Kurwira kodzero dzevanhu nerusununguko rwavo zvave zviri chinhu chinopfuurira uye chinorondedzera nhau yeAmerica. Kubva pakutangwa kwenyika, kusagadzikana pakati pepfungwa dzakakwirira dzorusununguko uye uchokwadi hwerusarura rwegadziriro kwakasunda masangano enzanga nechiito chemitemo. Nepo Bumbiro remitemo nemhedziso dzaro zvakaisa nheyo, kwakanga kuri kupfurikidza nomutemo wetsika kuti zvakawanda zvezvipikirwa izvi zvakashandurirwa mukodzero dzinotedzerwa. Zviito izvi hazvina kubuda mugwenga; zvakanga zviri zvibereko zvamakumi amakore echiito, kutsutsutsumwa, uye kupfuudzirana maganhuro ezvematongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino ino inoongorora zvidimbu zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvemitemo zvakachinjazve maruramiro ekodzero evagari vemo nekodzero dzehurumende muUnited States, kunzvera gadziriro dzazvo, mubatanidzwa mukuru, uye kugadziridzo dzinogara kwenguva refu.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1946 chinomira sechinoshandura zvikurusa chikamu chemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica. Chakasinwa kuva mutemo naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson pana July 2, 1964, wakanga uri muuyo wakananga wedzvinyiriro isingaregi yesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza March paWashington nerwisano dzamasimba masimba muBirmingham. Act yakavavarira kuputsa gadziriro yapamutemo yekodzero yokusarura nyika norusaruro izvo zvakanga zvapfuurira kweri kuda kusvika zana rimwe pashure pekudzokorodza kwaDerrenceon.

Mazita Okuremekedza Negadziriro

Act yakakamurwa kuva mazita emisoro anoverengeka, rimwe nerimwe richitarira panzvimbo yakati youpenyu hwevoruzhinji:

  • Umutwe I: Yakavhara kusashandiswa kwakaenzana kwezvinodikanwa zvokuvhota. Kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa mutapuro yapakarepo, yakavanzarika hwaro nokuda kweChibvumirano cheKodzero cha 1965.
  • Title II: Rusaruro rwairangarirwa mudzimba dzavose, dzakadai sehotera, maresitorendi, uye nzvimbo dzemitambo, pahwaro hwedzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Uku kwakanga kuri kudenha kwakananga paJim Crow Converqwection.
  • Title III: Hurumende dzinopinzwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo kurambidza kuwanwa kwenzvimbo dzavose dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, kana kuti mavambo orudzi.
  • Title IV: Yakakurudzira kurongwa kwezvikoro zvavose ndokubvumira Attorney General kunyora sutu kuti imanikidze kuronga.
  • Title VI:[ Kudzivisa rusaruro mupurogiramu nemibato kugamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende. Iyi gadziriro ine simba yakabvumira hurumende yehurumende kucheka mari kumasangano okupa mhosva.
  • [[FLT: 0]Title VII: yakarambidza kusarura mabasa kunoitwa navashandirwi vavanhu, mibatanidzwa yavashandi, uye masangano ebasa akavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Yakatangawo Equal Opportity Commission [EOC] kuti iongorore nokushandisa mutemo. Kuiswa kwe"sex" kwakanga kuri kuwedzerwa kubvisa mari, asi kwakava dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwavakadzi.

Kushanda Nesimba uye Zvinetso Zvokutanga

Mumutambo wacho wakasangana nedenho dzapakarepo dzemitemo. MuAtlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964) uye Katzenbach v. McCling [1964] , Dare rapamusoro rakatsigira pamutemo weTitry II pasi peChambe Claus, richisimbisa kuti Dare rakanga rine simba rokudzora mabhizimisi anotapura kutengeserana. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakagumisa nguva ye "Inday" uye zvakasimbisa basa rehurumende yehurumende mukuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Tapuro Yenguva Refu

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1942 hachina kubvisa pakarepo rusaruro, asi chakachinja zvikuru nzvimbo yepamutemo nenzanga. Chakapa simba vanhu kuti vakwirire mhaka yorusaruro, yakaita kuti pave nomutemo wehurumende, uye yakaita muenzaniso wemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yomunguva yemberi. Act yakanyandurawo imwe fambiro mberi, yakadai sokubatanidzwa kwezera nedziviriro dzeurema mumiraudzo yapashure. Chiratidzo chayo chinoramba chinooneka mupurogiramu dzebasa dzakasiyana- siyana, mitemo inorwisana netsika dzetsika dzehurumende, uye basa rinopfuurira reEOC.

Murayiro Wokutsigira Kodzero Wa1965

Kunyange zvazvo Civil Rights Act ya1964 yakataura nezverusaruro rwokuvhota muTitle I, kwakabvumikisa kuva kusina kukwana kukurira mhinganidzo dzakadzika midzi. Nyika dzokuMadokero dzakapfuurira kushandisa nzvero dzokunyora nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, uye nzira dzokutyisidzira kubvisa Black vhota. Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakasainwa mumutemo musi waAugust 6, 1965, yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuuku kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakananga, zvikurukuru kudzvinyirira kwamasimba masimba kwavanovhotera kodzero dzokuvhota muSelma, Alabama. Kunorangarirwa zvikuru kuva chisakiso chinoshanda zvikurusa chemitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yavanhu yati yatoitwa.

Gadziriro

  • Kuvhota kwakaratidza muitiro upi noupi wokuvhota unosarura pahwaro hwedzinza kana kuti ruvara. Urongwa uhwu hunoshanda munyika yose uye hunomanikidzirwa kupfurikidza nokuvhota.
  • Kuisa 4:[ kwakagadza mutoo wokuzivisa mativi nenhau yetsarudzo. Idzi dzose dzakanga dziri pasi pechinodikanwa chapamberi peChikamu 5.
  • Kuisa 5: Mativi akati kuti awane mvumo yemubatanidzwa kubva kuU.S. Athorney General kana kuti Dare roruwa D.C. risati rashandisa chinjo dzipi nedzipi kumitemo yokuvhota kana kuti miitiro. Iyi "precrate" chinodikanwa chakanga chiri chishandiso chine simba kudzivisa chinjo dzokupotera.
  • Kuisa 203: Yakapa betsero yomutauro nokuda kwavavhoti nounyanzvi hushoma hwechiNgezi, kuvimbisa kuti mutauro muduku waigona kutora rutivi musarudzo.

Migumisiro Yakurumidza uye Inogarisa

Voting Rights Act yakawedzera zvikuru kunyoresa kwavanavhoti nokudzosa pakati peAfrica. MuMississippi, kunyoresa kweBlack kwakakwira kubva pa 7% muna 1964 kusvikira kuinopfuura 60% pa 1968. Mutemo wakatungamirirawo kuwedzero musarudzo yavakuru vakuru vakuru veBlack pamitezo yose yehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, Act yakatarisana nokuderera kukuru. [[FLD:0] Shelby County v. Raker [2013], Dare guru rakarova Dare reProjimendiro reChikamu 4 reChikamu chaMaripo, richishandura Chikamu 5 muchikamu chitsauko chitsva. Chisarudzo ichi chakatungamirira kudzo itsva yokuvhotera mutsika mutsika yambo dzakambonyorwa kare. Kukanwa kwekodzero pakubudisa kubuda kwechibvumirano.

Kukwidziridzwa Kwazvino Uno

Kuedza kudzorera Mutemo weVoting Rights, wakadai seJohn Lewis Voting Rights Advement Act, kunosimbisa kurwisa kunoramba kuchiitwa kuti kudzivirira kunoitwa nevhoti kudzivirire uye chiyeuchidzo chokuti kodzero yokuvhota haisi yokuzviparadza yoga.

Murayiro Wakanaka Wedzimba wa1968

Rusaruro rwedzimba rwakanga rwuri chinetso chinopfuurira icho Civil Rights Act ya1946 isina kutaura zvakananga.Mutemo weFair House Act, wakaitwa seTit VIII weChibvumirano cheChiko chekodzero dzemunhu wa1968, wakasainwa mumutemo musi waApril 11, 1968, vhiki imwe chete pashure pokuurawa kwaDr Martin Luther King Jr. Wakanga wakaitirwa kubvisa rusaruro mumisika yedzimba ndokusimudzira kubatana kwevagari vemo.

Miitiro Yakarambidzwa

Chiratidzo chacho chinorambidza rusaruro mukutengeswa, kurenda, kana kuti kubhadharwa kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, mavambo orudzi, uye gare gare urema nomugariro wemhuri (zvakabatanidzwa muna 1988).

  • Kuramba kutengesa kana kuti kurenda imba pashure pokunge wapiwa chikarakadzo chokuzvifadza.
  • Kutsoropodza mumashoko, migariro, kana kuti ropafadzo dzokutengesa kana kuti dzokurenda.
  • Kushambadza kana kuti kutaura mashoko anoratidza kusarura.
  • Kubhabhajesa bhasikoro − kutengesa varidzi vemisha kupfurikidza nokumirira kuti vanhu vekirasi yakadzivirirwa vari kutamira munharaunda.
  • Kurambidza kuwana kana kuti kuva mutezo musangano rezvivako nezvivako.

Michina Inomanikidzirwa

Department of Hospital and Urban Development (HUD) ine mutoro wokusimbisa Fair House Act. Vanhu vanodavira kuti vakasarurwa vanogona kuisa nyunyuto neHID, iyo inganzvera nokuedza kupedza nhau yacho kupfurikidza nokurangana. Department of Justice rinogonawo kunyora mhaka mumhaka kana kuti muitiro worusaruro. Chiratidzo chakatungamirira kunzvimbo dzakawanda dzemabhurokwati nemirairo yedare kurwisa miitiro yokukwereta, kudzosa, uye kudzosa.

Zvinetso Zvinoramba Zvichingovapo

Pasinei zvapo neChiratidzo, kutsauranisa dzimba kunoramba kwadzika midzi munzanga dzakawanda dzeAmerica. Rusaruro rwamanomano runopfuurira, rwakadai sokudzoresa vanotenga misha mishomanene kunharaunda dzakati kana kuti kubatwa kusina kuenzana mukukweretesa chikwereti. Kushanda kweChibvumirano chakaganhurirwa nokudzikamisa kuduku uye mari shoma. Kunyange zvakadaro, chinoramba chiri chishandiso chakakomba nokuda kwokudenha kusarura dzimba uye kusimudzira kuwanwa kwakarurama kwemikana yokugara.

VaAmerica Vane Chiito Chourema cha 1990

Musangano wekodzero dzohurema wakava nesimba muma1970 uye kuma1980, uchiguma nokupfuura kweAmerica neUrema Husingashandisiwi zvakanaka (ADA) musi waJuly 26, 1990. Wakasainwa naPrezidhendi George H.W. Bush, ADA mutemo wakakwana wekodzero dzevanhu unorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumativi ose oupenyu. Iro rinoratidzira chinjo mukutarira urema seperevedzo yezvokurapa kunhau yekodzero dzavagari vemo nedzenzanga.

Mazita mashanu okuremekedza ADA

  • Umutwe I (Tsima): Kusarura kunoitwa navashandirwi vapachivande vane vashandi vane 15 kana kuti vakawanda, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, masangano ebasa, uye masangano ebasa. Vashandirwi vanofanira kugovera pokugara kwakafanira kuvanhu vakakwaniriswa vane urema, kutoti kana kuita kudaro kungaparira nhamo isakafanira.
  • Title II (Mabasa ePublic Service): Kusarura kunoitwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye kunoda kuti mabasa avose, mapurogiramu, uye mibato zvisvike kuvanhu vakaremara. Ikoku kunobatanidza chokufambisa chavose, zvakadai samabhazi negadziriro dzenjanji.
  • Title III (Makokero): Anoda mabhizimisi anoshumira vanhu vose (mutoo, maresitorendi, hotera, zvitoro, mahoro, mahofisi ezvokurapa) kuita chinjo dzine mufungo kuva nechokwadi chokuwana nokubvisa mhinganidzo dzechivako uko kunowanika nyore nyore.
  • [ Title IV (Nhevedzano): Mazita ayo makambani orunhare anopa mabasa avanhu vari matsi kana kuti vakaoma kunzwa.
  • Title V (Mivhenganiswa):[[FT:1] ine gadziriro dzakasiana - siana, kubatanidza dziviriro pakutsiva nokumanikidza, uye inojekesa kuti ADA haidi vashandirwi kupinza basa vanhu vasina kukwaniriswa.

Kutapura Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

ADA yakatungamirira kuchinjo dzakapararira mumhoteredzo inosiana nenyama(( curb) inova inova inosvikika, kupaka mabhii eBraille, uye mabhurukwa zvino. Rusaruro rwebasa pasi peADA rwakawedzera kuziva nzvimbo dzokugara dzakapfava, dzakadai sepurogiramu dzakapfava neruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinobetsera. Mutemo wakanyandurawo kuvamba kwemiitiro yechisiko chose, kuchibetsera kwete bedzi vanhu vane urema asi nzanga yose. Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinosara: kupesana pamusoro peichinoumba "nzvimbo ine mufungo" inowanzova, uye vanhu vane urema vachiri kutarisana nemitengo yakakwirira yokushairwa uye ganhuriro dzinopfuurira.

Kugadziridzwa Kwakatevera

ADA Amendments Act ya 2008 [ADAA] yakawedzera rondedzero yourema ndokuchinja zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Gurusa izvo zvakanga zvadzika miganhu yedziviriro yomutemo. ADAA yakasimbisazve vavariro yeDare kugovera rondedzero yakafara uye funga pamusoro pokuti rusaruro rwakaitika here panzvimbo pokuti munhu wacho agona kuwirirana nerondedzero yorurema.

Tsamba Yemhuri Neyachiremba ya 1993

Nepo mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzavagari vemo ichinangidzira ngwariro pakurapa kwakaenzana nokusashatisa, Family and Medical Let Act (FMLA) ya 1993 inokurukura upamhi hwakasiana hwerusununguko: maruramiro okuzvitarisira amene nemhuri pasina kuisa chengeteko yemari. Yakaiswa mumutemo naPurezi Bill Clinton pana February 5, 1993, FMLA wakanga uri mutemo wokutanga wehurumende kugovera zororo rebasa risina kubhadharwa nokuda kwezvikonzero zvemhuri nezvokurapa. Yakaziva kuti zvinodikanwa zvebasa nemhuri kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinorwisana, uye kuti vashandi havafaniri kutongosarudza pakati pebasa ravo noutano hwavo kana kuti vadiwa vavo.

Gadziriro Huru

  • Kushaikwa: Kuda vashandirwi vane vashandi 50 kana kuti kupfuura. Vashandirwi vanokwaniriswa kana vakashanda nokuda kwomushandirwi kweinenge mwedzi 12 uye kweanenge maawa 1 250 mumwedzi 12 yapfuura.
  • Rudzi rweChitichi: Kukwira kusvikira ku 12 vhiki dzezororo risingabhadharwi pagore nokuda:
    • Kuberekwa kana kuti kugamuchirwa kwomwana;
    • Utano hwakakomba hwomushandi;
    • Kutarisira mukwanyina, mwana, kana kuti mubereki ane mugariro wakakomba woutano;
    • Zvinodikanwa zvinosimbisa zvinomuka mubasa rehondo rinoshingaira romutezo wemhuri.
  • [ Mutarisiri: Vashandi vanopindwa muropa vangatora mavhiki 26 ezororo risina kuripirwa kutarisira mutezo webasa wakafukidzwa une kuvadziko yakakomba kana kuti chirwere.
  • [ Kudzivirirwa kwaJob: Vashandirwi vakafanirwa nokudzokera kunzvimbo imwe cheteyo kana kuti yakaenzana, nomubhadharo wakaenzana, betsero, uye mipimo yebasa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inishuwarenzi yeHealth: Vashandirwi vanofanira kuchengeta bhaisikopo reinishuwarenzi youtano yeboka mukati mezororo pamashoko mamwe chetewo sokunge mushandi akanga apfuurira kushanda.

Zvaiitika Uye Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita

FMLA yakagonesa mamiriyoni avashandi veAmerica kutora zororo rinodikanwa pasina kutya kurasikirwa namabasa avo. Kwave kuchibetsera zvikuru vabereki vatsva, vashandi vane zvirwere zvakakomba, uye avo vanotarisira vabereki vakwegura. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti FMLA yakavandudza tsika dzavashandi uye kuderedza shavo. Zvisinei, mutemo une misiyano inokosha: hausati uchifukidza zororo rinobhadharwa, uye vashandi vazhinji vane mari yakaderera havagoni kubhadhara zororo. Chikumbaridzo chevashandi 50 chebasa chinobvisa inenge 40% yeU.S. Maruwa anoverengeka akagadza mitemo yavo vamene yemhuri inobhadharwa kuti ipedze idzi zvikanganiso, uye kune kubhadharo inoenderera mberi nokuda kwepurogiramu yezororo yomubatanidzwa.

Kuwirirana Nedzimwe Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo

FMLA inobatanidza dzimwe kodzero dzevagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Pregnancy Discrimination Act inoda vashandirwi kuti vabate pamuviri sezvimwe zvirema zvechinguvana, nepo FMLA inogovera zororo rebasa rakadzivirirwa nokuda kwemigariro ine chokuita napamuviri. Tsamba yewage ne Hour Division yeMALI inosimbisa FMLA] uye inogovera nhungamiro pakuteerera.

mhedziso

Mutemo wenhau wakanzverwa munyaya ino (chikamu cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu cha1946, Chibvumirano cheVarwi vekodzero dzemunhu weChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheChinetso cheChibvumirano cheMagariro eChishamiso che1968, uye Mitemo yeChibvumirano cheMari neNzou yeChibvumirano cheMari yeChibvumirano cheNyika yeChibvumirano cheNyika yeChirungu ya1993 (Zvevekunyorwa) inoongorora chirongwa chepamutemo chokuziva kuti chiremera chomunhu oga oga oga uye kuva nekodzero yokuenzana zvinoda kudzivirirwa. Kunyange zvakadaro kukunda kumwe nokurwisa kwenhau kwakaitika kwenhau yenhau yenzanga uye kwezvamatongerwe enyika, uye kugadziriswa kukuru. Vakabvisa kodzero dzepamutemo dzoupenyu hweAmerica, vakavhura, vakazamura mamirioni nzvimbo, mamiriyoni emamiriyoni mabhiriyoni, uye mamiriro ezvinhu avanhu vose, uye anoramba achibvumiranisa kodzero dzemabasa okushanda. Kuzvirongwa izvi hazvitongorevitwi nokureviswi kudarika. Kuedza kupfuurira kwemitemo yomutemo kutsigira mamiriro ezvinhu.