Kamuri Rinonzwa Sechisimba Chokutonga

Kunzwa kweCongress kunomirira muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika une simba rakasiana, wakadzika midzi. Izvo zvinopfuura zvikuru miitiro yetsika yakagadzirirwa kuunganidza mashoko avagadziri vomutemo kana kuti zvigaro zvoushamwari paC-SPAN. Pazvakanakisisa, marusando aya anoshanda senzvimbo yapakati apo chinoitika cherudzi chekodzero dzevanhu neruramisiro yenzanga zvinooneka. Zvinogovera nzvimbo apo manzwi anodzivirira anopesana anogona kutarisana zvakananga nesimba, kurumbidzwa kunofumura kusaruramisira kwetsika yetsika paziso ravose, uye mutoo wokuita nawo chinyorwa chehurumende, chisingarambiki chinyorwa chechakaipa.

Chiremera chokutonga chinobva mumasimba emitemo neoutariri anopiwa kuDare neChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Zvisinei, kunzwa kwazvino uno kwakashanduka kuva chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwokuva nohumbi, unyanzvi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kuchinja kwenzanga. Kubva pauchapupu hwoutsinye hwavanhu vaichimbova varanda mukati mechinjo yeNguva, nhau dzakakwirira dzamapurisa muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri nerekutanga, kamuri redare rakashanda sechishandiso chinokosha chokufambisira donzo rokuenzana. Bva, ichi chishandiso chakanangidzirwa zvikuru nekaviri kudzoro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kukwidziridza, kumira kukuru, uye ganhuriro dzinogadzikiswa dzetsika dzakagadzirirwa nokuda kwechiito, kwete nokukurumidza. Kunzwisisa basa rokuteerera mumitezo inoitirwa munzanga kunoda kunzvera, kukunda kwavo kwazvinonzi, kukunda kwavo kwazvinonziridza kukunda.

Injini Yebumbiro remitemo: Kuchinja Kunoita Nzeve

Michina Yokutarisira Nokugombedzera

Simba rapamberi pekunzwa redare rinotonga (pane kukwanisa kwaro kumanikidza chiito nechipupuriro. Simba resubpoena, rakanatswa munhau dzeChivanze chaPamusorosoro se ] Mcrain v. Daughty) (1927) uye [FLT] Watkins v. United States [1957]), inobvumira matare kumanikidza zvapupu zvinokashairira, vakuru vakuru vakuru vemasangano, kana kuti vagari vemo voga. [FLT] ichi ndicho chisarudzo chokuteerera kubva mumubatanidzwa wedare kana kuti musangano. Chinoumba chinoita uchapupu hunogona kucheka nokuvhara nokuvhara.

Nokuda kwamasangano eruramisiro avanhu, iyi michina inokosha. Vashandisi vemitemo kazhinji kazhinji vanoparapatika kunzwiwa namasangano amene anotsvaka kuchinja. Kunzwa kwesangano nesimba rokupa mapurisa kunogona kufuratira zvivako zvesimba romunzvimbomo, vachengeti vemagedhi, uye mabhii akadzika midzi. Apo Dare redare redare kana kuti Dare reImba reOversity reOversict uye Reformation rinosarudza kunzvera utsinye hwemapurisa, ganhuriro, kana kuti rusaruro, rinotumira chiratidzo chakajeka chokuti nhau yacho yasvika pachikumbaridzo chorudzi. Kunzwa kunogovera chikuvara uko chinyorwa chehurumende chapamutemo, chinyorwa chinogona kududzwa mumitengo yomunguva yemberi yedare nekurukurirano yemitemo.

Kusarudza Uchapupu: Hondo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Pakurwisana Nehondo Yorudzi

Rimwe ramativi akakwikwidzana zvikurusa okunzwa kupi nokupi ndiro dzvuruso. Boka guru rinodzora rudungwe nendaza yezvapupu, asi boka duku rinowanzobvumirwa kudana zvapupu zvaro rimene. Izvozvi zvinoreva kuti kunzwa kuri kwose ikurukurirano, uye kazhinji hondo, pamusoro penhau dzipi dzichaudzwa. Nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, iyi hondo iripo. Ko dare richanzwa kubva kumukuru wamapurisa anodzivirira miitiro yebato, kana kuti kumhuri ine mudikanwi akaurawa here?

Kusarudzwa kwezvapupu kunosarudza kutemwa kwepfungwa uye kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwa kunobudirira zvikurusa kweruramisiro yenzanga kazhinji kazhinji kunoisa zvipupuriro zvaavo vakatambura kusaruramisira zvakananga. Apo chapupu chinotaura kubva muruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwakararama, nhau yavo inogona kuita kuti kurukurirano yakaoma yetsika ive yohunhu uye ive netsitsi dzavose. Kushandiswa kwouchapupu kwapamutemo kwokupa uchapupu hwokuumba nhauro ine simba unyanzvi hukuru nokuda kwamapoka echikwata chavanhu, avo vanowanzoshanda navashandi vedare kuti vazive ndokugadzirira zvapupu zvinogombedzera. Zvisinei, uyu muitiro, zvisinei, hausati uri usina kushatapukira vanyajambwa kupfurikidza nezvamatongerwe enyika uye mirangariro yemirangariro pamusoro pokunzvera kwakadzikama.

Megaphoni yeMerekabhu: Kubva paNhare Kuenda Kuzvimba Zvisingarwari

Kutapura kwokunzwa hakuna kupesana nemhoteredzo yenhau umo kunoitika. Mauto a 1954-McCarthy anonzwa, ayo akabetsera kushandura murangariro wavose mukurwisana naSenator Joseph McCarthy antimonyism, akanga ari pakati pevakatanga kuva vakakurumbira murudzi, vanoratidzira mano enyanzvi okuratidzira horo yezvamatongerwe enyika kuvateereri. Watergate nzeve dzinoratidzira rudzi, kuchinja sachigaro wedare Sam Ervin naJohn Dean kuti vave mazita eimba uye kuvaka nhau yavose yaPrezidhesi Nixon.

Munhambo yapanguva ino, simba rokutonga rinowedzerwa nezvinobudisa nhau. Chipupuriro chine simba chemuchinjikwa kana kuti chemisodzi chinogona kuchekedzwa ndokugovera mamirioni mukati memaawa. Ikoku kunoparira simba idzva umo kunzwa kuri kwose kusati kuri chinoitika chomutemo asi chinhu chezvamatongerwe enyika. Rusarudzo 2020, kubvumikiswa kwemitemo yeSupreme Court Justices, uye kutongwa paJanuary 6th denho dzose dzakapedzwa navose zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nezvikwangwanwa zvemavhaira, izvo zvakaumba murangariro wavose munguva chaiyoiyo uye imwezve inokamuraniswa.

Kudzorwa kweBoma Rekodzero Dzavanhu (1950s - 1960s)

Zviitwa zvemitemo zveMusangano weCivil Rights hazvifungiki pasina basa rehwaro rekuteerera kwedare. Marusando aya akashanda sebhiriji rinotsoropodza pakati pechiito chakananga chemigwagwa nechiito chomutemo cheCapitol. Vakashandura simba retsika resangano racho kupinda mumutauro wepamutemo wemitemo.

Kufumura Jim Crow: Kunzwa Kwakarova Rudzi

Muna 1963, Purezidhendi John F.Kennedy akakarakadza mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzevanhu pashure perwisano dzamasimba masimba muBirmingham, Alabama. Kuvaka chinyorwa chemitemo chakasimba zvakakwana kukurira mugari wehurumende muDare, House Judiary Committee neDare reHwedzero reHurumende rakava nokutonga kukuru. Uchapupu hwakanzwiwa hwakanga husina kupera. Zvapupu, kubatanidza vatungamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, vanyajambwa vokubhomba, uye vanhu vorudzidziso, zvakagovera nhau dzinotambudza dzoutsinye hwamapurisa, kutsiva kwezvemari, uye kurambwa kwakarongwa kwamaruramiro makuru.

Imwe yenguva dzinokatyamadza zvikurusa munhambo ino yakaitika kwete chose chose mukutonga kwemitemo asi pamberi peCredenties Komiti yeDemocratic National Convention ya 1964. Fannie Lou Hamer, mubati weboka uye mushingairi, akapupurira pamusoro pokurova kwoutsinye kwaakatsungirira mujeri reMississippi. [[FL:0]] Hupupuriro hweHer, hwakarumbidzwa norudzi, hwakanatswa kokorodzano nenyika [FLT]. Mutungamiriri weProdenti Bon, airangarira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika, akabata musangano wenhauromptu kutsausa ngwariro, asi njodzi panzvimbo pezvo, zvokwadi yaitonge yatoitwa. Nhau yemirangariro yaHam, yemasimba masimba edzinza yakanga yakashata yakanga iri pfundo rapashaidzwa mukuvakwa ravose muChiito chinodikanwa chavose.

Kuvaka Chinyorwa Chemitemo Yokupa Kodzero

Mitongo yakapoteredza Voting Rights Act ya1965 yaichinja zvakafanana. Zviitiko zvamasimba masimba zve “Svondo reBhoody” muSelma zvakagovera chimiro chetsika chapakarepo, asi kutonga kwakatevera kwakanyatsopupurira mhinganidzo dzakarongwa dzokuvhota mhiri kweSouth. Matare akanzwa pamusoro penzvero dzokunyora nokunyora dzakarongedzerwa kukundikana, mitero yokuvhota, tyisidziro, uye masimba masimba akananga mukurwisana neBlackvota. Iyi chinyorwa chapamutemo chakanga chiri madikanwa kuratidzira kuti mushonga une simba, wehurumende wakanga uri madikanwa kusimbisa Kugadziriswa kwechikamu 15

Chipupuriro chaDr. Martin Luther King Jr. nevamwe vatungamiriri pamberi peCongress vakagovera chibvumikiso chapamutemo netsika. Vakataura kuti maruramiro okuvhota akanga ari hwaro hwedzimwe maruramiro ose uye kuti hurumende yehurumende yaiva nebasa rebumbiro remitemo rokupindira. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chakaparira nhau yemitemo iyo Dare Rapamusoro raizovimba nayo gare gare kutsigira kuva kwemitemo yemitemo yeChirevo. Nguva ino inomirira chiratidzo chakakwirira chekunzwa sebumbiro remitemo remitemo yenzanga, kuratidzira simba resangano rakabatana, bazi rinonzwira tsitsi, uye Dare rinotonga raida kuita chiito.

Komisheni yeKerner: Nyevero Isina Kunyeverwa

Nepo risati riri kutonga kwesangano, basa reNational Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Kerner Commission) netapuro dzinotevera dzinoratidzira zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzeidi rehurumende. Komishoni, yakagadzwa naPrezidhendi Johnson muna 1967, yakava nenzwi rakanzvera zvisakiso zvenyongano dzomumaguta. Mhedziso yayo yakakurumbira yakakurumbira “Rudzi rwedu rwuri kufamba ruchienda kunzanga mbiri, rimwe dema, rimwe dema, rimwe jena nerenje .[1] Yakavakirwa pachipupuriro chikuru chinobva kumirairo yomutemo, vashandi vomunzanga, uye vagari venzanga vakatapukutambura.

Zvisinei, wezvematongerwe enyika unoda kushandisa zvinorumbidzwa nomushumo wacho zvakundikana. Simba rakabviswa nehondo yeVietnam, kukwira kwemagariro enyika, uye kuurawa kwaDr. King. Kunzwa kwaKerner kunobatira sechiyeuchidzo chakajeka kuti mushumo une simba, kunyange unotsigirwa nesangano rapurezidhendi, haungoerekani wachinja mutemo. Kukundikana kushanda pazhinji dzerumbidzo dzaro ingano yenyevero yetsika ipi neipi inoisa kutenda kwayo musimba rokunzwa kuti igadzirise.

Masangano Eruramisiro Yenzanga Azvino Uno Mukamuri reDare

Mumakumi amakore akatevera Civil Rights Era, kutonga kwemisangano kwakapfuurira kushanda senzvimbo huru yehondo yeruramisiro yenzanga, kunyange zvazvo nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yazova yakakamukana zvikuru kwazvo uye inoparadzanisa.

Ururami Hwemapurisa Nokutsvaka Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende Kwenguva Refu

Pashure pokurohwa kwa1991 kwaRodney King nokuregwa kwakatevera kwamapurisa eLos Angeles, Congress yakatonga nyaya dzakanzvera kushandiswa kwesimba rakanyanyisa uye kudikanwa kwetarisiro yehurumende. Uku kutonga kwakanga kuri pakati pekutanga kupa nzvimbo yehurumende kunhau youtsinye hwamapurisa munguva yazvino uno. Zvakatungamirira kunhambo pfupi yokuchinja, kubatanidza kupfuudzwa kwe 1994 Chigadziko chechisimba neLaw Enforcement Act, uko kwakabatanidza kubvumira Dhipatimendi roRuramisiro kunzvera uye kukwidza madhipatime emapurisa mu “muenzaniso kana kuti muitiro wekusazvibata. ”

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, rufu rwaMichael Brown muForguson (2014, Eric Garner muNew York, uye Freddie Gray muBaltimore rwakatanga fungu idzva rokunzwa. Congregational Black Caucus neDare reDare reJudiary zvakaita marusando akanzvera kurwiwa kwamapurisa, profiling yedzinza, uye kushaikwa kwokuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vakuru. Bva, uku kunzwa kwakakundikana kubudisa mutemo mukuru wehurumende. Mhinganidzo dzehurumende (kubatanidza chirongwa chamapurisa ane simba, magirati, uye magirati ezviwiro anotyisa [[FLT]]]

2020 kupondwa kwaGeorge Floyd kwakachinja uku kusimba, inenge kwenguva pfupi. Vhidhiyo yorufu rwake yakamutsa sangano gurusa rokuramba munhau yeAmerica. Mumhinduro, Imba yakapfuudza ruramisiro yaGeorge Floyd muPolicing Act, mutezo wokuvandudza wakakwana. Mitongo yakatungamirira kuiyi vhoti yakazadzwa nouchapupu hwemirangariro kubva kumhuri yaFloyd navamwe vanyajambwa vamasimba masimba amapurisa. Nepo pamutemo wakadzorwa pakupedzisira muDare nemhaka yokukundikana kusvika kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwapamutemo uye zvimwe migove zvinokosha, kutonga kwakabudisa chinyorwa chikurusanozivikanwa chavose chemapurisa munhau. Vakaratidzira kuti kunzwa kunogona kudzosa nguva yorudzi namasimba masimba okuvhota, kunyange kana kusingagoni kuvimbisa kutora mutemo.

Kururamisira: Kunzwa Kwematenhe anobva mumakomo

Kusimbiswa kwedare kwa 1991 nokuda kweMutongi weDare Rapamusoro Clarence Thomas kwakanga kuri chiitiko chokuchinja, uye chinorwadza, nokuda kweruramisiro yevatano muUnited States. Purofesa Anita Hill, aichimbova shamwari yaThomas, akapupurira kuti akanga amuisa kutsinhiro dzakajeka dzevatano nomufambiro.

Kunzwa kwakafumura uzivi hukuru hwevatano mukati megadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika ndokusimbisa kupararira kwenetsiro yebasa. Kubatwa kwaHill kwakanyandura chizvarwa chavakadzi, kuchitungamirira zvakananga kukuwedzera kwezvinotaurwa zvevatano, nhungamiro itsva dzehurumende panhau yacho, uye “Gore raMakadzi” muna 1992, apo nhamba yakakurumbira yavakadzi yakasarudzwa kuDare. Kunzwa kwaHill-Thomas muenzaniso wakajeka wenzira iyo kunzwa kunogona kuva nayo nzvimbo yezvose zviri zviviri kusaruramisira kukuru uye chitsikiso chine simba nokuda kwechinjo yenzanga. Kurwadziwa kwechipupuriro kwakanga kuri chapachokwadi, asi kudzokera shure kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaparira hwarongedzero nokuda kwesangano razvino uno nokuda kwokuenzana muvatano pabasa.

Kurwira Bhokisi Reballot Muzana Ramakore Ra 21

Kodzero dzokupa mari dzakadzokera kunzvimbo yokutanga yedare rinotonga. Kutevera chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra2013 mu Shelby County v. Homer , iyo yakabvisa gadziriro huru dzeVoting Rights Act, ganhuriro yeganhuriro itsva dzehurumende dzokuvhota dzakatangwa. Congress yakaita terevero dzakawanda panhau iyi, ichinzvera simba remitemo yevhoti, inocheka kuvhota pakuvamba, uye kubudiswa kwevhoti.

Uku kutonga kwakabudisa chipupuriro chinobva kuvatungamiriri vekodzero dzavagari vemo, vakuru vakuru veSarudzo, uye vavhoti avo vakatarisana nemhinganidzo. Vakaita basa rinokosha mukunyorazve kubviswa kwetsika uye kuvakira mhaka yemitemo yehurumende itsva, yakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act. Zvisinei, kufanana nezvikwereti zvechinjo, aya matanho akatarisana nechishoro chakabatana muDare, kuratidzira chinhu chaichoicho chitsva: munhambo yokuparadza nyika huru yeCroast, kutongwa nokusimudzira murangariro wavose pasina kukwanisa kukurira chibvumirano chemitemo yehurumende. Kunzwa kunobatira sechishandiso chinotsoropodza nokuda kwedzidzo nedzidzo neyamavoki, asi hakutsivi chitsivi chisiri chinhu chisiri chinhu chaichoichinodikanwa kupfuudzira mitemo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Miganhu Yacho: Theater, Trauma, uye Kushandiswa Kwechikwata Chomutambo

Kuti anzwisise zvizere basa rokunzwa kwedare, munhu anofanirawo kurangarira ganhuriro dzaro huru nebviro yekuvadziko.

Apo Kutonga Kunova Nzvimbo Yemitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kumwe kwokutsoropodza kunopfuurira zvikurusa kwekunzwa kwazvino uno ndekwokuti vakatsiva kupinda muhoro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Panzvimbo pokuva kutsvaka zvokwadi kwamaidi, kunzwa kunowanzorongwa kuti kutange zvikamu zvakanaka zvenhau uye kunyora mapfundo ezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunzwa kwakawanda paNyanga yeBhazi kwakashorwa naDemocrates somuitiro unonyandurwa wezvamatongerwe enyika wakagadzirirwa kukuvadza Hillary Clinton shopurence. Nenzira yakafanana, 2021 kunzwa pamusoro pe “tsika dzechiRunguro cheHouse Judiary Committee yakaonekwa navatsoropotesi sekurukurirano yenhau yehondo yakagadzirirwa kutsigira bhishopu inosi.

Iyi kombamiro ku “nguva dzakagadzwa” uye kumira kworusarura kunogona kusekesa kuvimbika kwesangano ndokurerutsa nhau dzakakomba. Apo kunzwa kuri kwose kunobatwa sehondo yezvamatongerwe enyika, vanhu vanogona kuva vasingadaviri, vanodzongonyedza nhambo dzimene dzeuchapupu hwechokwadi hunorehwa kuparira chinjo. Chiono chacho chinogona kukurira chinhu chacho.

Kurwadziwa Kwouchapupu Hwapachena

Chiito chokupupurira pamberi peCongress chinogona kuva chinoitika chinorwadza zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavanyajambwa vamasimba masimba kana kuti rusaruro. chapupu chinodikanwa kuhwirudzura zvinoitika zvavo zvinorwadza zvikurusa apo chinotarisana nebvunzurudzo youtsinye inobva kuvatendi vezvamatongerwe enyika vangave vane utsinye kuchinangwa chavo.

Kushaikwa kwetsigiro yakakwana nokuda kwezvapupu, kuongororwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, uye kupesana kwazvinowanzotarisana nako kunogona kuparira ronda rechipiri.Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti gadziriro yacho inobvisa nhau dzinorwadza dzevanhu vanozviisa pasi nokuda kwemhindu yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kupa dziviriro yechokwadi kana kuti ruramisiro.

Musiyano Usingachinji Pakati Peuchapupu Nomutemo

Muganhu mukuru zvikurusa wekunzwa kwedare ndiwo mukaha uri pakati pekuziva nechiito. Kunzwa kunogona kuparira ufakazi hukuru, kuparira nguva dzouvhairano yokutsamwa, uye kuvaka nhau inogombedzera nokuda kwokuchinja. Bva, muhurumende yakakamukana, ikoku kungasava kwakakwana. Kerner Commission inonzwa, vanzwi, uye George Floyd anonzwa zvose zvinobudisa ufakazi hune simba nezvikarakadzo zvehurumende zvine shungu. Muchinoitika chimwe nechimwe, mutemo unovapo wacho wakakundikana kupfuudza, wakaderedzwa, kana kuti hauna kutongotevedzerwa zvizere.

Kunzwa chishandiso chenyengetedzo, kwete manyuko esimba. Kunoshanda mukati mezvinhu zvipenyu nemhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, kudzorwa namasimba mamwe chetewo okupandukira, kukurudzira, uye sangano rinosunda chiito chose chemitemo. Sangano rinotsamira pakunzwa bedzi kuti risvitse nharidzano dzaro sezvingabvira richaodzwa mwoyo. Kunzwa kunoshanda zvikurusa apo kunoshandiswa mukonzanyo nezvimwe zvimiro zvesimba: kuunganidza vanhu, kuvhota, kuvhota, uye chiito chakananga.

Chinhu Chinotsungirira, Chisina Kutendeseka Chokuchinja Munzanga

Kubvira pakurwisa Jim Crow kusvika pakurwisa kugadziridzwa kwemapurisa uye kodzero dzokuvhota, imba yokuteerera yave iripo nguva dzose murwendo rurefu rwokuva nemubatanidzwa wakakwana.

Asi, hapana kana kutongova mushonga. Kubudirira kwokunzwa kunotsamira pavara rokushatirwa kwavose, unyanzvi hwokuva nyanzvi mune zvematongerwe enyika, ushingi hwezvapupu, uye kuda kuita chimwe chinhu kwevaiti vemitemo. Kunzwa kunogona kudzongonyedza nzvimbo yechisiko chose chetsika, asi hakugoni kutsiva simba resangano renzanga kana kuti kudikanwa kwesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Vagari vemo navatsigiri, vanonzwisisa nzira yokuita nayo nemuitiro uyu (*) kurayira kunzwa, nzira yokutaura nayo nhau nenzira inobudirira, uye nzira yokufambisa nayo ganhuriro huru dzehondo nokuda kweruramisiro.

Muzera resimba rinoputsanyika nokusavimba kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzwa kunochengeta simba rakasiana rokuronga ngwariro, kutanga nhambo yengwariro yenyika, uye kuita kuti hurumende izivikanwe navanhu. Chiyeuchidzo chokuti muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kunzvera kune simba zvikurusa isati iri yezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mirau inotonga, asi vanhu vanogona kuona nokunzwisisa zvokwadi. Kunzwa inzira dzakananga zvikuru dzekuzivisa ikoko, dzakashata, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, asi pakupedzisira muitiro unokosha wehurumende yeAmerica. [[FLT: 0] Mitemo nemiitiro yakavadzora yave yave ichidzorwa mumazana maviri amakore , uye ivo vanoramba vari mumwe wenzira dzakananga zvikuru nokuda kwavamiriridzi vehurumende kuti vatsigire maruramiro avagari vehurumende uye maruramiro avagari vemo.