Kutanga: Nei Zvine Basa Kuti Mitemo Ive Nenzvimbo Yezvomutemo Zuva Nezuva

Nguva iri yose yaunokwira bhazi, kutumira mwana wako kuchikoro, kushanyira chiremba, kana kuti kuvandudzazve bhodhoro repurasitiki, uri kushandira pamwe nemitemo yakaitwa pamwero yose iri miviri yomunzvimbomo neyomubatanidzwa. Iyi inoratidzika kuva mirwi iri kure yehurumende inorukira muruvara rwetsika dzako dzamangwanani, basa rako, utano hwako, uye kunyange mhepo yaunofema. Kunzwisisa kuti mamiriro omunzvimbomo anoumbwa nemitemo yehurumende anokugonesa sei kufambisa masangano aya nenzira inobudirira zvikuru (*) uye kutsigira chinjo dzezvinhu zvikuru munzanga yako.

Vadzidzisi nevadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti kusiyana uku hakusi kungodzidzawo zvako, kunokurudzira vanhu kuti vaitewo chimwe chinhu kubva pamisangano yezvikoro kusvika pakusarudza.

Kurondedzera Tsika Dzomunzvimbomo Nedzemagariro

Pachinhu chayo chakapfava zvikurusa, muitiro womunzvimbomo [[FT:1] mutemo, murairo, kana kuti mutemo unoitwa nekambani yemanisiparati, nyika, ruwa rwechikoro, kana kuti zvimwe zvirongwa zvehurumende iri pasi penyika. Iyi mirau inonanga nzanga dzakati nezvinodavirwa munzvimbo yakanyanya: kwaunogona kuvaka imba (nzvimbo inogarwa,) kuti motokari dzinogona kutyaira nokukurumidza sei mumigwagwa yomunharaunda (mabumbiro emitemo), uye kuti ipi nzvimbo dzavose dzinogovera (mabasa okushandira zvinhu).

Mitemo yetsika , mukupesana, inobva kuhurumende yenyika muWashington, D.C. Inoshanda zvakafanana kuyambuka nyika dzose nenharaunda dzine makumi mashanu. Mitemo yeFrederal inogadza dziviriro nemitemo yemipimo, kubva pamubhadharo muduku neyakachena kukodzero dzevagari vemo dzinosimbiswa nemitemo yehurumende inoisa uriri, mitemo yomunzvimbomo inowanzovakwa pamusoro penzvimbo iyoyo kuti isvitse zvishuvo zvenzanga.

Iyi gadziriro ine nhevedzano chiratidzo chegadziriro yomubatanidzwa weUnited States, yakagadzirirwa kudzikamisa chinzwano chorudzi noudzori hwomunzvimbomo.Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa masimba akati kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende (muchiito, kuronga mari, kuzivisa hondo) nepo ichichengeta yasara nokuda kwehurumende nenharaunda. Nokufamba kwenguva, mitsetse yacho yadzikamiswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yokushandisa mari, mirau yedare, uye mitoro inogoverwa.

Nhoroondo: Mawaniro Atakaita Pano

Mhindumupindu Yesimba Rinotonga Nehurumende

Dzikamo pakati pechiremera chomunzvimbomo nechehurumende yakachinja zvinoshamisa chifo chenhambo yokuvamba. New Deart yema1930 yakakudza kubatanidzwa kwehurumende mugarikano yezvemari nenzanga, ichigadzira gadziriro dzakadai seSocial Security neinishuwarensi yourovha. Chibvumirano cheHurumende chekodzero dzavanhu chakagombedzera chiito chehurumende kubvisa pakanga padzika mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yeRondmark yakadai seCivil Rights Act (1965) neVoting Rights Act (1965) yaidarika mitemo yomunzvimbomo yairamba kodzero huru.

Mudzidzo, Elementary and Secondary Education Act ya1956 (ESEA) yakapinza madhora ehurumende muzvikoro kwenguva yokutanga, kubatanidza migariro ine chokuita newirirano. Hapana Child Chick Behind (2001) uye Mudzidzi Ari Wose Wekubudirira (2015) zvakapfuuridzira iyi kombamiro, kunyange zvazvo nemwero yakasiana-- siyana yeutariri hwehurumende. Uku kuchinja kunoenzanisira kusagadzikana kunodzorwa kwomunzvimbomo kunobvumira zvigadzikiso zvomunzvimbomo, asi mipimo yenyika inovimbisa ruramisiro huru.

Kuwedzera Kwezviito Zvemo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, chivhozhowe chakasimbisa “kodzero dzehurumende” nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo. Kusarudzwa kwechikoro, mienzaniso yemapurisa enzanga, uye zvirongwa zvemamiriro okunze enzvimbo zvinoratidzira chishuvo chokuita chisarudzozve. Maguta akadai sePortland, Oregon, akagadza mitemo yedzimba inofambira mberi yakazvimirira panhungamiro yehurumende, nepo nzvimbo dzinodzorwa nemitemo yezvakatipoteredza. Iyi injo inoita kuti izivikanwe mutemo mumwe chete wehurumende unogona kuratidzika kuva wakasiana zvikuru nechikamu chimwe chete.

Basa Rezviremera Zvomunzvimbomo Muupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Mitemo yomunzvimbomo ndiyo inokurumidza zvikurusa uye inooneka yedzorerwo. Nemhaka yokuti inogadzirwa pedyo zvikuru navanhu vainotapura, inogona kuita chimwe chinhu nenzira inowirirana kumigariro yomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, inosianawo zvikuru, ichiparira kusaruramisira pakati penzanga.

Dzidzo Nebhodhi Yechikoro

Makambani ezvikoro zvomunharaunda anoshandisa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvidzidzo zvemwana wako uye mashandisirwe azvo. Anobvumira chikoro chechikoro chechikoro, anogadza miripo yavadzidzisi, uye anosarudza kana angagamuchira kuedza kwehurumende kwakarongwa kana kuti kutevera mapurogiramu matsva. Somuenzaniso, dare rechikoro riri mumusha wakapfuma ringatsigira kosi dzezvokupinza zvinhu zvakabudirira uye unyanzvi hutsva, nepo boka riri mumitengo yakaderera inowana mari inotamburira kuchengeta zvinhu zvinokosha. Federal (se Chititiro I) inobetsera kuvhara mitero iyi, asi mitero yemari yomunzvimbomo ichiri kuparira mari yakawanda yechikoro yemari inopfumbadzwa yedzidzo inoshatsa zvikuru.

Kuchengeteka Kworuzhinji Noupome

Mitemo inodzora mutemo yomunzvimbomo inodzora kuti mapurisa anofambidzana sei nenzanga. Zvisarudzo pamusoro pokushandisa mitemo yekotsekano yemitemo, kurovedza kubvisa tsvina, makamera, uye kuchengetwa kwemotokari zvose zvinobva pamwero weguta kana kuti nyika. “Protopu inonyuruka purojekiti remafafiteriya". Porojeti, mapurisa enzanga, uye zvirongwa zvekuvhiya zvinenge zviri kuedza kwomunzvimbomo kutapura zvakananga pfungwa yevagari vemo yokuchengeteka. Nemhaka yokuti mitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo inogadza uriri hwenyika yose, miitiro yomunzvimbomo yakanyanyisa inogona kunyandura Department officialsss of Justices [1] muenzaniso mukuru wokunzvera kuvhoorectory yehurumende.

Kugadzira Matanda, Dzimba, uye Zvekufambisa

Mitemo inoumba umo mafurati, misha yemhuri imwe, mitengo yezvokutengeserana, uye nzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu iripo. Iyi mitemo yomunzvimbomo inopesvedzera kuvakwa kwedzimba, nguva dzinofamba, uye kunyange utano hwavanhu vose. Guta iro nzvimbo dzinova nedzimba dzakawanda pedyo nenzvimbo dzezviteshi zvinogona kuderedza kukwirira uye kuita kuti imba ive inowanika zvikuru. Nhau, zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvemari) zvinogona kusimudzira ruwara uye kuganhurira mamiriro emari. Mitemo yezvokufambisa yebhurusi, migwagwagwa, migwagwa yebhasikoro, kugadziridza mugwagwa, kugadziridza kwaunoita kupfurikidza nenzanga yako.

Utano Hwevanhu Vose Munzvimbo Yomunzvimbomo

Mapato outano omunzvimbomo anomanikidzira kunzverwa kweresitorendi, kutarisira makiriniki enhomba, uye kuita chimwe chinhu kuhosha. Mukati medenda reCOVID 8819, zvisarudzo zvaparuwa pamusoro pokuvanza mirayiro, ganhuriro yokuunganidza, uye kuvharwa kwechikoro kwakasiana zvikuru, kunoratidzira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika zvomunzvimbomo namashoko. Uku kuita kwomunzvimbomo kwakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri simba rehurumende yomunzvimbomo nengozi dzezviito zvoutano zvavose zvinochinja.

Pesvedzero Yetsika Dzakaumbwa Nehurumende

Kunzwisisa kuti nei dzimwe matambudziko omunzvimbo yacho achiramba achiitika pasinei nokuedza kwenzanga kunoitwa nevanhu kunopa mari, kunoratidza mitemo inodzikamisa zvinhu, uye kunobatsira kuti pave nemamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana.

Kutsigira Dzidzo Nemipimo

Chikoro chinoyerera kunzvimbo neruwa kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seTitle I (pavadzidzi vanogamuchirwa vakaderera), IDEA (yedzidzo chaiyo), uye Pell Grants (pakoreji). Iyi mari inouya ine tambo dzakabatanidzwa: vagamuchiri vanofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa, mitemo inorwisana nokuzvidavirira, uye kushuma misengwa. Nhamburirano dzeFederal dzakafanana neRhace kuTop Incentivaned kuti vagamuchire mipimo yavose negadziriro dzokunzvera mudzidzisi. Kunyange zvazvo Mudzidzi ari wose anofunda anodzorwa achidzoresazverwa kuzvinhu zvakawanda, mubatanidzwa wokugovera mari ichiri inoumba mipimo yezvinokosha munharaunda dzakadai seyokunyora nokunyora, STEM, uye zvinovaka zvokudya zvechikoro.

Kuwana Kurapwa

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA) inofutunura inishuwarenzi youtano kupfurikidza nokufutunuka kweMedicaid, mari yokutsigira nokuda kwegadziriro dzavanhu, uye dziviriro nokuda kwemigariro isati yavapo. Nemhaka yokuti Dare rapamusoro rakaita kuti Medicaid riite wedzero isina kusarudzwa nokuda kwenyika, basa rakamuka: vagari vari munyika dzinofutunurwa vakafukidzwa, nepo avo vari munyika dzinosave dzemibatanidzwa vanoramba vasina kudzivirirwa. Mutemo weFrederal unogadzawo mipimo miduku nokuda kweMedicaresare (kwavakuru) uye inodzo inodzorwa kudzorwa kwemirimo inodzorwa, inotapura zvakananga kuwanwa kwokutarisira.

Kurambidza Zvemhoteredzo Nemamiriro Okunze

Ceaner Air Act and Clean Water Act yakaita kuti pave nemipimo yenyika inobudisa utsi hwemvura nemapepa emvura. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inoita kuti mitemo iyi itevedzerwe, asi nyika nenharaunda dzinogona kuishandisa zvakati tsvina. Somuenzaniso, mutengi weCalifornia anoregeredza kugadzira mipimo inobudisa motokari amene yakasunda kugadzira motokari dzakachena munyika yose. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoita zvirongwa zvemamiriro okunze izvo zvinoita kuti zvipfuutsiridze magetsi, asi mitemo yehurumende yakadai sechikwereti chezuva nezuva nemhepo inovhurumajeka, inowana mari.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokupesana

Mitemo yekodzero dzevagari vemo inorambidza rusaruro yakavakirwa parudzi, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, mavambo orudzi, urema, uye zera mudzimba, basa, dzidzo, uye pokugara. Iyi mitemo inotonga mitemo yomunzvimbomo inotonga norusaruro rwenyika (somuenzaniso, guta harigoni kunyoresa pamutemo mitemo yokutonga. Zvisinei, kushandura kunotsamira pamasangano evatsigiri vomunzvimbomo nematare, kunoreva kuti kodzero dzehurumende dzingawanwa zvisina kufanira pasina kubatana kwakasimba kwehurumende yomunzvimbomo neutarisiri.

Kuenzanisa Miganhu Yetsika Yomunzvimbomo Neyenharaunda: Mipimo Inokosha

Kuchinjika kunobva paww. kufanana

Mitemo yomunzvimbomo inogona kuwiriraniswa nechiverengero chavagari vemo chechienzi, nharaunda, uye zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Guta remhenderekedzo yegungwa rakatyisidzirwa negungwa rakaderera rinogona kuisa mitemo yokuvaka yorumano zvikuru pasina kumirira chiito chehurumende. Ukuwo, kufanana kworudzi kunovimbisa kuti mugari wemo muMontana yomuruwa ane mipimo yemvura yakachena yakafanana neyomumwe munhu mutaundi reManhattan. Unifomu hweFederal hunodzivisawo “kupinda pasi pegungwa” umo masangano anonetesa dziviriro dzokukwezva bhizimisi.

Kushandisa Mari uye Zvinhu Zviwanikwa

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba zvikuru nemitero yenzvimbo, mitero yemari, uye mitero yavashandisi. Izvi zviparo zvemari hazviwirirani uye kazhinji kazhinji hazviringani nokuda kwemari inoiswa mumari inoiswa muuwandu. Mipiro yeFederal (sezvikuru, migwagwa, njodzi) inogovera dzimbahwe rinokosha, asi kazhinji kazhinji inoda mari yomunharaunda inowirirana kana kuti kuwirirana nemipimo yehurumende. Ikoku kunoparira kusawirirana: mari yehurumende inoita kuti mabasa omunzvimbomo agone kuitwa, asi migariro yakabatanidzwa inogona kunzwika seyakarongwa nehurumende.

Kutora Rutivi uye Kuzvidavirira Kwavose

Misangano yehurumende yomunzvimbomo inowanika zvikuru(varwi vanogona kupinda mumitemo inodzorwa, marusando ezvikoro, uye misangano yemakurukota eguta. Uku kuva pedyo kunokurudzira kuvimbisana kukuru zvikuru kwenzanga uye kunobvumira vanhu kupesvedzera muitiro wavanhu, mukupesana, kunobatanidza miitiro yakaoma yemitemo, kukurudzira, uye kuumbwa kwemitemo inogona kunzwa iri kure. Zvisinei, sarudzo yenyika dzinokwezva muvhoti mukuru, uye Purezidhendi neCongress vanozvidavirira kuchisarudzo chikuru zvikuru.

Kukurumidza Kuchinja

Mitemo yomunharaunda inogona kuchinja nokukurumidza: dare reguta rinogona kuchinja bumbiro remitemo mumwedzi mishomanene. Chinjo dzemitemo dzeFederal dzinowanzoda makore emitemo, kuronga zviremera, uye denho dzedare. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kuita chiito nokukurumidza kunhau dzinobuda ($) asiwo kuti dzingagamuchira mitemo inorangarirwa zvisina kufanira nechengedzo shomanene nedzikano.

Fundo Yenhau: Kusangana Kunoita Mhosva Mumuitiro

Dzidzo: Chibage Chinozivikanwa Nekudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Common Core State Direfects, kutanga kwakarongwa pakuvamba, kwakapinzwa neRupanga kuMigove yapamusoro. Nyika zhinji dzakazvigamuchira, asi chishoro chinotyisa chomunzvimbomo chakamuka pamusoro peitiro hanya dzehurumende nenzvero dzinodzorwa. Somuuyo, dzimwe nyika gare gare dzakachinja kana kuti kugadziridza mipimo. Nhau yacho inoratidzira kuti mari yehurumende inogona sei kuvandudza rudzi, asi kukurudzira kwomunzvimbomo kunogona kuitazve.

Kutarisira utano: Kuwedzera kwemadhisiki uye Kubuda Kwoutano Hwemunharaunda

Kusvikira muna 2025, nyika gumi hadzina kukudza Medicaid muACA. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti nyika dzinofutunuka dzine mwero yakaderera isina kutsarukana, kusvika kuri nani kutarisiro huru, uye kuvharwa kushoma kwechipatara munharaunda dzomumaruwa. Gadziriro yeFederal yakaparira chisarudzo chokuwedzera, asi zvisarudzo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvomunzvimbomo zvakasarudza kana vagari vemo vakabetserwa. Iyi nhau inosimbisa kuti muitiro wehurumende unoparira mikana; kugamuchirwa kwomunzvimbomo kunosarudza muuyo chaiwoiwo.

Mbango: Mutemo Wakachena Wemvura uye Kudzorwa Kwemvura

The Clean Water Act yakadzivirira pakuvamba “mvura dzeUnited States,” shoko rinorondedzerwa nomutemo wehurumende. Muna 2023, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Sackett v. EPA yakatetepa muganhu wehurumende, uchisiya nzvimbo dzakawanda dzisina kudzivirirwa. Nyika dzakawanda nenzvimbo dzakatanga kudzivirira nzvimbo dzadzo dzimene, nepo dzimwe dzakaita chinhu. Mugumisiro wacho inzvimbo yakaputsika umo kunaka kwemvura kunotsamira pakwaunogara /a mugumisiro wakananga wokuchinja muganhu pakati pehurumende nenzvimbo.

Kuchengeteka Kwavose: Poricies yeGuta Rokuchenesa

Masangano enzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo mazana anoverengeka akagamuchira “mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo yokusapinda munyika. Mutemo weFederal kazhinji kazhinji haudi mapurisa omunzvimbomo kuisa mitemo yokupinda munyika, uye matare akatsigira chisarudzo chomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, hurumende yehurumende inogona kubvisa mipiro yakati sechirango. Iyi rwisano inopfuurira inoratidza kuti muitiro womunzvimbomo unogona sei kudenha zvakananga zvinhu zvomubatanidzwa wenyika, kuchitungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotapura nzanga dzavatami zuva nezuva.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mhosva Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva: Mienzaniso Yakanaka

  • Kupa mutengo: Nguva yako yamangwanani inopesvedzerwa nebhajeti yemari yokugadziridza mugwagwa womunzvimbomo (nzvimbo) uye mugwagwa mukuru unopa mari (mutoo wemari). Kuwanika kwekufambisa vanhu kunotsamira pamipiro yomutero yomunzvimbomo nemari yezvitsama.
  • Kudzorwa kwechitsama kana kuti Mitemo inobatanidza (nzvimbo) inosarudza ndyiko dzedzimba, nepo zvitsama zvemubereko zveimba zvehurumende neChikamu 8 (chitsama) zvinoisa muridzi wemusha nokubhadhara.
  • Kuchengeteka kwezvokudya:[[FLT: 1] Nzvero dzeRestault ndedzomunzvimbomo, asi zvinodikanwa zvezvokudya zvinoratidzira mipimo yekotsekano yezvinhu zvakaiswa mupasuru neDrug Administration (chinoitika).
  • Incternet Access: Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kuvaka mibatanidzwa yakafara yemanisiparati, asi mitemo yehurumende yokusatora rutivi kwemambure (panenge zvichiitika) inodzora kuti masangano ebasa reInternet anobata sei mashoko.
  • Tsarudzo: Masangano anotarisira njodzi omunharaunda anobatira pamwe vapinduri vokutanga, asi FEMA (mari) inogovera mari nezviwanikwa pashure pokunge ngwavaira yaziviswa.

Kusimudzira Kubatanidzwa Kwomubatanidzwa: Izvo Vadzidzisi Navadzidzi Vanogona Kuita

Vadzidzisi vanoita basa rinokosha mukushongedzera vadzidzi kuti vakwanise kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro dzomunharaunda nedzomubatanidzwa.

Kurumbidza Rusarudzo Rwose

Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzakaderera zvikuru, bva dare rechikoro, dare reguta, uye madzinza emeya zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kurudzira vadzidzi kunyoresa nokuvhota muzvisarudzo zvose( nzvimbo, nyika, uye nyika. Kurukurai tapuro yemadzinza ehvolupeti panhau dzakadai sokufamba kwevanhu vose, mapurisa, uye mari yedzidzo.

Kupinda Misangano Yavose

Kuongorora kuti mitemo inokurukurwa sei ndokusarudza kuderedza muitiro wacho uye kuratidza kuti mashoko anotaurwawo zvawo ane basa.

Vamiriri Vanoonana

Kunyora tsamba, kutumira tsamba, kana kuti kutaura padare revoruzhinji kunogona kukanganisa zvisarudzo zvevadzidzi.

Kukumbanira Mapoka Okutonga

Masangano ainyanya kutaura nezvedzimba, mhoteredzo, dzidzo, uye kodzero dzevanhu anowanzoshanda pamwero wakasiyana - siyana.

Kushandisa Mashoko Nokutsvakurudza

Kunzwisisa muitiro kunoda ufakazi. Kurudzira vadzidzi kunzvera bhajeti dzehurumende yomunzvimbomo, hurumende kupa mashoko, uye nhamba dzezveutano munzanga. Mabhukwana akadai seCensus Bureau yeAmerican Community Survey uye masuo avose emashoko omunzvimbomo anopa zvinhu zvakapfuma nokuda kwezvirongwa.

Kupedzisa: Kuvhara Mukaha Wemitemo

Mitemo yomunzvimbomo neyomubatanidzwa haisati iri masimba anokwikwidzana; iwiriraniswa mugadziriro yakaoma.Mitemo yeFederal inogovera tsinhirano yorudzi, pfuma, uye dziviriro dzamaruramiro avagari vemo, nepo mitemo yomunzvimbomo ichibvumira nzanga kutarisira zvinodikanwa chaizvo nezvinodiwa. Upenyu hwezuva nezuva hweAmerica iri yose hunoumbwa nokubatanidzwa kweizvi zvikamu (jere rezvikoro) kubva kurucheno rwemvura kusvikira kuchengeteko yenharaunda.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero ihwaro hwokutora rutivi kwoupenyu hwose. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kushandisa zvose zviri zviviri nhandare dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende, unogona kutsigira miitiro inoratidzira mipimo yako ndokuvandudza nzanga yako. Vagari vemo vanobudirira zvikurusa ndivo avo vanoziva kuti muitiro hausati uri usinganzwisisiki (iro ibhuku remitemo roupenyu hwezuva nezuva, uye unogona kunyorwazve.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, zviwanikwa zvokunzvera zvinobva ku Cornell Legin Information Institute paukuru hwehurumende, Brookings’s Institution yesangano rePrincition [, uye Eventh Protection Agency’s religitation[[[FL:5]].