Kutanga: Kuwiriraniswa Kwokuwana Kwevagari Vomunyika Nezvakavanzika Zvebumbiro reMitemo

Kuwana kwemagetsi kwachinja nzira iyo ufakazi hunounganidzwa nayo mumashoko evagari vemo. Asi apo kuwana ikoko kunobatanidza kupinza mumwe munhuwo ̱ mafaira eminucs, maakaundi etsamba, kana kuti nzvimbo inochengeterwa makore, muitiro wacho unogona kurwisana nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari. Zvinodiwa zvisingachinji zvinoshanda sei somuchengeti wegedhi wepamutemo, kuvimbisa kuti mapati haapfuti nomumazita emunhu pasina kutungamirira kwapamutemo. Kusafanana neakarovedzeka kwetsotsi, e-revolution inomutsa mibvunzo yechienzi: Chii chinokwanikisa sechitsvakiro? Chiripo chinodikanwa chakafanira kupiwa pamutemo? Uye zvibvumikiso izvozvo zvinobatira sei chaizvoizvo?

Nyaya inonzvera kuchengetwa kwezvinodikanwa mukuzivisa mutemo muhurumende, kufukidza gadziriro dzapamutemo, denho dzinozivikanwa navose, gadziriro dzinoshanda dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo, uye miitiro iri kutanga.

Kunzwisisa Zvinodikanwa Zvinogutsa Mudzidzo Dzakavanzika

Chibvumirano imurairo wedare unobvumira kunzvera kana kuti kubvuta chinhu chakati. Mukupa mhaka, magwaro anowanzomuka apo vapapatika vanotsvaka kusvika ESI vanova neasiri mugoverano, kana kuti apo kuwana kumene kunobatanidza fariro yakavanzika inodzivirirwa neFread Amendment yeChina. Nheyo huru ndeyokuti rugwaro runofanira kutsigirwa nechisakiso chinobvira, rondedzera nechinhu chaicho chinofanira kuongororwa, uye kuurawa nomutoo une mufungo.

Mipimo Yechina Ye Amendedzero

Gemende yeChina yeMitemo yeU.S. inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Kunyange zvazvo munhau ichishandiswa kukuita chiito chehurumende, nheyo dzayo dzinotungamirira matare mukusawirirana kwezvirongwa zvehurumende, zvikurukuru apo mapoka avanhu anoedza kuwana mashoko kupfurikidza namasubpoena kana kuti zvirango zvedare. Mu United States v. Jones [2017], Dare rapamusoro rakabata kuti rinamate dhiropu yeGPS mumotokari inoumba kunzvera, zvichisimbisa kudikanwa kwekodzero mumitengo yemichina yemichina. Nokuda kwechivo yezvenga yemazarusarusarusai.

Zvinodikanwa Zvokuisa Pamutemo: Chiito Chokukurukurirana Chinochengetwa

○ SCA, 18 U.S.C. 7601-2712, inoisa zvinodikanwa zvakasimba kuti zviitwe kuti zviitwe pakukurukurirana kwemagetsi kunoitwa nevashandi. Pasi peSCA, sangano rehurumende rinofanira kuwana mvumo yokumanikidza mubhadharo kuti azivise zviri mukati mewayela kana kuti kurukurirano yemagetsi yachengetwa kwemazuva 180 kana kuti mashoma. Kukurukurirana kwevakuru, pepa kana kuti dare kungakwana, asi matare akawanda akaisa dziviriro kuvose vanogutsikana mukuverengwa kweDindemu yeChina. Murusarudzo rwezvokudzo, mapoka anowanzovimba nezvinenge zviri pasi pevhu, asi matare angada kuratidzwa kwepamutemo apo zvinhu zvakavanzika zvakakwirira. Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinofanira kududza zvibvumirano zveSaCA kana kuti kuwanikwa zvapa.

Mipimo Yapamutemo Yokutsigirwa Namasimba

Dare parinopa mutongo wokuzivisa mhosva, vanotarisira kuti zvinhu zvitevedzerwe vanofanira kuita maererano netsika dzepamutemo uye dzekuzvidzora.

  • [ Chisakiso chakarurama:[ Vanokumbira vanofanira kuratidzira chitendero chine mufungo chokuti ESI ine ufakazi hunowirirana nokutaura chaiko kana kuti dziviriro.
  • Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera mashoko kana kuti zvishandiso zvine rondedzero dzakakwana kudzivisa kunzvera kwomutungamiriri wehondo, kunzvera. Akasiyana- siyana mashoko akadai se#820; all emails ̵ kazhinji kazhinji dzinorangarirwa kupfuura napamusoro.
  • Kutsvaka kunofanira kuitwa nenzira inoganhurira kudzongonyedza pasiri kutora kana kuti zvinhu zvakaisvonaka. Ikoku kungabatanidza kushandisa maseti, mitsetse yezuva, kana kuti zviteko zvemitemo zvenyika.
  • Dzoka rezvinhu: Pashure pokutsvaka, mubato unoparadza unofanira kudzorera kana kuti kuparadza mashoko asina basa uye kuparira nhunzvi dzose.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kugovera

Dare rinoyera murairo wekuchengetwa kwemitemo munheyo inoiswa muFederal Procediture 26(b)(1). Kunyange kana chibvumikiso chichishanda, mutoro paboka rinopindura haufaniri kukurira betsero ingabvira yokuwanwa. Mu O’ Toolev. McTaggart[[FL:1] (Nhaka 19-cv030, N.D.2020), dare rakabvisa mubato unotsvaka mubato ̱ Toolean , akabata makore ose, akabata chikumbiro chacho chakanga chisina kuenzana. Pakukumbira, chikumbiro chinofanira kugadzirirwa, chitsauko chinofanira kuva chakagadzirwa sei.

Matambudziko Mukukurudzira Zvinodikanwa Zvinodzivisa

Kubvumira zvinodikanwa muzera remichina kwakazadzwa nemhinganidzo dzinoshanda nedzapamutemo.Pazasi pane denho dzinozivikanwa zvikurusa uye nzira iyo matare aikurukura nayo.

Kurondedzera Kukura Kwemashoko Anoshandiswa Pamichina

ESI yazvino uno inorarama mumichina mizhinji, maakaundi amakore, zvikamu zvesomupedzi wesociation, uye maapps eerhemeral. Chibvumikiso icho chinorondedzera “ zviri mukati meIntestant ̱ runhare ̵ ingapotsa mashoko akachengetwa muvashandi vemasangano avarwi vari kure kana kuti mapango akavanzika. Madare anowanzoda mashoko akazara emanyuko anenge achitsanangura madata nezvinorongwa. Muna re Grand Jury Subbena , 2018.00.D.C.2018, dare rakaita kuti wirira mute wezvinofungidzirwa kuti &817; iCProultives yakapanwa mukurumbira nemhaka yenhau dzose dzemitemo kana kuti ishake mafatirwe.

Zhenje neDzidziro Yemuchinjikwa

Apo ESI inochengetwa pavashandi vari munyika dzakasiyana- siyana, kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunooma neganhuriro dzehurumende. United States Raley v. California (2014] inozivikanwa kuti mashoko emifungo akasiyana noufakazi chaihwo, uye Microsoft Corp. v. United States[FLT]] [2011] mhaka inosimbiswa pakati peU.S. miraudzo nemitemo yakavanzika yokumwe. Mafuta kazhinji anoda maruramiro anoshanda kubva kudare rine chigaro pamusoro pechiteshi. Vatengesi vanofanira kukarira kuisa mativi ebasa panzvimbo yedata uye kugadzirira pasi peSalciom kana kuti Kushandisa Miteko yoMutemo (CLC).

Mhinganidzo Dzokunyora Mashoko Akaipa Nezvounyanzvi

Kupedzisa nokupedzisa mashoko kugona kupfuudzirwa pasina kumanikidzirwa nokuti mashoko haagoni kuraviwa kunyange kana akabatwa. Matare akarwisana kana vanhu vachimanikidzwa kubudisa makombiyuta kana kuti kupa mashoko okukwezva. Mu United States v. Apple [20] (20], hurumende yakatsvaka kumanikidza kuti ive mukova wekare muIPhone, chikumbiro chinobviswa pakupedzisira pashure pokudzorwa kwemichina yehurumende. Munhau dzavanamugari vemo, matare angarayira kubudiswa kwemakopi akavharwa kana kuti kuisa zvirango kana boka rikaramba kubatira pamwe chete. Zvisinei, Refter Const Resmendition &517; muganhu pakuzvidzora vanhu. Chikumbiro chakanakisisa chinobatanidza nokuwana mumitezo kana kuti dare rizviwanete.

Ropafadzo uye Kudzivirirwa Kwebasa

Kutsvaka kwemitemo kunoisa mungozi kutora gweta-bumbiro remishumo kwezvakaropafadzwa kana kuti chibereko chebasa. Chikwata chinoita mabasa chinofanira kuva nemiitiro yokuyera zvinhu zvakakosha (muenzaniso, kupfurikidza nokushandisa matanda eropafadzo, masero, kana kuti zvibvumirano zvechibhabhu. Madare akafunga kuti kukundikana kuita nhano dzine mufungo kudzivirira ropafadzo. Mu[FL:0] Mack v. United States[FL:1], 201 WL 12356 (N.D.201), dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yakanga yaita kunzvera kwakafara kwefemu yepauni ye̱ vareversi uye yakaraira kudzoka kwemapepa ose nemhaka yokuti maruramiro erevhious reree.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Yokuita Zvinodikanwa Zvinobetsera

Kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mutemo uri pamutemo uye unoshanda, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinofanira kuita zvinhu zvinotevera.

Kutanga Kurwa Nevarwi Vakakatukana

Shandisa nenyanzvi dzemasero nedare kuti zvitsarure chaizvoizvo mashoko anotsvaka. Shandisa zvitsauko zvemisi, marudzi emifananidzo yemisita, vachengeti, uye mazita okutanga. Dzivisa mashoko akazarurwa akafanana ne “ zvinyorwa zvose zvine chokuita ne̵ pasina kuganhura mashoko akapoteredza. Chitendero chomuenzaniso chingaratidza: ̴ Maemail ose pakati paJohn Doe naJane Smith kuvambira January 1, 2023, kusvikira kuDecember 31, 2023, pamusoro pechibvumirano chapambericheto chaFebruary 1, 2023.&821; Uku kudzosera chaikosha mukana wokudzivisa kana kuti kufamba kwechidhingi.

Kutanga Kushandisa Madhigirii

Nyanzvi dzemibatanidzwa dzinogona kubetsera kugadzira gadziriro yokuunganidza, kushandisa zvitevedzero zvokunzvera, uye kunyora nhevedzano yokuchengetwa kwekodzero. Kuvapo kwavo kunokosha zvikuru pakubata nemhoteredzo dzakaoma semibatanidzwa yebhizimisi kana kuti kurukurirano dzakapetwa. Somuenzaniso, mu United States v. Comprehensive Drug Surget [9. 2010], dare rakatsoropodza hurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kushandisa zvishandiso zvokutsvaka zvinogadzirirwa uye rakarayira kuti kombiyuta ishake nemitemo yakaganhurirwa. Mapokate ezvizvarwa zvemo yenguva yemberi anofanira kutsamira zvakafanana panyanzvi dzinokarakadza nzira dzokubatanidza.

Kuwana Ruramisiro yeDare Yokutsvaka

Panzvimbo pokumirira gakava, tsvaka mvumo yedare yemitoo yokutsvaka usati waita rugwaro. Ikoku kunogona kubatanidza ndaza inokarakadzwa yamashoko, gadziriro yokubvisa, uye nhano dzeropafadzo. Ipa mvumo yedare inoparira chiteshi chengarava chakakotsekana uye inokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti boka rinopikisa pave paya ripikise kuti kunzvera kwacho kwakanga kusina mufungo. Mamwe matare zvino anoda kuti mapoka apiwe mutemo wepatokosti ̴ disorifitirosa

Ramba Uine Mashoko Akanaka

Nhano iri yose yemutezo wacho(kubva pakurindwa kwetsamba kusvikira kukubudiswa kwokupedzisira kwemashoko(*) kunofanira kunyorwa. Ikoku kunobatanidza matanda evanosvika mashoko, zvishandiso zvakashandiswa, makopi ose ezvinhu zvapanyuko nemetadata, uye ndandanda yezvinhu zvakabatwa. Manyoro akanaka anobetsera kudzivirira kutaura kwokuvadziko kana kuti kusvika kusina kufanira. Kunogonesawo kujeka kana dare gare gare rikahwirudzura kubvumirana.

Shandisa Mirayiro Yokudzivirira Nezvibvumirano Zvokudzorera

Nhevedzo inodzivirira pasi poMutemo 26(c) inogona kuganhurira kushandiswa kwemashoko akaziviswa kunze kwechikamu. Chibvumirano chekorapiki pasi poMurayiro 502 (d) chinobvumira muiti kuti ape ropafadzo kunyange pashure pokuvhura mashoko. Maturusi aya anokosha zvikuru apo chibvumirano chinoda kushandura mavhoriyamu makuru emashoko. Inoaisa musero kuti aderedze ngozi yewaiver.

Basa raTenzi Chaiye

Mumhedziso dzakaoma, matare anogadza nenzira inowedzera vanatenzi chaivo kuti vatarisire kuchengetwa kwemitemo. Tenzi chaiye anogona kushanda sebato risina divi rekuhwirudzura mashoko, kupedza nharo dzeropafadzo, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwirirana nechiratidzo ̱ mashoko. Somuenzaniso, mu re: Facebook ̱ Warrant Compliance, tenzi chaiye akagadzwa kuhwirudzura makumi ezviuru ezvinyorwa zvinoiswa panzvimbo yemitoro, achideredza zvikuru mutoro padare. Mapati anofanira kurangarirazve kuzivisa kuti: Facebook ̱ anoshanda panenge paine tenzi chaiyo apo vhoriyamu yeES iri yakakwirira kana kuti apo nharo dzemichina dzinodaridzirwa.

Kucheneswa Kwokusabvumirana Kana Kuti Kunyanyosvika

Kukundikana kuita kuti chibvumirano chiitwe nenzira yakafanira kunogona kuguma nemigumisiro yakakomba. Kana boka rikapfuura ukuru hwetendero kana kuti kukundikana kudzivirira zvinhu zvakaisvonaka, dare ringadzvinyirira ufakazi, mari inobhadharwa, kana kuti kuisa zvirango zvemari. Mu Lilly & Co. Arch Inishuwarensition. (S. 2021], dare rinobvumira muteveri wedare nokuda kwokunzvera kusina murairo kwekudzorwa kwemitengo yemukwidzi ̱ rinogoverana mubatanidzwa, richiraira kudzorwa kwemitengo yose neripo yegweta., kana boka rikaramba kuwirirana nebvumiro yapamutemo, dare rinogona kubudisa nokuzvidza. Chimbiso chisaidzo chiito chinoitwa nenzira inojeka.

Miitiro Yenguva Yemberi Nokurangarira Kunoshanda

Kuwedzera kwemashandiro anoita zvinhu kuchaita kuti nyaya dzokuuya kwemvura dzivepo:

  • Ungwaru hwokugadzira nehwirudzuro yakagadzirwa: maturusi eAI anogona kubetsera kuderedza kuunganidzwa kupfurikidza nokuziva mashoko anokosha pamberi pokubatwa nepfambi. Matare ava kutanga kugamuchira hwirudzuro yeAI yakatsiviwa senzira ine mufungo, chero maarusaiti akaregoti ikaiswa pachena ndokusimbiswa.
  • Mitemo yemitemo yeHurumende yakavanzika: yakadai seCalifornia Consumer Activity Act (CPA) nemitemo yamarudzi ose seGDPR inoisa ganhuriro dzokuwedzera pakuwana mashoko. Chibvumirano chinofanira kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri zvirongwa zvakavanzika zvehurumende nehurumende.
  • Emphareal neapps dzekurukurirano dzakapetwa papikicha: Apps dzakafanana neChiratidzo, Telegram, uye Whatssapp namashoko anonyangarika zvinoda zvibvumikiso zvokukurumidza kuitwa, kazhinji kazhinji mukati memaawa. Zvikwata zvapamutemo zvinofanira kutanga mitemo yokuchengeta mashoko akadaro.
  • Thirode-partipoenas neSCA: Mutsetse pakati pezvinodikanwa zvekodzero yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi ungadzima sezvo matare anoshandisa SCA dziviriro kuisisiri mativi. Vatongi vanofanira kutarira apo mutengi anoda kuratidzwa kwe “chikonzero” chakaenzana nechiratidzo.

Nokuramba vachiziva nezvezviitiko izvi, vatarisiri vemitemo vanogona kuchinja miitiro yavo yokurambidza kuchengetwa kwemitemo kuti irambe ichishanda uye ichibvumirwa nomutemo.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinji mumhiko dzehurumende mumhiko dzezvokuvhara hazvisi zvirongwawo hazvo zvounyanzvi; idziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dzinodzivirira kuvandika nepo zvichigonesa kurondwa kwakarurama kweruramisiro. Kubva kuGaramisidzo yeChina neTsirenced Councils kuKunzvera tsinhirano yedare, nzvimbo dzapamutemo dzinoda kuronga nokuuraya kwokungwarira. Nokunzwisisa mipimo, kukarira zvinetso, uye kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa yenziro nechata, kubatanidzwa kwenyanzvi, mitemo inotenderwa nedare, uye mapepa akasimba anogona kumanikidza kubvumira munzira inowirirana nekodzero, kudzivisa kuranga, uye kusanonzvera.

Nokuda kweimwe nhungamiro, bvunza Féderal Judication Center ’ s e- chakavanzika zviwanikwa, Zvirevo zveChivi cheProcedture[, uye [[FLT]] tsigiro yeChiratidzo ̱ mirayiridzo yeSCA[. zviremera izvi zvinogovera hwaro hwakasimba hwekufambisa pamutemo muzera rezvinyorwa.