Basa rekutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi mukuumba masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo nokuchinja kwenzanga kwakaoma. Sechinhu chikuru uye chakaoma. Sorutivi rweruramisiro yedemokrase, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inoisa vagari vemowo zvavo panzvimbo huru yokuita chisarudzo chapamutemo, ichivapa simba rokusimbisa nokudenha tsika dzechikaro. Kubva munhau yeAmerica yose, majaji ave ari nzvimbo umo rwisano dzedzinza, kuva murume, vatano neboka zvave zvichitamba kupfuurira nokusaruramisira, pane dzimwe nguva kuenzana. Kunzwisisa iyi nhaka mbiri kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti sangano racho rakapesvedzera sei kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Mavambo Enhau Okuedzwa kweJury Mukurwisana Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Kodzero kukutonga kunoitwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi inoiswa muSingth Amendment uye yakatanga kurangarirwa sedziviriro muhurumende inonyengera. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, majaji akabatira sechekero pasimba rehurumende nerokutonga, achibvumira nzanga kuturikira mitemo mukuwirirana nemipimo yomunzvimbomo. Asi nheyo imwe cheteyo ingagona kugura nzira dzose. Mukati menhambo youranda, majaji muSoutham anowanzo anomanikidzira [[FLT: 0] Mabumbiro emitemo uye [FLT:] [FLT]] anoramba mutemo wavaranda , kuranga avo vakayamura vanopukunyuka. Panguva imwe cheteyo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, muruwa rwechinyakare rweNorthern anoshandisa dare rimwe nguva mukuvadziri.Puckist Fugiterss, vaigna Gict Giro Giro Giro, vanobvuma pamutemo wouorizoro.

Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa Chose uye kugadziridzwa kwe THTENT uye Firefentith Amendments[, kutonga kwedare redare rakava nzvimbo yehondo yevanhu veAfrica vakanga vachangosunungurwa. [[FLT:] Klux Klan Act yakabvumira kudzorwa kwehurumende kweavo vaitorera vagari vemo kodzero dzavo, asi majangamirano omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji akaramba kupomera vatongi vachena. ] United States v [FLT], apo Dare gurusa remitemo rakarova, rairatidza sei nzira iyo vachena vaigona kuchengetedza nayo kutsiva nayo. Vachena vaibatira vachena mumakumi amakore akati kuti vashanyirwe.

Kutongwa Kwevarwi Neboka Rekodzero Dzevanhu Vasiri Vacho

Sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo rezana ramakore rechi20 rakatsamira zvikuru pazvose zviri zviviri chiito chakananga, asi kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kwakaita basa rinokosha mukufumura kusaruramisira uye kuisa pachena murangariro wavose. Zvichida hapana nhau inosimbisa nhambo inotyisa yemajaji ose evachena kupfuura [[FLT:] matare edare] eScottrobo Boys [ [1]. Vachiri kuyaruka vatema vakapomerwa zvenhema kuti varapikidzi vaviri panja muAlabama. Pasinei zvapo nouchapupu hwezvo kuti hapana kubatwa chibharo kwakaitika, dare rose rechena rakawanwa vose ripfumbamwe; 8 rakagamuchira chirango chorufu. Mhaka yacho yakawana ngwariro yenyika uye yakatungamirira kumitemo mikuru yeDare gurusa renhau: [FLD [F2].[3][3], kunyange zvazvo vatema vatema vakatonge vari muAfrican, vaidzokororomese.[4]

Mumwe wakabviswa waiva muedzo waJ.W. Milam naRoy Bryant[FL:1] nokuda kwokupondwa kwaEmmett Till. Varume vaviri vachena vakaedzwa muMississippi pamberi pedare revarume vose vechena, iro rakavasunungura pashure peawa yokufunga kuti vakanga varova nokupfura mukomana mukuru wegore 14. Chisarudzo chakavhundutsa nyika uye chakava mheni yekukurudzira nokuda kwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo riri kumuka. Amai vaTill vakanga vaomerera pamariro apachena, uye mifananidzo yomuviri wake wakaderedzerwa, wakabatanidzwa nokushorwa kweruramisiro mudare, zvakabetsera kutsigira [[FFF:] Magon]

Miedzo Semiedzo Yokuita Mutemo

Jury yakaitawo basa mukukwidziridza kodzero dzokuvhota. Mukuvamba kwama1960, vashandi vekodzero dzavagari vemo kuMadokero vakasungwa nguva dzose nokuda kwe "kuvhota kworugare" kana kuti "kuvhara" mukati memotokari dzokuvhota. Miedzo yavo, kazhinji kazhinji pamberi pemitongo yevachena ine utsinye, yakaguma nemhedziso dzakakwidzwa. Kufumura kwapamuuyo kwapashure kwaisimbisa kusafunga kwemagakava ezvokudya zvemasikati uye kudzvinyirira kunyoresa. [[FLT:] [FLT:] [1][FFF: 0] Selm] ku Montgomery FLT [[FLT: 1] uye kuranga kwoutsinye [FLT:] pamitest.[FLT]

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti hakuzati kuri kukunda kwose kwamaruramiro avagari vemo kwakasvika kupfurikidza nerutongeso rwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Brown v. Boka reDzidzo (154]) chisarudzo chakanga chiri Dare Gurusa, kwete kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Asi nharo dzapamutemo muBrown dzakavakwa pamitongo yapakuvamba yaidenha zvokufambisa nezvikoro. Somuenzaniso, muna 1946, mhaka yeDare Rapamusoro Morgan v. Virginia dzakarova kudzorwa pamabhazi okutonga kwapa dare pamutemo panzvimbo dzapamberi pamutemo.

Kupfuura Ruhangemutange: Miedzo YechiJury Mukodzero Dzevakadzi NeLGBTQ+ Kuenzana

Muuyo wemitongo yedare rinobetsera vatongi unotambanuka kupfuura ruramisiro yedzinza. Vatsigiri vavakadzi muzana ramakore rechi 19 vakashandisa kutonga kwedare redare redare kudenha kubviswa kwavo muboka. Muna 1872, Susan B. Anthony[ akasungwa nokuda kwokuvhota murusarudzo rwamapurezidhendi. Kutongwa kwake pamberi pedare redare ravarume(she) haana kubvumirwa kupupurira nemhaka yokuti iye akanga ari mukadzi (apokanwa mukutenda uye akaisvonaka. Mutongi akaraira vatongi kuti vawane mhaka yake, chisarudzo chakarerekera pachena. Kunyange zvazvo akarambwa, kutonga kwakaparira kutsiviwa kukuru uye akava nzvimbo inobvumiranwa kutsigira boka. Nhengengeri. Nhindiro, muna 19131, scractive [FFoct] [5] uye steptions] vamwe vakatookerwa kuti vatsive vakazorongerwe.[5]

Munzvimbo yeLGBTQ+ kodzero, kutonga kwedare redare rinobetsera vatongi kwakaita basa rakajeka asi richiri rinokosha. Nepo mitemo yechiratidzo yakadai se bergefell v. Hodges (2015]) yakabva kuDare Gurusa, nhau dzedare dzapakuvamba dzaibatanidza zvisarudzo zvakadai serusarurano rwebasa uye kuvenga utsotsi. Somuenzaniso, mumuedzo wa 1993 wemhondi Branno Teena[ (imo yakanyandura bhaisikopo [FLT:]] , Dont [FLT] BH] , , dare raiwakawakawawavara mhaka yekuuraya asi risina kurangarira rufu vazhinji semhosva inopfuurwawo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Magariro Evanhu Nemaitiro Anoita Zvevaduku: Madhimoni Nepfungwa

Jury mitongo inopesvedzera chinjo yenzanga kupfurikidza nemiitiro inoverengeka yakabatanidzwa. Chokutanga, zvinotumira chiratidzo chine simba [[FLT: 0]. Apo dare rinobetsera rinoita dare rinobetsera mapurisa nokuda kwesimba rakanyanyisa kana kuti kusunungura murambidzi wekodzero dzavagari vemo, chisarudzo chinokurukura mufambiro uyo nzanga inoona kuva unogamuchirika kana kuti usingagamuchiriki. 1992 kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vamapurisa mu King anorova / kupfurikidza nemutongi muchena mukuru muSimi Valley, California, California, yakabvisa kurukurirano yenyika pamusoro poutsinye hwamapurisa uye utsotsi. Kuti mutevedzero wakateverwa gare gare gare namaruramiro avagari vehurumende vaviri vakasiana, vanoratidza mwero wakasiana - dare.

Chechipiri, mitongo yedare rinobetsera vatongi inowanzotungamirira kumuranduko wemitemo [[FLT:]. Pakati pa2014 na2020, nhevedzano yezvisarudzo zvakaisvonaka zvedare rinobetsera vatongi kwete kushora vakuru vamapurisa murufu rwaMichael Brown, Eric Garner, naBrienna Taylor yakatungamirira kukuramba uye kuraira kuti mapurisa agadziriswe. Mumhinduro, nyika dzakawanda dzakaita mitemo inoda kunzvera kwokuzvimirira kwevapurisa varwi vanobatanidzwa, kamera, uye kushandisa mipimo mitsva yemipimo yenyika. Nepo mifungo mikuru haisi kutongwa mitongo, kushatambira pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvinofungwa zvetsika zvehurumende yakaitwa nokuda kwokuchinja.

Chechitatu, kutongwa kwedare rinobetsera se dzidzo yavose. Kutongwa kwaPolice Mukuru [[FLT:] Derek Khavin nokuda kwokupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd kwakatepfenyurwa nokucherekedzwa namamirioni. Kutenderwa kwedare redare pamiuyo yose (*a mugumisiro usingawanzo muzvinoitika zvamapurisa) yakabvumira shoko rakajeka pamusoro pokuzvidavirira. Kutonga kumene kwakadzidzisa vanhu pamusoro pengozi dzokudzorwa kwomutsipa uye ukoshi hwekudzorwa. Mumuuyo, [FLT:] Flogad Justice muPolic Act[FFF] [FFF]

Kuisa Chinovhariridza: Munondo Wakakomberedzwa Kaviri

Rimwe ramajaji ane simba zvikurusa (ndapanopokanidzwa) ndiro mano okushatisa mutemo kupfurikidza nokusunungura mukwiridziridzo kunyange apo maidi anobvumikisa zvakajeka kuva nemhaka. Munhau, majuri okuNorthern akashandisa kuparadzwa kusunungura vaitidzi vakayamura varanda vanotiza. Muma 1970, majaji pane dzimwe nguva airamba kushurikidza vapanduki avo vaipisa makadhi edract kana kuti vakaparadza zvinhu mukati meantive-Vietnam War. Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, vamwe vatsigiri vakashandisa kubviswa kwe muzvinoitika zvemirimo [ senzira yokuramba nayo kuvharira vanhu vazhinji uye kubvisa madzinza mukurwisana nokutonga.

Bva kuparadzwa kunogonawo kushanda zvinangwa zvinodzorwa. Vatongi vose vechena muJim Crow South nguva dzose vakasunungura vakwirirwi vachena avo vakanga vadenha kana kuti vauraya vaAmerica. Kusunungurwa kwavarume vakauraya [[FLT: 0] Madgar Evers (kutonga kwokutanga kwakaguma nematare aisungirwa; makumi amakore gare gare, pakupedzisira, vaipomerwa mhaka) kwakaratidza kuti kuparadzwa kwaishandiswa kudzivirira vachena vane masimba masimba. Matare akatonga nguva dzose kuti majuri ane simba rokubvisa, asi haana kuudzwa pamusoro pakwo navatongi, uye magwetabheti havabvumirwi kukwira pachena nokuda kwaiko. Uku kunya kunochengeta kurukurirano huru mumapoka apamutemo.

Matambudziko Neganhuriro: Kupararira Kwezvikepe, Kupera Kwegadziriro Yezvinhu, uye Kusakwana Kwegadziriro

Pasinei zvapo nefariro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vatongi vanowanzoratidzira fungira mano akaipa enzanga yavanotorwa kwairi. Rusaruro rwedzinza mukusarudza vatongi rwave rwuri chinetso chinopfuurira. Kunyange pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa mu Batson v. Kentucky[ (1986) yakarambidza kushandiswa kwekutsiva kwakavakirwa parudzi, varovereri vemhosva uye magweta anodzivirira vakawana nzira dzokudzivisa nadzo mutemo wacho. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vashushinyi vaBlack vanoramba kungava vachiri sezvingabvira zvikuru kutarisana nejeko rechena mudzimwe nharaunda, uye kuti kuvapo kweimwe jukber juor kunogona kuderedza bviro yokutendwa mumarudzi akati ezvinoitika.

Zvimwe zvinhu zvinoderedza kururama kwedare rinobetsera vatongi zvinosanganisira:

  • Miganhu yenzanga yezvemari:[[FLT: 1] Mubhadharo wakaderera nokuda kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi, kushaikwa kwepokugara kwavashandirwi, uye denho dzezvokufambisa dzinotungamirira kukugoverwa kwakaderera kwavagari vemo varombo nekirasi rinoshanda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsika:[ Kunyange vatongi vanosanosanorangarira vangachengeta rusaruro rusina mufungo urwo runotapura kurangarira kwavo kuvimbika kwouchapupu, zvikurukuru apo mukwirirwi nechapupu zviri zvamadzinza akasiana.
  • [ Kunzwisisa: Mirayiridzo yapamutemo yakaoma kunzwisisa noufakazi hwounyanzvi zvinogona kuvhiringidza vatongi, kuchitungamirira kuchisarudzo chakavakirwa pamirangariro panzvimbo pomutemo.
  • [[FLT: 0] Muzvinoitika zvekodzero dzavagari vemo] Mune zvinoitika, vatongi vangapesvedzerwa nokutya kusagadzikana kwenzanga kana kuti nedzvinyiriro yenzanga, sezvinoonekwa muzvitendero zvakaraswa kwenguva refu Ray Killen nokuda kwokupondwa kwa 1964 kwavashandi vekodzero dzevanhu muMississippi (akazowanwa ane mhaka muna 2005, anopfuura makore 40 gare gare).

Kuchinja Kunosimbisa Basa Ramajuri Mururamisiro Inofambira Mberi

Vachiziva zvikanganiso izvi, vatsigiri uye vagadziri vemitemo vakatsvaka kuchinja kwaiitirwa kuita kuti vatongi vatonge zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana uye vasingasaruri.

  • [[FLT: 0] Manyuko edare rinobetsera vatongi anoronga:[[FLT: 1] Kupfuura mapepa anonyoresa anovhota kuti zvibatanidze rezinesi romuchairi namarekodhi omutero kuti zviwedzere dziva.
  • denho dzokudzima chose chose: Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seArizona neCalifornia, dzakabvisa kurovanya kana kuti kudziganhurira kuderedza kubviswa kwehuro yedare.
  • Miraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi: mirayiridzo yomutauro wakajeka iyo inotaura zvakajeka kurambidzwa kurangarira rudzi, uye tsananguro dzepanikiro ine mufungo.
  • [[[FURO] Dzidzo: mavhidhiyo edzidzo namirairidzo pamusoro perusaruro rwakajeka.
  • Kuwedzera muripo nedziviriro: Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakasimudzira muripo uye dzakarambidza vashandirwi kuranga vashandi nokuda kwebasa redare rinobetsera vatongi.

Kuchinja uku kunokosha, asi kunofanira kubatanidzwa nenhamburiko dzenzanga huru dzokuita kuti kusaenzana kuvepo.

Mugumisiro: Kukwidziridzwa Kusingaperi Kwemiedzo Youjuri Muhondo Yekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kubva pakurevererwa kwavabati vavaranda kusvikira kuruvimbiko rwamapurisa, kutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kwave kuri chionioni chinoratidzira kurwisana kweAmerica neruramisiro nokuenzana. Kwave kuchishandiswa zvose zviri zviviri kumanikidza kudzvinyirira uye kufambisira mberi rusununguko. Simba redare rinobetsera kutaura kuti "haana mhaka" kana kuti "mhosho" ine uremu hukuru hwetsika nenzanga (nekuti simba rakaumba masangano, rakachinja mitemo, uye zvishoma nezvishoma rakakudza miganhu yekodzero dzavagari vemo.

Nhasi, sezvo gakava pamusoro pokuchinja kwamapurisa, maruramiro okuvhota, uye LGBTQ+ rinopfuurira, gadziriro yedare rinobetsera vatongi inoramba iri chinhu chakakomba umo vagari vemo vanogona kupesvedzera zvakananga nzira yeruramisiro yenzanga. Hachisi chishandiso chakakwana, asi ndiro iro rinoramba richidzorwa nokuchinja . Apo vagari vemo vanoshumira padare, vanogamuchira mutoro wokusatsigira mutemo chete, asi zvinangwa zvenzanga zvinoshuva kuva zvinoyera uye zvakaenzana nokuda kwavose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penhau yerusaruraganda rwedare rinobetsera vatongi, ALU inogovera zviwanikwa pakumiririra vatongi, nepo Oyez Project[ inopa nhau ine udzame hwezvisarudzo zveDare gurusa zvakadai se [[FLT:] 4] Batson v. Kentucky[ na v. Alabama. [[FLT:]][FLT]][FLT:][FLT]][FLT][FULD]][FLT:][9]][9]