Kutanga: Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende sechipingamupinyi Kukodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Hurumende inodzivirira Hurumende inheyo yemitemo yehurumende yeAmerica inodzivirira njodzi dzinoregwa nehurumende kuti dzisakwidzwa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwavo. Iyi dzidziso yakagadzirwa kudzivirira mitengo yehurumende uye kuchengetedza chiremera chehurumende. Zvisinei, mumashoko ekodzero dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza vechiduku nevanodzivirira zvirwere zvinogona kuparira mhinganidzo dzinotyisa. Juveniles, anovimba negadziriro dzinoshanda dzehurumende dzakadai sezvikoro zvavose, masangano ezvemari, uye machengetero, kazhinji kazhinji anotsvaka kudzorerwa kwapamutemo kwemitemo yemitemo inopesana nemitemo. Kunyange zvakadaro, dziviriro yacho inowanzodzivisa kutaura izvozvo kutoti kwakasiyana. Nyaya iyi inonzvera dzidziso yehurumende inodzivirira, kushandiswa kwayo mukodzero dzavagari vemo vemo vemo vemo voruzhinji, vapfumiteve, vanokwanisa kukunda kudzivirira maruramiro avana, uye kudzivirira kodzero dzapamutemo nokuda kwokudzivirira kodzero dzavanhu vaduku.

Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira pakodzero dzekodzero dzechisimba nedzechiduku kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mumutemo wedzidzo, ruramisiro yepwere, kana kuti kodzero dzevana. Pasina kunzwisisa dzidziso iyi, kunyange kodzero dzehurumende dzakasimba zvikuru dzinogona kurambwa pamavambo. Iyi nhungamiro yakakudzwa inogovera kupetwa kujeka kuzere kwemitemo, ichipa nzwisiso dzinoshanda nokuda kwavarapi uye kuongororwa kune udzame kwegadziriro yemitemo inodzora nhau dzakadaro.

Kunzwisisa Kubatana kwaChangamire weHurumende: Mavambo Nenzvimbo

Murangariro wesimba rokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwesimba rinotonga hausati uchizorangarirwa kudzokera kumutemo weEngland, uko Korona isingagoni kukwidzwa pasina kutendera kwayo. MuUnited States, Pendusion yechi11 yakasimbisa iyi nheyo pamwero wehurumende, ichigovera, kuti: “Simba roRuramisiro reUnited States harisati richizorangarirwa kutambanudzira kumupimo upi noupi mumutemo kana kuti mutevedzeri, wakatanga kana kuti watongerwa mukurwisana nomumwe weUnited States naVagari vagari veNyika, kana kuti naVagaricacias kana kuti Vatungamiriri veNyika ipi neipi yeMaruwa. Kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwacho ruchiratidzika kuva rwakasiana-kwakamuranisa, Dare Rapamusoro-561 rakadudzira mufambiro mugariro womutemo wavagari vemo. Ona [FLD:0]

Dzidziso yacho inotambanudzirwa kwete bedzi kuhurumende imene asiwo kumasangano ehurumende namasangano anorangarirwa kuva “hondo dzehurumende.” Kana sangano richikwaniriswa soruoko rwehurumende rinotsamira pazvinhu zvakadai semwero wesimba rehurumende, manyuko emari yaro yokutsigira, uye kana mutongo waizobhadharwa kubva mupfuma yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, yunivhesiti kana kuti nzvimbo yehurumende yeruramiso yehurumende inodzivirira chaizvoizvo, nepo kuva bhizinesi kana kuti ruwa rwechikoro rusiri (nemhaka yokuti zvikamu zviduku zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvehurumende, kwete nyika imene). Ichi chisarudzodzo chinotsoropodza muzvinoitika zvavechiduku: kana mukwikwidziri wehurumende (g. chiwiro chehurumende), chiwiriranwa chavanhu) chingashandisa; kana dare risiri boka rechikoro chomunzvimbomo kana kuti nzvimbo yechikoro.

Chinangwa chokuzvitonga kwezvigaro zvinodzivirira kukuvadziko yehurumende pakuparadzwa nemhosva dzehurumende, nokudaro kuchichengeta utongi nedzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende nehurumende. Zvisinei, dzidziso yacho yakatsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusiya vanhu vane njodzi zvikurusa(kubatanidza dziviriro) pasina mushonga wokuputsa mutemo. Somuuyo, Congress nematare zvakagadzira zvakasiyana - siyana izvo zvinobvumira marudzi akati ezvirevo kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nokudzivisa uchangamire.

Kutonga Kwegumi Negumi Nokushanduka Kwakwo

Dare Gurusa rakataura nezvokusatapurwa kwemitemo muzvisarudzo zvakawanda zvechiratidzo chevhu, zvichiumba kushanda kwaro munguva. Hans v. Louisiana (1890), Dare rakaramba kuti Dare rePrefectth Amendment rinorambidza kurwisana nehurumende nevagari varo mudare rehurumende, kunyange zvazvo rugwaro rwePremendement harutauri zvakajeka. Gare gare gare, mu ] rutivi rwechiduku (1908), Dare rakagadzira kupesana kunokosha: sundo nokuda kwokukarirwa muyamuro inorwisana nehurumende inorwisana nomutemo wehurumende inosarangarirwa nenzira inopesana nomutemo. Chirevoti chikuru chinodzodzodzo chehurumende chinodzorwa kuhurumende chinodzorwa kuhurumende.

Dzidziso yazvino uno inodzivisa dziviriro yakakomba yakasimbiswa muzvinoitika zvakadai se SAMINOLE FURLL v. Florida (1996], iyo yaidavira kuti Congress haigoni kudzivirira hurumende mukusatapurwa muhurumende muChikamu chayo I. Nokuti, Kondirasitimende Inokosha kutoti ichiita kuti Chikamu 5 cheGenetimende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo mizhinji yehurumende yakaiswa pasi peChikamu I haigoni kudzora kutevedzerwa kutevedzerwa kweGenetine. Nokuti vaduku, izvi zvinonyanya kukosha kumitemo yakafanana neAntuberce Ex Act (IDA) uye IX, iyo ingava inova inova inodenha dziviriro kana isingagoni kudzora kana isati ichishandiswa chikamu chesimba chikamu 5.

Mhaka Dzekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Dzinoshandura Juveniles: Nzvimbo Yakafara

Manyumonia anoshanda nehurumende munzira dzakawanda dzinogona kuita kuti pave nezvinotaurwa nekodzero dzevanhu.Nzvimbo dzinozivikanwa nevakawanda dzokupa matare dzinosanganisira:

  • Tsamba: Inotaura pasi poMutemo weDzidzo Une Urema (IDEA), Chikamu 504 cheRehabilitation Act, Umutwe II weAmerican ane Urema Act (ADA), uye Musoro weIX weIdformation Amendments yeDzidzidzo ya 1972. Iyi mitemo inodzivirira vadzidzi pakusarura uye kuva nechokwadi chedzidzo yakafanira. Changamire anodzivisa kukuvadzwa anowanzomuka apo madhipati ehurumende edzidzo kana kuti zvikoro zvinobatira hurumende.
  • Juvenile Demetri ne Tsvenects: Mamiriro ezvinhu okuvharwa anodenha kushandiswa kwokuvharwa uri woga, simba rakawandisa, kutarisirwa kusina kukwana kwezvokurapa, uye kundikano yokudzivirira vaduku pamasimba masimba. IMpendment ye14th Respread’s Classias neSendment (kupfurikidza neKirethth Amendment) inogovera mikana yeyamuro, asi dziviriro yapamutemo inogona kuvhara muganhu wenyika imene.
  • Vanal Welfare: anotaura pamusoro peminamato inodzivirira mwana wehurumende nokuda kwokukundikana kudzivirira vana pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kana kuti kubviswa kwezvakaipa. Izvi zvinowanzobatanidza kupomera kuputsa mutemo kwakafanira muGaramende re14.
  • Kupesana: Mitemo inopa chiratidzo chetsarudzo yedzinza, yevatano, kana kuti yourema kunoitwa navakuru vakuru vehurumende kana kuti masangano, zvakadai sechirango chisingaenzaniswi muzvikoro kana kuti mapurisa okusasarura avaduku.

Mumashoko aya ose, kuvapo kwomupomeri wehurumende kunonyandura kunzverwa kana dziviriro yapamutemo ichishanda uye, kana zvakadaro, kana kusiri kwokumwe kuchibvumira sutu yacho kupfuurira.

Chikonzero Nei Kubatana kwaChangamire Kuchinetsa Zvikuru Nokuda Kwavanababa

Manyukichini ari pakati pemitezo inotapurwa zvikurusa yenzanga. Kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa zviwanikwa, zivo, uye kumiririrwa kwapamutemo zvinodikanwa kushandisa dziviriro dzetsika dzakaoma. Uyezve, hurumende kazhinji kazhinji ndiyo inoparira kuvakwa kwavo, dzidzo, kana kuti dziviriro. Apo nyika iyoyo inoputsa kodzero dzavo, dzidziso yokudzivisa kukuvadzwa kwesimba rinotonga inogona kubatanidza kuvadziko kupfurikidza nokudzinyima zororo. Somuenzaniso, wechiduku anotambura nokubatwa zvisina kufanira kwakakomba musojabha rehurumende angawana kuti sututi yezvibhadharo inovharirwa nedziviriro yapamutemo, nepo suturo yeyamuro (yakadai semurayiro wokumisa kubata zvisina kufanira) inongobvira bedzi pasi pe [[FLD:0] Chikamu chiduku [FF.]

Kupfuurirazve, mitemo yakawanda yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende inodzivirira vaduku − yakadai seIDEA neADA(require) inotaura kuti kubvuma kuwirirana semugariro wokugamuchira mari yehurumende. Zvisinei, hurumende dzinogona kubvisa kana kuti kuganhurira kubvumirana kwakadaro, uye Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira mano eDare kudzivirira kurwisa utachiona mumitemo yakati. Ikoku kunoparira dziviriro dzakaganhurirwa idzo dzinosiana nehurumende uye norudzi rwekutaura.

Miganhu Inoiswa naChangamire Haiwirirani Pakutaura Kwevaviri

Apo muduku kana kuti mumiriri wavo vanoisa dare rekodzero dzavagari vemo mudare rehurumende, mukwirirwi (sangano rehurumende kana kuti dare) angamutsa dziviriro yesimba rokuzvitonga sedziviriro. Kana mudziviriri abudirira, dare rinofanira kubvisa mhaka yacho nokuda kwokushaiwa chiremera chenhau. Ikoku kunogona kuitika pachikuva chokuteterera, pamberi pokuwana kupi nokupi kana kuti kutsunga kupi kwakafanira. Zvisakafanira zvinowanzosanganwa:

  • Kukuvara Kunoshuviwa: Changamire anodzora hosha anowanzodzivisa sutu dzekuvadziko yemari kuhurumende kana kuti vakuru vakuru vayo muukuru hwavo hwehurumende (nemhaka yokuti kuvadziko yakadaro yaizobhadharwa muchivigiro chemari chehurumende). Iyi mhinganidzo inokosha zvikurusa, seizvo vaduku vakakuvadzwa nechiito chehurumende vanowanzotsvaka muripo nokuda kwendyiko dzezvokurapa, marwadzo nokutambura, kana kuti kuvadziko yedzidzo.
  • [[Ntodzi] Kurenda Rubatsiro Rwokunzvera: Apiders dzinotsvaka kupedza zvikanganiso zvomunguva yakapfuura kupfurikidza nemhosho kana kuti kuvadziko dzinorambidzwa kazhinji kazhinji. Yamuro inokarirwa yeyamuro inoiswa mungozi (g., murairo wokuchinja muitiro kana kuti muitiro unoenda mberi) unobvumirwa pasi pe [ chikamu cheEx Young .
  • Dare reHurumende: Dare rapamusoro rakati kudzivirirwa kwekodzero kunoitwa nehurumende kunoshandawo mudare rehurumende apo hurumende inotongwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kutoti hurumende yadzikirwa. Ona Alden v. Maine (1999). Ikoku kunoreva kuti vaduku havagoni kungodzivisa dzidziso kupfurikidza nokuisa mudare rehurumende.
  • Bar Against Ascheds Under Chikamu 1983: 42 U.S.C. 1983 ndiyo motokari huru yokusimbisa pamutemo wehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende mukurwisana navatambi vehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa rakachengetwa mu [[FLT:] Hall v. Michigan Department of State Police [[FLT] [19989] kuti nyika haisati iri “chiteshi chechipo chokupfeka pasi pechinetsoro chehurumende. Naizvozvo, chikamu cha 1983 chinotaurira kuvara murango mukurwisana nehurumende kana kuti masangano ayo chinorambidzwa nehurumende inodzorwa. Zvinotaurwa nehurumende musimba ravo ravanhu havasati zvichirambidzwa (kudzivirirwa kwakasiana nokudzivirirwa kwakaparadza).

Iyi ganhuriro inoreva kuti nokuda kwenhau dzakawanda dzekodzero dzavagari vemo dzepwere, nzira bedzi inoshanda iri kukwidza vakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe musimba ravo romunhu oga nokuda kwekuvadziko kana kuti kutsvaka nyaradzo yapamutemo muukuru hwavo hwehurumende pasi pe Expate Young [. Kunyange zvakadaro, kukumbira kwokungwarira kunodikanwa kudzivisa kudzingwa.

Zviratidzo Nezvigwagwa: Nzira Dzokupote Changamire

Kuvatsigiri vekodzero dzevechiduku, kunzwisisa nzira idzi kunokosha kuti dzirambe dzichidiwa.

Kubviswa Kwechechi Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheKinneth Amendment

Congress ingadzivisa kuzvidzivirira pasimba rehurumende kana ichiita kudaro pasina kupora uye ichiita kuti ipe simba rinokunda kudzivirirwa nehurumende. Dare rapamusoro rakati mutemo bedzi wakaitwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheMitemo ye145 yePramende. Iro rinopa Congress simba rokushandisa zvipikirwa zvePrefective. Zvinogona kudzivirira hurumende pasutu yehurumende. Mitemo yakapfuudzwa pasi peChikamu I (Commerce Clause, Pelause Clause, etc.) haigoni kugovera chibvumirano. Ona [[FLT:] Florida.Presary Education Postreary Refective Accoult Board v. Kollegencys[FFFort:1999]

Mienzaniso yemirau yakatsigirwa seyakarerekera pasi peChikamu 5 inobatanidza Thit II yeAmerican With Diculture Act (sezvinoshandiswa kukusvika kumatare namabasa akati avose) uye Family and Medical Let Act (sezvo inoshandiswa kutarisiro yemhuri inosiya rusaruro rwechirume nechechikadzi). Munhau dzechiduku, Musoro II weADA ungabvumira zviito zvinokuvadza pahurumende nokuda kwerusaruro rwezvikoro zvehurumende kana kuti nzvimbo dzokuchengetera, zvakagovera mufambiro wakananga unoputsa kodzero dze 1450 Demendementmentmentment. Zvisinei, maruramiro ebrogro anoramba ari ega youngano, uye matare anowanzoda kuratidzwa kwe “tsika yokusasarura. ” Nhau ndeyokubvumira kuti [FL:] Varentens.[FLD] v.[FFPUL]

2. Nyika Inokonzera Kusagadzikana

Mitengo ingaparadza nokuzvidira dziviriro yayo inotonga, zvimwe nenzira yakajeka (kupfurikidza nemitemo kana kuti gadziriro dzebumbiro-mitemo) kana kuti nokugamuchira chose chose (mari yehurumende ine mugariro wakajeka waibvuma). Nyika zhinji dzakaita zviito zvetort kuti zvisashaikwa nokuda kwemarudzi akati ezvishuwo, kazhinji kazhinji nezvinodikanwa zvechibharo zvakafanana neziviso yezvirango mukati menguva pfupi. Somuenzaniso, mwana akuvadzwa neregeredzo yomushandi wehurumende angasundira pasi pehurumende kuita chiito. Mukuwedzera, apo hurumende inogamuchira mari pasi pezvifananidzo zvakafanana neIEA kana kuti Thir IX, migariro yokuripira mari inowanzoda kuva asingawiwiwi sezvirevo zvinotemwa. Ona [FL:]

Muzvinoitika zvavechiduku, muparadzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa anoitwa kupfurikidza neIDEA, iyo inoraira kuti dzidzo chaiyo yehurumende ipiwe mari pamvumo yehurumende yokubvumirana mudare rehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, Thit IX wavers inoshanda kuvagamuchiri vemari yedzidzo yehurumende, kubatanidza mayunivhesiti ehurumende uye zvimwe zvikoro K - 12 kana zvikashandiswa nehurumende. Zvisinei, ukoshi hwemari yemari inodzorwa pasi pomutemo wehurumende inodzorwa naClaus hunoganhurirwa kugadziriro chaiyo yemitemo yokururamisa uye haisi kudzivirira dziviriro nokuda kwezvimwe zvikarakadzo.

3 Musiyano Wokupedzisira Wepwere

Zvichida kusiiwa kunokosha zvikurusa mukodzero dzevechiduku kukwanisa kukwirira vakuru vakuru vehurumende musimba ravo rehurumende nokuda kweyamuro inokarirwa kupedza kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Munyasi Ex parate Young , mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende ari kuputsa mutemo wehurumende anorangarirwa kuva anoshanda kunze kwechiremera chehurumende, uye naizvozvo sutu yacho hairwisani nehurumende. Uku kubvumira varambi kuti vatsvaki vadzo vanogombedzera kushandura miitiro isati iri pamutemo, kugumisa miitiro isati iri inobvumirwa nomutemo, kana kuti kugovera mabasa anodikanwa. Haibvumiri kukuvadza kana kuti kumwe kuyamura.

Nokuda kwavana, uku kusiiwa kunowanzoshandiswa mukupesana kwesangano, zvakadai semigariro inodenha muzvivako zvokuchengetera pwere dzehurumende kana kuti kumanikidza kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa zveIDEA. Somuenzaniso, chiito cheboka chinoti torongo repwere dzinomhanya rehurumende rinoshandisa kuvharwa kwaro kwoga kwakanyanyisa mukupunzwa kweMitemo yejeri yaAlemo ye [FLT] pasi pe [[FLT:] Exte Young kunyange zvazvo nyika imene iri dziviriro.

4. Zvipfeko Zvinorwisana Nehurumende Nevakuru - vakuru Vemo

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti kudzivirira dziviriro yapamutemo hakudziviriri maakanisita, maruwa ezvikoro, kana kuti mamwe masangano ehurumende omunzvimbomo. Dare rePremendence reAndeminth rinoshanda bedzi kunyika nemaoko adzo. Naizvozvo, kukwirira mhaka padare rechikoro romunzvimbomo, nzvimbo yokuchengetera vana muruwa (kana inoshandiswa neruwa), kana kuti boka ramapurisa ehurumende harina kurambidzwa nedziviriro yehurumende. Zvisinei, masangano akadaro angashandisa dzimwe dziviriro, uye anorangarirwa kuva “vaduku" vanowirirana neChikamu cha 1983. Kodzero dzavagari vemo dzezvikoro zvechikoro kana kuti masangano ezvengariro avana kuti vadzivise mhoshoro inodzorwa yapamutemo.

Kutarisirwa Kwakanaka Kwevatsigiri Mumhosva Dzekodzero Dzevanhu Vasina Kufanira

Kana vachifunga nezvokuoma kwekuzvidzivirira pazvirwere, magweta anomiririra vechiduku anofanira kunyatsoongorora vakwirirwi vakakodzera uye zvinokonzera chiito vasati vanyora sutu.

  • Kuratidzira Kudzivirira Kwakarurama: Kana hurumende isingatapurwi, rangarira kukwidza mhaka masangano ehurumende yomunzvimbomo (ruwa rwechikoro, ruwa, guta, guta) kana akabatanidzwa. Uyewo, vakuru vakuru vehurumende vari musimba ravo rimwe nerimwe rokukuvadza (kuzviisa pasi pekukwanisa kuzvidzivirira) uye musimba ravo rehurumende nokuda kweyamuro yepasi pe Ex - Young .
  • Tsvaka Kusunungurwa Painodikanwa: Mimwe mitemo, yakadai seIDEA neTorongo Litigation Reform Act (PLRA), inoda kuti mishonga iparadze pamberi pesutu yokuisa sutu. Kukundikana kubudisa utsi kunogona kuguma nokudzingwa.
  • .Levecage Federal Funding Makámina: Apo hurumende inogamuchira mari yehurumende nemigariro yakajeka inotsigirwa nemari pamudziyo wokudzivisa kukuvadzwa, kuti raisir inogona kukumbirwa. Zano rinofanira kunzvera kana hurumende yakagamuchira mari pasi peIEA, Umutwe IX, 76 504, kana kuti ADA uye kana yakatapurwa chose chose chose.
  • Bhenitsi rinotsaurwa reMirairo Inopfuurira: Kushandisa Kusiyanisa Kuduku [[[FLT: 3]], kunyunyuta kunofanira kuratidzira kuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo womubatanidzwa uye kukumbira kusunungurwa kunokarirwa bedzi. Kuputsa kwekare kwoga hakuna kukwana.
  • Rangarira Dare reHurumende: Kunyange zvazvo kusatapurwa nehurumende kuchishandawo mumatare ehurumende pasi pe Alden v. Maine, dzimwe nyika dzakava nedziviriro yadzisingatapurwi mumatare adzo dzimene. Kuwedzera, kutaura kwebumbiro remitemo kwapamutemo kungapfuurira kana hurumende yabvuma. Kukwirira mudare rehurumende kungabvumirawo kutaura kwehurumende mukurwisana nehurumende pasi pomutemo, kuzviisa pasi pemiganhuro.
  • Sebenzisa Chikamu 1983 Against Legionals in Individual Capaity: Kunyange kana hurumende isingatapurwi, muduku anogona kupomera mukuru mukuru wehurumende somunhu oga nokuda kwekuvadziko mu1963. Mukuru mukuru anogona kumutsa dziviriro inokwaniriswa, asi kana kodzero yakasimbiswa zvakajeka, kutaura kunogona kupfuurira. Uku chishandiso chine simba chokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe vazvitsiresvudziro nokuda kwokuputswa kwemitemo kwakadai sesimba rakanyanyisa muusungwa kana kuti kusakendenga namaune kuzvinodikanwa zvokurapa.

Zviitiko Zvemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenhau Dzapanyika

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi nedare rakaderera zvakaumba nzvimbo yedziviriro yapamutemo munhau dzepwere. Somuenzaniso, mu Allen v. Cooper (2020), Dare rakaganhurira mano eDare kudzivirira pamutemo kwehurumende pasi peCopyright Copyright Clause, asi mhaka yakasimbisazve ukoshi hweChikamu 5 chemitemo. Mumashoko akapoteredza echiduku, Arm vod. Confectal Child Center (20) (20) raidavira kuti gadziriro yokuwana yakaenzana yeMdimetic Act haigoni kudzorwazve mukurwisana nezviito zvapagaro zveSupremaclaus, zvinonzikadzikama muganhu unowanika kunyange panhauro inowanika.

Imwe nzvimbo inokosha ishandiso yeIDEa waever. Dare rapamusorosa mu Fry v. Napoleon Community Schools (2017) yakajekesa ukama pakati peIDEA neADA, richiva nepfungwa yokuti vapfumi vanogona kuunza mishonga yeADA pasina mishonga inonetesa kana vasiri kutsvaka kuyamura muIDEA. Iyi chisarudzo chinobvumira vaduku vane urema kuti varondere kubetsera kwakafara pasi peADA, uko kungabatanidza kukuvadza mamiriro ezvinhu kana kukwirira kweAA kusingashandisi.

Matare echiduku anopfuurira kurwisana noukuru hweTitle II ADA kukwidzwa sokushanda kwakwo kunzvimbo dzokuchengetera vana. Chikamu chechipiri, mu Dean v. University paBuffalo School of Medicine [ [2015], yakataura kuti Thit II inodzivirira kodzero dzinokosha dzinobatanidza kusvika kumatare. Vatsigiri vanofanira kuongorora muenzaniso wedunhu ravo pamusoro pemashandiro anenge ataurwa nevechiduku.

Mugumisiro: Kusarudza Changamire Kuti Adzivirire Kodzero Dzevana

Hurumende inodzivisa kuzvidzivirira pakodzero dzevagari vemo inoramba iri mhinganidzo inokosha munhau dzinobatanidza vechiduku, asi haisati iri isingakundiki. Kunzwisisa kwayakabva, ganhuriro dzainoisa, uye zvirongwa zvokusashanda nezvisingashandiswi zvinokosha nokuda kwokushanda zvakanaka kwevakwirirwi. Nokusarudza nokungwarira masangano enzvimbo dzinogara panzvimbo pehurumende, kududza vakuru vakuru vakuru mumitemo yavo, uye kutsvaka zvinokarirwa kuti vazoyamura pasi pe rutivi rwechiduku[FLT:] [-] [attney] kazhinji kazhinji vanogona kukurira dziviriro yokudzivisa kuzvidzivirira. Mukuwedzera, migariro yehurumende yokushandisa mari inodzorwa nokusimbisa mira mira mumitemo seIEA, ADA, uye IX iIS inogona kugovera kuyamura bvumirano kuti Dare ripedze.

Njodzi dzevana dzakakwirira. Vane kodzero yokudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo, dzidzo yakafanira, kubatwa zvakanaka muusungwa, uye rusununguko pakusarura. Kudzivirira kusasarura hakufaniri kuva nhoo isingadzorwi inosiya ava vaduku pasina kutsiva. Kupfurikidza nokupa mari inowirirana nenzwisiso huru yomutemo, vatsigiri vanogona kudzivirira kodzero dzepwere apo vachiremekedza fariro dzemitemo mukutarisira nhau dzavo dzemari. Kuravazve kodzero dzehurumende dzehurumende mukuita kuti mamiriro ezvinhu adzo ashaye. Sezvinoramba iripo pamusoro pechikamu cheIndaneti yeINCOPM [FF] [F]: [FF]