanana, njodzi yemari ya2008 yakazivisa miganhu iri pakati pemisi yokugadzira zvinhu zvinoshandiswa muDodd-F. Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti chinjo dzemitemo dzinogona kuva dzinoshanda, kugadziridza zvinodikanwa zvegadziriro dzokusashanda zvakanaka.

Mitemo Inobudirira Inokurudzira Kuchinja Kwakawanda

Nenzira inopesana, apo mirau inoita miuyo yakanaka, inogona kuparira fambiro mberi nokuda kwechinjo huru dzemitemo. Kubudirira kwemitemo yeEPA yeAcid Rain Program yeAcid Air Act muRefements ya1990 Cease Demeters (iyo yakaderedza kubudiswa kwesulfur dioxide ne 40% pasi pa 1990 mwero uye pamutengo wakaderera kupfuura zvaitarisirwa kunzi ne $58, kukarakadza mifungo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nokuda kwokuchinja mamiriro okunze emo yemo yemo yemo yemo yemochaizimu nefodya, zvakanyandura kukudza nhamburiko dzechiremera kumugariro wenzvimbo yenzvimbo nezvimwe zvinhu zvinoshava duku. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wekubudirira wakapiwa kupfurikidza nokuna kupfurikidza nokuna kupfuutsaudzira kutemwa kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira.

Matambudziko Akasangana Nemazano Okuchinja Kuchinjo Yomutemo

Kuchinja kwomutemo kunoparira denho dzakawanda dzinoshanda uye dzinoshanda nokuda kwamasangano anoronga.

Zvirongwa Zvepfuma Nebasa Zvikuru

Zvichida denho yapakarepo zvikurusa kushaikwa kwamanyuko. Mirayiro mitsva yemitemo inowanzouya pasina mirairo inowirirana, ichisiya masangano achitamburira donzo remari iripo kana kuti kutsvaka bhajeti yekurumidziro yokuwedzera. CFPB, somuenzaniso, yakatsigirwa pakuvamba kupfurikidza neFederal Reserve, asi mari yayo yakava nhabvu yezvamatongerwe enyika, inotungamirira kukusava nechokwadi nenzvimbo dzinoshanda. Boka remitemo refodya yefodya rinorwisana zvakafanana nevashandi uye maIT purogiramu okutarisira mamiriyoni ezvirongwa zvechigadzirwa chayamupidhinaiti yayamu. ACPUPUS inofanira kuisa mari pakati pezvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzana, izvo zvinogona kunonotsa kutungamirira kugadziridza mitemo kana kuti itsive. Chipikirwa chitupa ichi inhau inodzokoro chinodzokorodzokororwa muzvirongwa zvemariso zvokushandisa.

Kushandura Mutauro Wakaipa Kana Kuti Unorwisana

Mutauro wemitemo hauwanzova wakananga. Kuda kutora mitemo pa “michina inowirirana nezvamatongerwe enyika" asi kusia rondedzero ye“ zvinokosha pakugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa, ” kana kuti mipata isingakanwi. Masangano anodzora anofanira kuturikira mutauro uyu (kazhinji kazhinji achiongororwa.) Somuenzaniso, Dare reDodd-Frank Frank Act raida kuti pave nemitemo pa “mitero yezvicherwa zvepasi" asi rakasiya rondedzero ye “zvinokosha pakugadzirwa kwechigadzirwa. Nheyo inoguma yaidenhwa mudare, uye SEC pakupedzisira yakagadziridzwazve kusvika kwayo. Nenzira yakafanana, Afford Carect yemunhu oga akatsigirwa somutero, asi kutaura kwokuti“ mushandirwi mukuru” aida mapepa aIR kuti apedziridze kutsa mifungo nezvirango. AAAA kazhinji anotsanangura mitemo, anodzorwazve, uye kupfupikisazve.

Nzvero Yavose Nedzvinyiriro Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masangano anoronga anoshanda mumhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuchinja kwemitemo uko kunomutsa ngwariro huru yavose neyezvematongerwe enyika. Zvirongwa zvingatarisana nedzvinyiriro inobva kumapoka echimuko, matare edare anotarisira, uye White House kuti apedzise kana kuti kunonoka kugadza utongi. Kudzorwa kwegadziriro dzechinjo dzinodzorwa, somuenzaniso, kusimudzirwa kwamasangano kuti adzorere kana kuti kutsiva mitemo yeObama kana kuti rera, zvichitungamirira kumubato mukuru wehurumende unonangidzirwa pakubvisa mutemo. Iyi dzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika inogona kudzvinyirira unyanzvi netsika, sezvo vashandi vebasa vanofanira kudzosa pakati pezvinhu zvokukwikwikwidzana. Kunzvera kwapachena zvikurukuru apo chinjo dzemitemo dzinotapura utano hwavose, kana kuti chengeteko, upfumi, sezvinoonekwa mumakwikwikwikwi pamusoro pene kusatora rutivi kwemakwa, mvura, uye mamiriro emari.

Kubvumirana Pazvirongwa Zvizhinji

Chinjo dzakawanda dzemitemo dzinoda kutsinhiraniswa pakati pamasangano anoverengeka. Dodd-Frank Act yakaraira kuti SEC, CTC, Federal Reserve, OCC, uye FDIC pamwe chete vakudziridza Volcker Relagement (a makore akawanda anoratidzirwa nokusawirirana pamusoro perondedzero nedzisina kubvumirwa. Food Safety Modertization Act inoda FDA kuti ibatirane namasangano eUSDA nehurumende pakugadzira mipimo yechengeteko. Kushanda kwemitengo inodzo inopedza nguva nezvitengo, uye tsika dzinodzorwa dzesangano dzinogona kutungamirira kukuitwa kusingawirirani. Kubatana kunowanzoda matare okunzwisisa, kuumba mitemo, uye misangano yenguva dzose kuteverwa kwezvitekiso nezvirongwa.

Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi: Kuchinja Mumitemo

Kudzora zvakunova kwakaoma kunzwisisa, ukama huri pakati pechinjo dzemitemo nemiitiro yokudzora huri kuramba huchivapo.

Kumuka Kwomutemo Wakapiwa Vamiririri uye Kuita Zvinotarisirwa

Mitemo inopa chiremera chiremera chinowedzera kuisa chiremera kumasangano, zvikurukuru muminda yezvounyanzvi kana kuti inochinja nokukurumidza. Iyi “mutemo wakagadzwa” inoreva kuti chinjo dzakawanda dzinoitika zvino kupfurikidza nechiito chesangano panzvimbo pokunangidzira mitemo. Administrative Proceduract Act inodzora muitiro uyu, asi mitumbi yemitemo inochengeta utariri kupfurikidza neCongregation Review Act, iyo inobvumira kuti vasatendera mitemo mitsva. Kushandisa kwemirayiro yesangano kutungamirira kutungamirirazve mirayiridzo, uye kutungamirira kweBiden pakugadziridza, kuenzanisira kuti simba recustory recure, rinoratidzira sei miitiro inodzo inodzorwa kunyange pasina mutemo mutsva. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunokosha nokuda kwevadzidzi vemiitiro yavose, sezvo kuchichinja chisarudzo chokutonga vamiririri vamiririri vadzo.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nokuchinja

Zvirongwa zvitsva zvemitemo zviri kugadzirirwa kuwiriranisa nokufambirana nefambiro mberi. Mitemo yeIU yeMagitage Markets Act neDiture Services Mitemo yemitemo yewiyo yemitemo yewiyo yehurumende imitemo yesimba remitemo hombe. Iyi mitemo inoda masangano anoraira kugadzira maturusi matsva okuongorora maatomu, kuyera makwikwikwi emisika, uye kusimbisa kumira mitengo yemitengo. Saizvozvo, U.S. mitemo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (g. California Consumplution Act) iri kumanikidza varamisi mirayiridzo yokugadzira masangano matsva okutarisira kodzero dzekodzero dzevaratori, mashandiro, mapepa emiteoredhisitiridzo. Sezvinoita kuti kuwanda kuwanda, miteve inochinjawo mitemo yokunyora nayo inoita kuti ibvumire nokukurumidza kukwanisa kuita zvinhu zvitsva zvitsva zvitsva.

Simba Rokutungamirira Romuchinjikwa

Chinjo dzomutemo muhurumende imwe dzinogona kutapura miitiro yokudzorwa munyika yose. GDPR yakagadza mupimo wetsika yenyika yose nokuda kwedziviriro yemitemo, namakambani akawanda asiri eEU achigamuchira nheyo dzawo nokuda kwemitemo yawo munyika yose. Nenzira yakafanana, mirau yemari yeU. inopesvedzera mipimo yemari yamarudzi ose yokuchengeta kupfurikidza neDare reBasel. Iyi miganhu yemitemo inowedzera kuoma, sezvo vadzori vanofanira kutsinhiranisa mitemo kana kuti rwisano pakati pehurumende dzemitemo yemitemo. Chimiro chemitengidzo chenyika chinoshanda kumibato mitsva kunze kwemiganhu yayo.[1]

mhedziso

Ukama pakati pechinjo dzemitemo nemiitiro yokutungamirira inoshanda, inodzorwa, uye inoguma yavapo zvikuru. Kuvambira pakusikwa kwamasangano matsva kusvikira kukunatswa kwemitemo iripo, mabasa ose okutonga anovamba kuronga nzira inoumba nayo hurumende nebhizimisi, vagari vemo, uye mhoteredzo. Vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanonzvera iyi purogiramu, musiano ndewokuti murairo hausi gadziriro yakarongeka asi muitiro mupenyu unoita kuti iwirirane nezvamatongerwe enyika, magariro, uye mari. Nokunzvera nhau dzakafanana neCheoooo - Air Act, Dodd-Frast, uye Control Act, uye nokuziva zvinetso zvezvishandiso zvezviwanikwa, kududzira, kutsanangura, uye kudzora, tinowedzera kuonga zvikuru unyanzvi hwesayenzi. Sezv kushandura mamiriro okunze echinyakare.

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