Kushatirwa Kwakaitika muna 2016: Kuchinja Kwakaita Nzvimbo Yaiva Nevanhu vokuIndia

Musi waNovember 8, 2016, Mutungamiriri weIndia Narendra Modi akazivisa kubuda kwakamwe kamwe kwemapepa ebhangi 76500 ne311 000, ayo akazova anenge 86% yemari yenyika iri kutenderera. Zvinangwa zvakataurwa zvakanga zviri zvokumisa mari yavatema, kunyengera, uori, uye mari yemagandanga. Nepo nyongano yepakarepo nemari yaidzora misoro kwemwedzi, kubatana kwenguva refu kwegadziriro yemitero yeIndia kwave kuchichinja zvakaenzana. Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti kuchinjwa kwemitero, mitero, mitero, uye kudzorongedzerwa kwemitero, nemari yakakwirira, nepo ichifungawo ganhuriro yayo nezvidzidzo zvayamuitiro.

Kuiswa kwemari kwakamanikidzira chitsama chemari chisina kumboitika chaidzorwa necherekedzo chayo chaisaziviswa . Mumwedzi yakatevera, mabhangi akashuma mari yakawandisa yema 7615 lakh crore (inenge $230 mabhiriyoni 000 panguva yacho). Uku kudirana kwemitengo yakamwe kamwe kwakapa zviremera zvemitero mapepa akasiana okunzvera padzorero. Chinoitika chakabatira senzvero yomusikirwo muukuru hwemari, kuchigombedzera pfuma yakavanzwa kare kupinda mumbure wemitero kana kuti chirango mugadziriro itsva dzokuzivisa.

Kutama Kwemacro Nokukurumidza Kwezvemari Nekuwedzera Kwemitero

Vhiki shomanene dzokutanga pashure pokuiswa mubato wamadhemoni dzakaona kuperevedza kwakakomba uko masangano akaoma anoparadza mari akafanana nokurima, shopu, uye kugadzira zvinhu zviduku. Chigadzirwa chemugodhi cheGross (GDP) chakanyudzwa, asi muuyo wakarongerwa panzvimbo yomutero wakanga uri wekare: mamirioni enhau dzebhangi idzo dzakanga dzisina kutongobatanidzwa nokuwana mari yemitero yakaoneka kamwe kamwe mugadziriro. Hurumende yakashandisa iyi mashoko kuzivisa mitero yemitengo yemari yakakwirira iyo isina kushumwa.

Pakazosvika March 2017, Indicage Department yeTrust yakatumira zviziviso zvinenge 1.8 miriyoni kuvanhu uye mabhizimisi ane mari yakachengetwa kupfuura mari yaaiwana. Uku kuongorora kwakakudziridza mambure omutero kubva panenge 5% yemitero yavanhu inodzokera kunzvimbo yakafara yaibatanidza mafaira enguva yokutanga. Nhamba yemitero yemari inodzorwa kubva pa2,5 2016-17 kusvika ku6,5 mamirioni mugore renzvero 2017-18-18-18-30% mugore rimwe chete.

Kuda Kuziva Kuti Zvive Chinhu Chitsva

Kushandiswa kwoudhimoni kwakaparira mukana wenguva imwe wokuenzanisa mari yakaiswa nemari yakaziviswa mumakore akapfuura. Hurumende yakatanga “Kuchenesa Mari”, ichibvumira vabhadhari kutsanangura nokuzvidira matura emari pasina chirango kana akaitwa muhwindo rakanyorwa. Avo vakakundikana kutsanangura kutarisana nezvinodikanwa zvemitero pamwe nechirango pamutengo usina kunyorwa. Iyi nzira inodenha yakakwidziridza ngozi inofungidzirwa yokuvanda mutero, ichiita kuti kubvumira kukwezva kukunda kuvanda.

Kwenguva yokutanga, vatengesi vaduku, vatengesi vomunzvimbomo, uye kunyange vanhu vakatambira mari shomanene vaishumwa vaitofanira kurangarirazve miitiro yavo yokushuma. Tsamba inobva ku Department yeMitero inoratidza kuti mitero yakananga yakawedzera ne18% mugore remari 2017-18, nokukura kukuru ikoko kwainzi kwakaparirwa nokubvuma kwokuzvidira kwepote yedhimoni.

Kurukura Mumutero Wokuzvidira uye Kuronga Kupa Mitero

Kukurudzira kurongwa kwemari isina kuziviswa, hurumende yakasuma Infection Declaration Scheme 2016 pamberi pokuitwa kwamadhemoni, ichibvumira vabhadhari kubhadhara mutero nechirango pamwero wehwerengedzo we 45% papfuma isina kuziviswa. Gare gare, Mantri Garibub Kayyan Yhoina (PMGKY) yakagovera rimwe hwindo pa 50% yemitero nechirango zvakabatanidzwa. Zvirongwa izvi zvakatungamirira kuzivisa mutengo wemanyuko namamwe ma9 000 000 ePGYK.

Chinokosha zvikuru, zvirongwa zvakaratidzira chinjo mukuda kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri makaroti namapepa. Avo vakauya mberi vachidzivisa kurovererwa kwemhaka, nepo avo vasina kutarisana nezvinodikanwa zvemitero bedzi asiwo kutongerwa pasi peBlack Money (Kudavirwa Kwenyika Isina Kusiiwa uye Assets) uye Kuiswa kweTtax Act, 2015. Uku kumhanya kuviri kwakasimudzira nenzira inobudirira ndyiko dzezvinodikanwa zvemitero zvisingawirirani navanhu vose.

Kutapura Kupinda Kuduku Nepakati (SMEs)

Chikamu cheSME, icho chakanga chashanda zvikuru munhau munhau, chakarohwa zvikuru. Varidzi vebhizimisi vakawanda vaduku vakaparapatika kuwiriranisa uwandu hwavo chaihwoihwo nokutengesa nemashoko ebhangi akajeka. Bva, iyi dzvinyiriro yakavamanikidzirawo kuva namarongedzero ari nani okunyora mabhuku ndokunyoresa nokuda kwe Goods and Services Taxis (GST), iyo yakanga yatangwa pakuvamba muna July 2017. Mubatanidzwa wekunyoresa madhemoni neGST wakagadzira sundo ine simba kukunyoreswa kunoitwa nenzira yapamutemo: nhamba yeGST nyoresa yakapfuurwa kunopfuura 12.4 mamirioni pakuvamba kwe 202020, ichienzaniswa namamirioni 8 emitero isina kunangananga pakuvamba kweGST.

Nzvero yakaitwa neNational Institute of Public Financial and Policy (NIPFP) yakawana kuti kuita madhimoni kwakawedzera bviro dzokudzosa vanhu vanodzosa mitero inodzorwa nemitero inotambirwa ne 10-15 muzana, zvikurukuru pakati peiyo iri munharaunda dzomumaguta namabhuraki anowanwa zvikuru. Uku kuwedzera kwakapfuurira kupfuura nhambo yapashure poudhimoni, kuchikarakadza chinjo inogara kwenguva refu mumufambiro unoteererwa.

Migumisiro Yemari Inoripirwa: Kuwedzera Kunokosha Kuzvikamu Zvemitero

Kuchinja kukuru zvikuru kwokuisa mitero pamutero kwaiva kuwedzera kukuru mumitero yakananga. Muna 2016-17, mitero yakananga yakamira pa 768.46 lakh crore. Pakazosvika 2017-18, yakanga yakwira kusvika paNU10.02 lakhro, kuwedzera kwe18,4%. Kukura uku kwakapfuura kukura kweGDP kwerime 11% munguva iyoyo, zvichiratidza kuti kukwirira kwakakwirira kwemari (hnhamba yakakwirira(8-8) kwete kukura chete kwemibayiro yemari yakawanwa.

Chinotoshamisa zvikuru kwakanga kuri kukura mumutero wokuzvibhadharisa umene (kubhadharwa nokuzvidira navabhadhari vemitero panguva yokudzosera dzokororo) uye mutero wapamberi (pachikamu chezvitatu namabhizimisi navanhu vaiwana mari yakakwirira). Mitero yenhano yakawedzerwa neinopfuura 40% mudzimwe nzvimbo pashure pokutenderwa kwamadhemoni. Ikoku kwakaratidzira kwete bedzi kuzviisa pasi kwakakwirira asiwo kuderedzwa mukushuma mari yebhizimisi.

Mitero isingadzorwi yakabetserwawo, kunyange zvazvo yakananga. Kuchinja kubva kumari kuenda kumitengo yemitengo kwakawedzera kutsarukana kwemitengo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti mabhizimisi adzvinyirire kushambadza kutengwa kwemitengo muIndia inopfuura yakapetwa kaviri pakati pa2016 na2018, yakapfuudzirwa ne Specials Scenation (UPI), iyo yakawedzera kubva pakushandisa kusina basa remari kusvika kumamirioni 700 emwedzi pamavambo a2019.

Chinjo Dzenhambo Dzakareba Mugadziriro Yemitero

Kupfuura kuwana mari yaibva yakurumidza, kuchinja kunoitwa kuti pave nemadhimoni kwakati kuti kwenguva refu kwaiitirwa kuita kuti mutero uwedzere kuoneka uye ubudirire.

Kushandiswa Kwezvidhina uye Kuguma Kwokushandisa Mari

Hurumende yakasimudzira nokushingaira kubhadharwa kwemitemo pashure pokuitwa kwamadhemoni. Bherat Appen for Money (BHIM) app yakatangwa, mari yokutenga pamitengo yakaderedzwa, uye zvikarakadzo zvakapiwa nokuda kwavatengesi kuti vasarudze nharaunda yedenderedzwa rePFS (POS). Izvi zvakaderedza betsero yokushandisa mari, iyo yakanga yave inopfavisa mutero. Fundo neReserve Bank of India yakawana kuti goverano yemari inodzorwa mumutengo wokutenga yakaderera kubva 88% muna 2015 kusvikira ku 78% 20191920.20.

Ichi chinjo yakaita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru mabhizimisi kushuma mari shoma nemhaka yokuti mari inobhadharwa nemitengo yakasiya nzira yechigarire, inoongororwa. Chinoitika chokuiswa kwamadhemoni chakawedzerawo kugamuchirwa kwepepa re rapanzira pasi peGST, inoda mapepa emagetsi okufambisa zvinhu pamusoro pemutengo wakati. Kupfurikidza nokuita kutengeserana kunooneka, chiremera chomutero chinogona kuwirirana nomutengi wemari nezvinopinzwa, kuchideredza kunyengera kwemari yechikwereti nemutero.

Kubatanidzwa Kwemanyuko Ebasa Rekushandisa Kunobatsira

Chimwe chemiuyo ine simba zvikurusa yenhambo refu yakanga iri chitima chehurumende chokubatanidza mapepa akawanda. Imba yacho Department yeTrusa ye Project Insight[].

Nyanzvi dzemitero dzinowanzotaura nezvayo se “mutero wezana remakore rechi21,” umo ruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, panzvimbo pekudzorwa kwemabhuku nemotokari. Kubudirira kweiyi nzira kuri pachena munhamba iri kuoneka nokuwanda kwemishumo inoonekwa nokuraswa kwemashoko uye kufambidzana. Somuenzaniso, muna 2020, bazi rakatumira zviziviso kuvanobhadhara mari inoshumwa yakanga isingawirirani nemitoo yavo yokutenga.

Kukura Kwokubhadharwa Mutero Kunopa Manyuko (TDS)

Kushandiswa kwemadhimoni kwakagoverawo chifukidzo chokuwedzera urongwa hweTDS. Mumari yakatemwa ya2017-18, hurumende yakaderedza mukana weTDS parendi kubva pa 762.4 lakh kusvika 761.8 lakh gore negore uye yakasuma TDS pamitero yemitero kuvashandi veinishuwarenzi. Kuchinja uku, kunyange zvazvo kwaiita sekwakagadzirwa nounyanzvi, kwaiva rutivi rwenzira huru yokuita kuti pave neveta yemitero yepamutemo pasina kumirira kutendwa kwokuzvidira.

Zvinetso Nemigumisiro Yaisatarisirwa

Pasinei zvapo nemhindu dzegadziriro yemitero, kushatisa kwakanga kuri kure nomuitiro usingadhuri.

Nhamo Yemari Yenguva Pfupi Nokuda Kwesekete Ramasanga

Chikamu chisina kurongwa, icho chinoshandisa inenge 85% yavashandi veIndia, chakatapurwa zvikuru. Varipi vemari yezuva nezuva, vatengesi vaduku vezvitoro, uye vashandi vemirimo vakanga vasina mukana wokubhangisa mabhangi epamutemo uye vakatarisana nokuperevedza kwakakomba kwemari. Vazhinji vakamanikidzirwa kutengesa zvirimwa pamitengo yakaoma kana kuti kukwereta pafariro huru kuti vasvitse zvinodikanwa zvapakarepo. Kurasikirwa kwemiuyo yemiuyo muwanduko yokutanga ya2017 kwakafungidzirwa nainenge 2% yeGDP navamwe vaongorori.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nepo nzvimbo inochengeterwa mutero yakawedzera, mutengo womunhu wokurarama nazvo wakarasika — wakatsakatika, uye chikwereti chemba chakawedzerwa (*) chakanga chakakwirira zvikuru. Centre yeProgic Research[ shumo wakataura kuti betsero yemitemo kukutera mutero yakaderedzwa zvishoma nokubatanidzwa mukubudiswa kwechikamu chisina kurongwa, uko kumene kuri manyuko makuru emari yemitero munguva refu.

Kudyisa Kunopfuurira

Pasinei zvapo nokudzorwa kwemichina, mari inoramba yakadzika midzi muupfumi hweIndia. Kubvira muna 2021, mari iri kutenderera yakanga yapfuura mwero wayo isati yatanga kugadzirwa, zvichiratidza kuti vagari vemo vakawanda vakadzokera kumari kana dambudziko racho rapera. Muitiro wokuchengeta mari isina kuverengwa unoramba uripo, asi nokungwarira kukuru. Kutenga mari nokutenga mari kunopfuurira, zvikurukuru munzvimbo chaidzo, mabwe anokosha, uye zvinhu zvoumbozha umo kunowanzova.

Muuyo wemadhimoni pachizvarwa chemari yavatema nokudaro wakanga uri muduku. Chikamu chikuru chepfuma yakaiswa chakanga chiri, pashure pehwindo reziviso, chakadzokera kuvanamuridzi pamutemo setsamba itsva. Muitiro wacho hauna kubvuta mari nhema; wakatoimanikidza kuva chena kupfurikidza nemari yebhangi uye mitero yakatengwa. Nepo iyi yakavandudzwa yemitero munguva pfupi, haina kubvisa zvisakiso zvikuru zvemari nhema (jereheti) yakadai souori, mari inobhadharwa yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mitero isingabhadhadzwi.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kushandisa Mutero

Kushatisa kwoga kungadai kwakava netapuro refu yenguva pasina kutsigira kuchinja mavakirwo. Hurumende yakasimudzira panguva imwe chete mitemo mizhinji inokosha yakasimbisa kuchinja kwegadziriro yemitero.

Kushandisa Mitero Yezvinhu Nemasangano (GST)

GST, yakatanga muna July 2017, yakagadzira hurumende yakabatanidza mitero isina kunanga yakatsiva basa renyika nemitero yapakati. Mubatanidzwa wemafaundi emitero yemadhigirii, inowirirana, uye mari dzemari dzenzira nejeti (*) yakawanda yakadzorwa nokukwidziridza kwemitero yemadhimoni kuti ishandiswe. Yakaita kuti zviome kuti mabhizimisi adzivise mitero isina kunangarara. Kunyoresa mutero kwakawedzera, uye reshiyo yemitero yeDP yakadzikamiswa pashure pemakore okusashanda kwemitero.

Kusimbisa Chiito cheBenami Chamabasa

Muna 2016, Benami Transactions (Profication) Act yeFijimendi yakatanga kushanda, ichibvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu zvaichengetwa mumazita apavhoti pasina ufakazi hwehuri. Mazita okuisa zvinhu zveDhamoniza akabetsera kuziva uko zvitsama zvikuru zvaishandiswa kuwana benami (project). Dhipatimendi remitero rakatangwa kunzvera kunopfuura 2 200 mumitengo pakati pa2017 na20222, nezvinhu zvinokosha mabhiriyoni evanyuchi vashai vaibatanidzwa.

Kuderedza Kutapa Mutero Kwamasangano

Muna September 2019, hurumende yakaderedza mwero wemitero yekambani kusvika ku 22% (kuwedzera mitero) yemakambani aripo uye 15% nokuda kwemafemu matsva okugadzira. Uku kuderedza, kumwe kutsigirwa nokuchinja kwapashure pekuteerera kwakavandudzwa, kwakaitirwa kuita kuti India ive nemakwikwi akawanda uye kukurudzira kuti ive yakarongwa. Mwero yakaderedzwa inoderedza sundo yokunzvenga mitero, ichiita nhambo yakanaka yokubvuma nokuwana mari.

Mugumisiro: Kukanganisa Kwakasunda Nhano

Kuchinja mitero kwemadhimoni pagadziriro yemitero yeIndia inhau yemigumisiro isina kutarisirwa yakaita kuti ive nengozi neyakaipa. Mutemo wacho wakavhiringidza mamiriyoni oupenyu asi panguva imwe chete wakamanikidzira kuoneka kwemari kuti makumi emakore okuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma akanga asati asvika. Mutero wacho wakawedzerwa, mitero yakananga yakawedzera, uye mitero yemitengo yakaita kuti zvive zvakaoma zvikuru kutiza mune remangwana.

Bva, mhindu dzakauya pamutengo mukuru: marwadzo emari enhambo pfupi, mari inopfuurira, uye kuziva kuti kushambadzira mari kwoga hakugoni kupedza kunzvenga mutero kwakadzika midzi zvikuru pasina chinjo huru mukutsigira mari yezvamatongerwe enyika, kunyoreswa kwenzvimbo, uye kushanda zvakanaka kwokutonga. Gadziriro yemitero nhasi inogamuchira zvikuru uye inodzorwa namashoko kupfuura muna 2016, asi mari nhema inopfuurira kuwana nzvimbo kunze kwepfuma yetsika.

Nokuda kwavaiti vemitero, chidzidzo chakajeka: kurapa kwokuvhunduka kufanana nokuiswa kwemadhimoni kunogona kushanda sezvinoparira, asi kunofanira kubatanidzwa nevandudziko dzinopfuurira dzesangano(mabumbiro emitero akapfava, ruzivo rwokushandiswa kwezvokuchengetedza, uye matanho okudzivisa uori anowirirana. Mutengo wemitero yeIndia wakava wakanaka zvikuru, asi rwendo kubva kumari inorema, kusaenda kugadziriro inoiswa pachena, kuwirirana kunoramba kusina kukwana. Simba yeSayemic, yakasungwa nouchenjeri, inogona kudzoserazve kuvakwa kwemitero yemutero yeIndia (mubatanidzwa wematunhuru), asi kana bedzi nheyo dzekudzora uye kuvimbana dzakavakwazve.