Sumo

Mitemo inorwisana nougandanga yeIndia inomirira imwe yenzvimbo dzinorwisana zvikurusa dzegadziriro yapamutemo yenyika. Yakada kurwisa tyisidziro dzomukati nedzemiganhu yakaoma, iyi mitemo inopa masimba makuru okusungwa, kusungwa, uye kuongororwa. Nepo hurumende inoramba ichiidzivirira seinokosha nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika, vatsoropodzi vanopikisa kuti nenzira yakarongwa inokanganisa kodzero dzinokosha dzakadai segadziriro yokutaura kwakasununguka, uye kuvandika. Mumakumi amakore, gakavaro yacho yakangowedzera bedzi sezvo mitemo yakagadziriswa uye yashandiswa mukurwisana nezvinonzi magandanga, vatsigiri, vatori venhau, uye vapanduki vezvematongerwe enyika. Nyaya ino inoongorora mhindu yemitemo inorwisana nokusavapo kwemutemo, kurwisana nokuzvirongwa zvemagariro, kurwisana kwerusununguko pamutemo, uye kurwisana kwokuchengeteka pakati pehurumende.

Mitemo Inorwisa Ugandanga muIndia Yaitaurwa Kare

Chinoitika cheIndia nougandanga chakavambira shure kumasangano echibvumirano muPunjab, Kashmir, uye kuNortheast muma 1980 nama 1990.

Muitiro Wemagandanga Nemibato Inoodza Mwoyo (Kuparadza) (TADA), 1987

TADA yakaitwa muna 1987 semwero wechinguvana kubata nokukwira kwemiitiro muPunjab nedzimwe nharaunda. Yakabvumira kusungwa kwenguva refu pasina bhero, ufakazi husingazivikanwi, uye mipimo yakaderedzwa youfakazi. Pakasvika nguva yayakapera muna 1995, TADA yakanga yashandiswa zvakafara, kazhinji kazhinji mukurwisana namatsotsiwo zvawo uye vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika. A 1994 National Human Rights Commission yakataura kuti 90% yenhau dzeTADA yakaguma nokuzvinyima, kuratidzira kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwakapararira. Kuvira kwomutemo kwakaratidzira ngozi dzesimba repamusorosoro.

Kudzivirira Ugandanga, 2002

Tada yapera, musiyano wezvombo zvepamutemo wakanzwa pashure pekudenha kwePramende ya2001. Hurumende yakagadza POTA muna 2002, yakaisa tambo asi nedziviriro duku dzetsika. POTA yakapa zviremera simba rokusarudza masangano semagandanga, inofungira kuti kwemazuva 90 pasina mutengi, uye inoisa mutoro weuchapupu pavanopomerwa. Kupomera kwakapararira kwokushandisa zvisina kufanira vanhu vashoma uye vakwikwikwidzani vezvematongerwe enyika kwakatungamirira kukuva marapidhi ayo muna 2004. Zvisinei, gadziriro huru dzePOTA dzakakurumidza kuiswa muUniveration Acts (Prevertion) Act (UPA) Act (UPA) kupfurikidza nepfumo.

Mibato Isina Kufanira (Provention) Act (UAPA), 1967 – The Current Backbone

Chibvumirano cha2019 chakapa simba rehurumende kuti rione vanhu semagandanga, kwete masangano chete. Mutemo zvino unobatanidza gadziriro dzokuramba mari yebheyili, kuendesa kuchengetedzwa kwapamberi pemari kusvikira kumazuva 180, uye kubvumira kusunungurwa kwemapurisa kuti kushandiswe souchapupu. UAPA yakawedzera rudungwe rwemasangano anorambidzwa kubva pamapoka 40 akarongwa.

Kuita Zvinhu Zvisina Kufanira (Kuita Zvokuda Kukanganisa) Muitiro

UAPA yakasiyana nemutemo wematsotsiwo zvawo nokuti inoita kuti kudzikamisa kwemitemo kuende kuhurumende.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Akaoma

Chikamu 43D (5) cheUAPA chinotaura kuti bhero haisati ichizopiwa kana dare, padayari renhau kana kuti mushumo wesangano rinonzvera, unogutswa kuti pane zvikonzero zvine mufungo zvokudavira kuti pomero pamunhu iPrimafacie. Ikoku kunochinja kutemwa kwenguva dzose kwokusasarura; anopomerwa anofanira kubvumikisa kuva asina mhaka. Muitiro uyu unoreva kuti kunyange pomero dzisina kusimba dzinogona kutungamirira kukusungwa kwakarebesa. Dare gurusa mumhaka dzakadai se Unions. K.A. NAEb [FFLD:1] [20] [201]

Kuzvidzora Kwakakura Pasina Kupotsa

Muchikamu 43D(2) pasi peChikamu 43D, munhu anosungwa pasi peUAPA anogona kuchengetwa kwamazuva anosvika 30 asati abudiswa pamberi pamajaji, uye nhambo yose yokusungwa isati yapiwa inogona kutambanudzirwa kusvikira ku 90 kusvikira ku 180 mazuva. Ikoku kwakarefu zvikuru kupfuura muganhu wemaawa 24 muMutemo weCriminal Procedure. Sangano rinonzvera rinongoda bedzi kuti kunoda nguva yakawanda kuunganidza ufakazi. Masangano amaruramiro avanhu anoshuma kuti vasungwa vazhinji vanoramba vari mutorongo kwemwedzi mizhinji vasati vapiwa mhaka, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji muusungwa hwokuvharirwa kwekurukurirano inodzivisa necoccurence.

Kuronga Vanhu Samagandanga

Chinjo ya2019 yakawedzerwa Chikamu 35A, ichibvumira hurumende huru kuratidzira vanhu samagandanga kupfurikidza nechiziviso muGazette yapamutemo. Iyi rondedzero yakavakirwa pamiuyo youchenjeri uye inodzokororwa zvishoma. Vakasarudzwa, pfuma yomunhu mumwe nomumwe inogona kuomeswa, uye vanotarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba neganhuriro dzekurukurirano. Vatsoropodzi vanopikisa muitiro wacho kuva usina ujekeri; hurumende inogona kuita chimwe chinhu pauchenjeri hwakavanzika pasina kupa munhu mukana wokunzwiwa. Sapa 2024, vanhu vanopfuura 50 vakarongwa, kubatanidza vazhinji vakanga vasina kupomerwa mhaka yougandanga.

Kushandiswa Kwerevo Nemashoko Akanyorwa Pabonde

UAPA inobvumira kutaura kwakanyorwa nomukuru mukuru wemapurisa kwenzvimbo yeSuperintende of Police kana kuti pamusoro apa kubvumwa soufakazi, kunyange kana kusati kwaitwa nokuzvidira. gadziriro iyi yakatsoropodzwa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti kuchengetwa kwamapurisa muIndia kazhinji kazhinji kunobatanidza kumanikidza, sezvinotsigirwa nemishumo yakawanda inobva kuAmnesty International neCommonwealth Human Rights Itiction. Mutoro ipapo unochinja kumunhu anopomerwa kuti ubvumikise kuti kureurura hakuna kuitwa nokuzvidira, basa rinodokuva basa risingakwaniswi apo anenge ari mutorongo.

Kutapura Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

Kuitwa kweUAPA nemitemo ine chokuita nayo kwakamutsa itiro hanya dzakakomba mumativi anoverengeka orusununguko rwehurumende.

Kodzero Yokutonga Nokuwana Kunogamuchirwa

Kuchinjwa kwegadziriro dzebheyili kunosekesa kufungwa kwokusava nemhaka. Zviitiko zvakakwirira zvikuru zvinoratidzira ikoku. Mu Bhima Koregaon – Elgar Parishad nhau, vashingairi nedzidzo vakasungwa muna 2018 muUAPA nokuda kwokufungidzirwa kuti mabataniriro namapoka eMaopist. Kubvira pakutanga kwe2025, anoverengeka akapedza makore anopfuura matanhatu muusungwa pasina chisarudzo chokupedzisira. Dare rakaramba nguva dzose kunyange apo ufakazi hwedare rinotonga hwakaoneka hwakaneta. Nheyo yeDare Refurusa rinovakwa mu [FLT:] K. A.[FFFFLT]] A.

Rusununguko Rwokuratidzirwa Nokushatirwa

Rondedzero yakafara ye “mubato usingabvumirwi. ” Muchikamu 15 cheUAPA inobatanidza chiito chipi nechipi chinobatanidza kana kuti kutsigira donzo kana kuti kushora uchangamire hweIndia, kana kuti kusimudzira ruvengo pakati pamapoka. Mutauro uyu wakashandiswa kurongera vatori venhau, vadzidzi, uye vadziviriri vekodzero dzavanhu. Mienzaniso inosanozivikanwa inobatanidza kusungwa kwarost Raybub (pashure apa kupiwa mari inotangirwa), [[FLT:]] kuratidzira kutsiva kwaDevata Kala naNasha Nartaal mubatanidzwa na 2020 Delms, [FLY] na[FFF] Kaush . [5]

Kuva Woga Nezvokudya Zvinovaka Muviri

UPAFRASA inoita kuti ungwarire kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakafanana nokuvhota kwemibato yekurukurirano (Sayenzi 47A) uye kunzvera pasina zvibvumikiso. Hurumende inoita kuti pave neNational Intelligence IDRID (NATGRID) neCentral Moniting System (CMS) inounganidza nokunzvera mitaro yamametameta kubva patelecom napan Internet. Mukushaikwa kwomutemo wemiteoredziro yemitengi inodzivirira madata kusvikira Digineti yogametic Memotection Act, 2023, gadziriro yapamutemo yeNHAURORPU yezvokunzvera inoramba yakajeka. Dare rapamusoro mu [FLT:].[5] .[FFFFFFF]

Tapuro Pauduku Hworudzidziso

Masangano ekodzero akapupurira kare kushandiswa kwapakare napaduku kwemitemo inorwisana namakororo muIndia. Nzvero inoonekwa ne Commonwealth Rights Human Rights Initive[ yakawana kuti inopfuura 60% yeUAPAPiveeetes vaiva vaMuslim, pasinei zvapo nokuti vaMuslim vanoita 14% bedzi vavagari veIndia. Miitiro yakacherekedzwa mukati meTCA nePOTA ingaratidzika kuva inodzokororwazve. Kudzorwa pasi peUAPA kunowanzotevera masimba masimba masimba ose kana kuti kunzi tyisidziro huru inobva munzanga duku, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuvakwa kwemipira netsvina. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, ufakazi hunopiwa — zvakadai semabhuku akadzorerwa kana kuti maripiri — hahungaitiki pasi pomutemowo, asi hunobatwa pasi peUAPA.

Kusunungurwa Kwehurumende: Murangariro Wehurumende

Hurumende yeIndia inotaura kuti mitemo yakasimba inorwisana nengozi inopa tyisidziro. India yakatarisana nezvinoitika zvinotyisa zvinopfuura 1200 zvinobatanidzwa pakati pa2010 na2023, maererano neMinistry of Home Affairs. Izvi zvinobatanidza kudenha kweMumbai kwa 2008, 2016 Patankantot, uye zvinoitika zviduku zvikuru muJammu neKashmir, uyewo masimba masimba eMaoist muIndia iri pakati. Hurumende inopikisa kuti UApa inogovera tsandanyama dzapamutemo kuti dzidzore zvirongwa zvisati zvashandiswa, zvikurukuru izvo zvinobatanidzwa nokuyambuka muchinjikwa kwapa Pakistan-pasi penyika yakadai seLashkar-e Taibhai neJaish-Memadma.

Vakuru vakuru vanonongedzerawo kudare rakazvimirira sedziviriro. Dare Gurusa rinogona kurova mazita oudzvinyiriri ndokupa bhera mumhaka dzemhosva dzinopesana. Vanocherekedza kuti chiverengero chezvitendero pasi peUPA chiri chakaderera zvikuru kana kuchienzaniswa nokusungwa, asi chinoti ichi imhaka yedenho yokubvumikisa kuva denho mumhaka dzougandanga panzvimbo pokushandisa zvisina kufanira. Chimiro chehurumende ndechokuti kuderera kupi nokupi kworusununguko imhinduro yechinguvana uye inowirirana netyisidziro iripo.

Zvisinei, uku kutaura kunopokanidzwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzinocherekedza kuti nyika dzakawanda dzine ugandanga hushoma zvikuru (muchib., Canada, Australia) dzinotarisira nemirau inogovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru mugadziriro. Nhamba dzehurumende dzimene dzinobva muNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB) dzinoratidza kuti nhamba yenhau dzeUAPA dzakanyoreswa yakawedzera kubva pa 900 muna 2016 kusvika kuinopfuura 3 000 muna 2022, nepo mwero yekupwiswa yakaramba iri munenge 25% munguva iyoyo.

Kutarisira Kutonga uye Kuchinja Kwemazuva Achangobva Kupfuura

Matare eIndia akadzikamiswa panhambo nenhambo kuganhurira kumwe kwokuedza kukuru zvikuru kwemitemo inorwisana namatsotsi, asi gadziriro yose inoramba isina kukanganiswa. Mu Union of India vs. K.K. Najeeb, Dare Gurusa reMaharashtra[FF3:] , rakava nzvimbo yebheyili kunyange pasi pomutongo, kugadza bearbar yemwedzi mitanhatu nokuda kwokupedzisa. Mu Vansnon Gomals v. State of Mahractractives. [200] , Dare Rapamusoro rakapiwa mari yeElgarg Paris panzvimbo inosurusaidzwa. Rakarambazve kudzosera Dare rechokwadi.

Muna 2022, hurumende yakasuma Mibato Isina Kutenderwa (Prevention) Remendment Bill, 2022 kupfupikisa gadziriro dzayo, asi kutsoropodza kwakapararira kwakamanikidzira kubuda kwayo. Panzvimbo pezvo, hurumende yakaumba dare raimira panzvimbo pazvo kuti rihwirudzure UAPA, yakarumbidza muna 2024 kuti mutemo uchengeterwe asi nedziviriro dziri nani, zvakadai sokuhwirudzura kwapamutemo kwezvitangiro neganhuriro pakuchengetwa kwapamberi. Idzi hadzisati dzaitwa.

[ Sumoname 1: PRS India- UAPA nduration [[FT:1]] (kudzima muromo: inonongedzera ku [ PRS Legislative Research[])

[[[FT:0] Dare gurusa rinobatanidza 2: Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu K.A. Najeeb (Chisarudzo chokudzivira: Dare reIndia[])

Murangariro Wokuenzanisa: Kuparara Kwakaita Mitemo yeIndia

Nyika yose, nyika dzakawanda dzedemocracy dzakagadza mitemo inorwisana namatomuro akaipa inodzikamisa chengeteko nerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Somuenzaniso, Patriot Act yeUnited States ya2001, yakatangwa kuongorora asi yakabatanidza zvikamu zvezuva rokunyura kwezuva uye utarisiri hwedare. UK’s Terrorism Act inoda zvibvumidzo zvokutonga nokuda kwokusungwa kwenguva refu kunopfuura mazuva 14 (yakabviswa kubva pamazuva 28 pashure pokutsoropodza). UA yeIndia haina gadziriro dzakazara dzokunyura kwezuva uye gadziriro yokutarisira kweparamende yakaneta, neUNIA inoshuma bedzi kuHushumiri Hwepamusha.

MuAustralia, mitemo inorwisana namakororo inobvumira nokuda kwemirairo asi mupomeri ane maruramiro kugweta nehwirudzuro yenhambo nenhambo. UPAPA yeIndia haisati ichigovera maruramiro ezano mukati menzvero yokutanga, uye mupomeri anowanzopiwa parakaro. 2023 nomushumo we International Commission of JURY yakagumisa kuti gadziriro yeIndia inorwisana negadziriro yemitemo yetsika dzavanhu inoputsa misengwaro inoverengeka yamarudzi ose, kubatanidza Convention on Civilic nekodzero dzePolitiki (ICPR) pamusoro pekodzero dzechipokaroriti yekodzero dzechisarupo nedzero.

[ Nhevedzano 3: International Commission of Jurists inoshuma pamusoro peIndia (Chiratidzo chokuvandika: [ICJ)

Nhamba 4 Amnesty International India 2023 mushumo pamusoro peUAPA (Chiratidzo chokudziya: Amnety International[)

Kugamuchira nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nokutsigira Chinjo

Masangano anoverengeka ekodzero dzavanhu eIndia, akadai se Union yavanhu nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo (PACL) uye Hummony Rights Law Network [[[FLLN]], yakatsigira nguva dzose kuhwirudzura UAPA. Vanopikisana nokuda kwokudzorera kuva asina mhaka, kuderedza ganhuriro yapamberi, kunoda kupiwa murairidzi wedare nokuda kwokunzvera, uye kutanga dare razvimirira. ‘ UAAPUP Reformations controatections , mubatanidzwa wavagwetarositi nevanorwira hurumende, vakaisa mutemo kuMutemo kuMasangano eIndia. Zvisinei, mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika umo kuchengeteka kushamba kwehurumende, kunoramba kuri kugadziridzwa kwedare remitemo nokuda kwedare rehurumende.

mhedziso

Mitemo inorwisana nougandanga yeIndia, zvikurukuru UAPA, inomirira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pezvinodikanwa zvechengeteko nokuchengetedzwa kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Nepo tyisidziro yougandanga iri chaiyoiyo, gadziriro yapamutemo yazvino uno inoputsa nomutoo wakafanira: kusungwa kusingaganhurirwi, kunyimwa kwebhedha pazvikonzero zvisina kusimba, uye kupara mhosva kwakava kwakakurumbira. Kutapura kukuru paboka ravaduku navanotsigira rusununguko kunokarakadza kuti mutemo unowanzoshandiswa sechishandiso chezvamatongerwe enyika panzvimbo pechishandiso chaichoi. Zvitendero zvinotanga kutungamirira kwomutemo, kunyura kwezuva, uye kodzero yechokwadi yokubhadharwa kuri madikanwa kuwirira mutemo nemitemo yapamutemo yamarudzi ose. Pasi pezvipo, mitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira njodzi yerudzi rwavanhu.

NCRB mashoko paUAPA zvinoitika (Kudzima ganda: UCRIM muMitemo yeIndia )