Zvinodikanwa Zvinodzivisa Kupiwa Nhaka Nokuzvinyima Mumhosva Dzavagari Vemo Nedzeutsotsi

Kunzwisisa Zvinodikanwa Zvinobetsera Nokuda Kwokuzvinyima Nokuzvinyima

Zviito izvi zvinogona kubatanidza mari, motokari, nzvimbo, nezvimwe zvinhu. Nepo simba rokutora zvinhu zvakashata zviri kunetsa kuvhiringidza mabhizimisi outsotsi nokuwana mari yakabva kumutemo. Zvinobvumira hurumende kuva nezvinhu zvinotorwa kana kuti zvimwe zvinoshandiswa kupfuudzira basa routsotsi. Zviito izvi zvinogona kubatanidza mari, zvirongwa, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvomunhu oga. Kunyange zvazvo simba rokutora zvinhu zvakashata zvichinetsa kuvhiringidza mabhizimisi outsotsi nokuwana mari yakabva pamitemo yemutemo, zvinosimudzirawo itiro yebumbiro remitemo. Iwechina Amendment inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfariso, uye muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti varidzi vezvinhu vagamuchire ziziviso dzakarurama uye mukana wokunzwa hurumende isati yatora midziyo yavo yechigarire.

Nyaya ino inopa kupetwa kwakakwana kwezvinodikanwa zvinodzora zvinhu zvinotarisirwa nokubvumwa muzvose zviri zviviri nhau dzevagari vemo nedzeutsotsi. Vanamazvikokota vemitemo, vakuru vakuru vezvomutemo, uye vanzveri vemiitiro vachawana kunzverwa kwakajeka kwemipimo yemitemo, dziviriro dzemitemo, uye gakava dzinopfuurira idzo dzinoumba iyi nharaunda yomutemo. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinodikanwa zvinokosha kuti zvive nechokwadi chokuti zviito zvokurasikirwa zvinobvumirwa nomutemo, zvinowirirana, uye zvakarurama.

Mavambo Epamutemo: Kugadziridzwa Kwechina uye Kuitwa Kwaifanira Kuitwa

Gadziriro yeChina yeMitemo yeUnited States inopa gadziriro huru yapamutemo yokubvutwa kwezvinhu. Inovimbisa kuti [i] maruramiro avanhu kuva akachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, kupesana nokunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari.] Kubatwa kwezvinhu kunoitika apo panenge pane kudzongonyedzwa kune revo kunzvimbo iyoyo. Dare Rapamusoro rakati dziviriro dzeDwena dzekudzivirira dzinotambanukira kuzvose zviri zviviri kuparadziko nedzovagari vemo, asi zvinodikanwa zvakati kuti zvetsika dzinodzokororwa zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko omutemo.

Kuwedzera kuGavhura kweChina, Access of Findlinement’s Access Claus inoda kuti hurumende ipe nzira dzakarurama isati yanyima munhu zvinhu. Mukusashanda zvakanaka, muitiro wakafanira unorayira kuti muridzi wezvinhu aziviswe uye mukana une revo wokukwikwikwidza kubatwa. Zvisinei, nguva nechimiro zvemukana iwoyo zvinosiyana zvikuru pakati poutsotsi nemhosva dzevagari vemo. Mano ehurumende okutora pfuma pasina mvumo, somuenzaniso, ave ari manyuko okuchinja kukuru uye kugadziridza kwemitemo yehurumende.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinopfuurira Muutsotsi Zvinoitwa

Zvisinei, kutora zvinhu pakutanga panenge pachiongororwa utsotsi kunoitwa nemutemo weWechina Amendment.

Chisakiso Chinowirirana Nechinodikanwa Chinodikanwa

Varairi vemitemo vasati vagona kutora zvinhu mumhaka yeutsotsi, vanofanira kuwana rugwaro rwokunzvera kana kuti rugwaro rwokubvutira kudare risingatori rutivi. Murayiro wacho unofanira kutsigirwa nechinhu chinoparira – chitendero chine mufungo, chakavakirwa pamaidi chaiwo, kuti chinhu chinofanira kubatwa hachisi chinhu, ufakazi hwemhosva, kana kuti kubudiswa kwebasa risiri rapamutemo. Kushandiswa kwemitemo kunofanira kubatanidza murairo wakapikirwa ufakazi hunozivisa chisakafanira. Chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti kubatwa nehosha hakumanikidziri uye kuti mukuru mukuru wedare akazvimirira anonzvera ruramisiro yehurumende.

Nzvimbo inofanira kutorwa inofanira kurondedzerwa nenzira chaiyo.Gadziro yeChina inoda kuti zvibvumirwe kuti “zvikurukuru zvirondedzere nzvimbo inoda kutsvakwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kutorwa.” Kushambadzwa kana kuti rondedzero dzakafara zvikuru dzingatungamirira kumutemo unonzi waderedzwa uye kubatwa nepfari kunodzorwa mudare. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unongodzokorora chete “zvinhu zvose zvine chokuita nokutengesa zvinodhaka” pasina kududza zvinhu zvinganzi hazvisi kukwanira.

Kuurawa Kwomurwi Nokudzokera Kwebasa

Kana yangopiwa bedzi, murairo wacho unofanira kuitwa mukati menguva ine mufungo, kazhinji kazhinji mukati mamazuva 10 kusvikira ku 14 zvichitsamira paudzori. Federal Rulation of Criminal Procediture 41 inoda kuti zvibvumikiso zviitwe mukati mezuva kutoti jaji achibvumira kuurawa kwousiku nokuda kwechisakiso chakanaka chakaratidzwa. Mukati mokuuraya, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kugovera kopi yevimbiso nendaro yakanyorwa muudzoro kumunhu uyo nzvimbo inotorwa kana kuti kuisirwa panzvimbo. Iyi nzvero, inozivikanwa sokudzokerazve kwebasa, inochengetwa nedare uye inobetsera kuzvidavirira.

Kana nzvimbo ikabatwa ichiva yakananga kurugwaro rune mufungo, mukwirirwi gare gare angadenha kubvuta mukushandiswa kwokudzvinyirira, achirangarira kuti murairo wacho wakanga usina chisakiso chinobvira kana kuti kuurawa kwawo kwakapfuura mwero wemvumo. Kudzorwa kunobudirira kunogona kudzivisa hurumende kushandisa zvinhu zvakabatwa soufakazi uye kungatungamirira kukudzoka kwezvinhu.

Kusiyaniswa Nechinodikanwa Chisingachinji Mumhosva Dzoutsotsi

Matare akawanda anoona kuti mutemo unobvumira kuti vanhu vauise zvinhu pasina mutongo mumhosva dzeutsotsi, anenge asingadi kupiwa mutemo wechina.

[ Mamiriro ezvinhu asingazivikanwi - Apo chiito chokukurumidza chinenge chiri madikanwa kudzivisa ruparadziko rwoufakazi, kunzvenga kwenyumwiro, kana kuti ngozi kuvakuru vakuru kana kuti vanhu. Somuenzaniso, vakuru vakuru vanoona kunyumwirwa kuedza kubudisa mirimo muchimbudzi vangazvitora pasina maruramiro.
Chiono chomufungo chinoringanira [ - vakuru vakuru varipo nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo vangatora zvinhu zvinopomerwa nenzira yakajeka. Kana mukuru mukuru anoitisa kumira kwemotokari akacherekedza bhegi remari nemirimo pachigaro chemberi, ufakazi ihwohwo hunogona kubatwa pasina maruramiro.
Conice – kana muridzi wenzvimbo achibvuma nokuzvidira kusecha nokubvuta, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. Bvuma rinofanira kupiwa pachena, pasina kumanikidzirwa, uye munhu anofanira kuva nechiremera pamusoro penzvimbo.
Chinoitika chokutsvaka kusunga - vakuru vakuru vanganzvera munhu ari kusungwa uye nharaunda iri mukati moudzori hwavo hwapakarepo nokuda kwezvombo kana kuti ufakazi, uye vangatora chibharo chipi nechipi chinowanwa. Uku kupfuudza chinhu pamuviri womusungwa kana kuti mumotokari yavakanga vari kugara kana kusungwa kukaitwa maererano noufakazi hwoutsotsi.

Kunyange kana paine chinenge chanzi chishandiswe, kubvutwa kwacho kunofanira kunge kuchiri kunonzwisisika kana zvinhu zvacho zvatoitika.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinoparirwa Nehondo Mukugoverwa Kwemari Yomunharaunda

Kurasikirwa nezviwanikwa zvavagari vemo kunoshanda mugadziriro yapamutemo yakasiana. Mune zvinoitika zvehurumende, nzvimbo imene inorangarirwa kuva mukwiridzirwi – inozivikanwa se muv udzori hwehurumende. Iyi haidi kuti awane judha pamberi pokutora zvinhu mumhaka zhinjisa dzehurumende. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutemo unodzora unogovera chiremera kutora pfuma pachinhu chingabvira kuti chinhu chinotapurwa. Uku kubviswa kunokosha kwechinodikanwa choutsotsi.

Kuzvinyima Pasina Kuzvinyima: Hwaro Hwepamutemo Neganhuriro

Mukurasikirwa nehurumende, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungatora nzvimbo pasina murairo kana vane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira chinhu chacho chakabatanidzwa nomubato usiri wapamutemo. Ichi chiremera chinobva mumirairo yakadai se 21 U.S.C. 881 (inotapurwa nemirimo) uye 18 U.S.C. 76 981 (kurasikirwa nemhosva dzakasiana - siana dzehurumende). Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kusafanira kubatwa nehosha muparadzirwo mudzidziso yokuti zvinhu zvimene imhaka, uye hurumende iri kuita kuti iparadzire kana kuti ipambadze kana kuti kutora chibharo chakasiana - simbi kana kuti mari inotengwa.

Zvisinei, First Amendment yeChina ichiri kushanda. Kana kubatwa nepfambi kwacho kuchibatanidza “kunzvera” musha kana kuti imwe nzvimbo yakadzivirirwa, chitupa chinowanzodiwa. Florida v. White, 526 U.S. 559 (1999), Dare guru redare raibatanidza kuti mutemo ungatora motokari panzvimbo yavose pasina chibvumikiso kana kuti kana ine chikonzero chakati chinotaputsika. Asi kana motokari yakamiswa panzvimbo yapanze, maruramiro kana kuti migariro inosiiwa (yakadai seyapasha) iri madikanwa. Nheyo inobatirawo kubatwa netsaona mukati memusha: kushata kana kuti kubvumira, chibvumidzo chinofanira kuwanwa.

Kuziva Zvakazoitika Uye Mukana Wokutamburira

Pashure pokubvuta pasina maruramiro mukurasikirwa nehurumende, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti muridzi wenzvimbo agamuchire ziviso yapakarepo yokukwikwidza. Hurumende inofanira kutanga kuderera, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokuisa nyunyuto kudare. Muridzi ane kodzero yokunyora chirevo ndokudenha kurasikirwa. Pachikamu chino, hurumende inotakura mutoro wokubvumikisa kupfurikidza noufakazi hwokuti nzvimbo inotapurwa. Muzvinoitika zvakati, saavo vanobatanidza varidzi vasina mhaka, mutoro ungabviswa.

Nenzira inecherekedzo, Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu United States v. James Daniel Good Real Imare , 510 U.S. 43 (1993) rakataura kuti hurumende haigoni kutora zvinhu chaizvoizvo pasina kugovera kutanga uye teerero kutoti migariro inovapo. Iyi chisarudzo chakaganhurira zvikuru mano ehurumende okutora misha pasina muitiro usati waitwa. Zvisinei, dziviriro imwe cheteyo haishandiri imo mutsaona kuzvinhu zvomunhu oga semotokari, mari, kana kuti zvikepe.

Kutarisira Nokurega Kushanda

Chikamu chikuru chekurasikirwa kwehurumende kunoitika kupfurikidza nenhau dzokutarisira, zvikurukuru nokuda kwezvinhu zvinorangarirwa kuva $50 000. Munhau idzi, sangano rinobata rinobata musero mukati pasina kubatanidzwa kwedare, kutoti muridzi akaisa rugwaro rwokutaura. Kurasikirwa hakudi mvumo nokuda kwokubatwa nepfambi kwokutanga, asi muridzi anofanira kupiwa ziviso nebanza rokukwikwikwidza mukati menhambo chaiyo (inenge 30 kusvikira ku 60). Kana muridzi akakundikana kupindura, zvinhu zvinorashwa nokudzorwa.

Pasinei zvapo nokushayikwa kwechinodikanwa, Fourth Amendment ichiri kuisa miganhu.

Kuenzanisa Vagari Vomunyika Nemhaka: Misiyano Inokosha Muchinoitika

Tafura iri pasi apa inopeta misiano mikuru iri mubvumikiso nezvinodikanwa zvetsika pakati pepfuma yavagari vemo neyoutsotsi:

Aspect	Criminal Forfeiture	Civil Forfeiture
Target of proceeding	Defendant (person)	Property (in rem)
Warrant required before seizure?	Generally yes, unless exception applies	No (but warrant may be required for searches of homes)
Probable cause standard	For warrant: probable cause that property is evidence of crime or proceeds	Probable cause that property is subject to forfeiture
Burden of proof at trial	Beyond a reasonable doubt (for conviction)	Preponderance of the evidence
Innocent owner defense	Available (owner unaware of illegal use) but limited	Available (owner must show lack of knowledge or consent)
Notice and hearing	Part of criminal proceedings (arraignment, preliminary hearing)	Post-seizure notice and opportunity to challenge
Exigent circumstances exception	Applies to warrant requirement	Applies to requirement of prior notice for real property

Zvisinei, nzira dzakakodzera nedzechina uye kudzivirirwa kweGadziriro Rechina dzichiri kushanda, uye nyika dzakawanda dzakachinja zvinhu kuti dzide kutenderwa kwemhosva zvinhu zvisati zvatorwa kana kuraswa.

Zvikoro Nemasangano Okuchinja Zvinhu Zvakapoteredza

Kurasikirwa kwakaisvonaka kwave kuri nhau yekurukurirano yavose neyezvematongerwe enyika yakakomba, yakawanda yayo yakavakirwa pakuti kodzero yazvino nemipimo yakafanira inodzivirira zvakakwana varidzi vezvinhu. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kurasikirwa nehurumende kunosekesa maruramiro ezvinhu kupfurikidza nokubvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu pasina kumbopomera muridzi utsotsi. Mutoro wakaderera weufakazi (hunoratidzirwa noufakazi) uye sundo dzemari nokuda kwamasangano ezvokuchengeta pamutemo (kupfurikidza nokugoverana kwakaenzana uye mapurogiramu ehurumende anorashwa) zvave zviri zvenharo zvikuru.

Kugoverana Kwakarurama uye “Kushandira Mhindu” Chinetso

Mugadziriro yehurumende inogoverwa zvisina muganhu, masangano anotarisira mutemo omunzvimbomo anogona kubatira pamwe nezviremera zvehurumende kuti zvitore zvinhu, ipapo kugamuchira mugove wemari. Nemhaka yokuti mitemo yehurumende kazhinji kazhinji ine dziviriro dzakaderera kupfuura mitemo yehurumende, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti masangano anogona kunzvenga zvikwaniriso zvikuru zvehurumende zvinodzivirira kupfurikidza nokugamuchira kunzvera kwomubatanidzwa. Mumhinduro, mamwe masangano akapfuudza mitemo inoda kutenderwa kwoutsotsi zvinhu zvisati zvagona kuraswa, kana kuti kuraira uko kunorashikirwa kunodzorwa kudzidzo kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu panzvimbo pokuchengetedzwa kwomutemo.

Dare Rapamusorosoro rakataura rutivi rumwe rwaikoku mu timbs v. Indiana, 586 U.S._ (2017), richitaura kuti Dare Rechisere reReconfmented Reconstructive reReconfied Claus rinoshanda kukuva nehurumende inorasikirwa nehurumende. Chisarudzo chinoganhurira mano ehurumende okutora nzvimbo yakaenzana zvikuru noutsotsi, kunyange kana kubvuta kwacho kukaitwa pasina maruramiro.

Kuchinja Kwomutemo Kwazvino Uno

Mitemo inoverengeka yakaita chinjo dzakasimba idzo dzinoraira zvikuru nokuda kwokurasikirwa nehurumende. Somuenzaniso, New Mexico neNebraska zvino inoda kupwiswa kwoutsotsi pamberi pokunge yaparadzwa. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seColorado neMontana, dzinoda kuti kuteererwa kwomutemo kutonge kusarudzwa kwechisakiso chinobvira usati watora zvinhu, nenzira inobudirira kuisa chinodikanwa chinodikanwa nokuda kwehosha yevagari vemowo. Pamwero wehurumende, Findfter Amendment Intelligement Reconstment (FAIR) Act yakatangwa kanoverengeka asi haina kupfuudzwa. Chiito chacho chaizoda kutendwa kwetsoro chetsotsiro chemhosva ndokukwidza mutoro woufakazi kuti ujeke uye unopwisa.

Miitiro Yakanakisisa Nokuda Kwokumanikidzwa Kwomutemo

Kuti adzivise zvinetso zvebumbiro remitemo uye kuti vanhu varambe vachivimba naye, masangano anochengetedza mutemo anofanira kushandisa miitiro yakanakisisa inotevera pamusoro pokurasikirwa nezvinhu uye kubatwa nepfambi:

Tsvaka gwaro pose pari pose panobvira, kunyange mumhosva dzehurumende dzinorasa, kuti ugutse Ivhu Rechina Revhure uye udzivise kutaura kwakafanira.
Chinyorwa sezvingabvira chinoparira chose chose muaffidavits, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti rondedzero yezvinhu inosanorongwa.
Ratidza kuti varidzi venzvimbo vane kodzero yokukwikwidza vazive kuti vaikwanisa kukunda kubatwa nepfari.
Rega kushandisa dzvinyiriro yokubhadharwa kana kuti kurasikirwa nemari yakaparadzana nevavariro dzapamutemo dzokuchengeta mutemo.

Iyi miitiro inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti pfari inobvumirwa nomutemo, inowirirana, uye inoremekedza maruramiro ezvinhu.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda nokuda kwokurasikirwa nepfuma nokubvutwa zvinoratidza kusawirirana kukuru pakati pokuchengetwa kwomutemo kunobudirira nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Munhau dzeutsotsi dzeChina, Kugadziriswa kwemitemo kunowanzoda murairo wakavakirwa pachingabvira, usati waitwa. Mukurasikirwa nechinhu. Hurumende ingatora pasina pamutemo muzviitiko zvakawanda, asi inofanira kupa chiziviso chokukurumidza nemukana wokudenha kubatwa nechisimba.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinofanira kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kuti itsive vatengi nenzira inobudirira, ingava inodenha kubatwa kwesimba zvisiri pamutemo kana kuti kudzorwa nechiito chinoshaikwa. Vachengetedzi vemitemo vanofanirawo kuziva miganhu pachiremera chavo. Nokuda kwokuravazve, Cornell Legitional Information Institute inopa kufungwa kwepfuma kupfupikiswa kwechinhu. kunopa kunzvera kwapfupikiswa kwomutemo wehurumende. [FLT:] Kugara kwomutemo kunosimbisa funganya pamusoro peAscetiveture Program yeSaruti yeSarutis [FT:3] Kuramba kuchiita kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvishake.