Kurema Kwamashoko: Kuumba Kunoita Mutungamiriri Wehurumende Mafungiro Omutemo

Chipikirwa chapurezidhendi chebasa chinopfuura zvikuru muitiro wetsika. Chiito chebumbiro remitemo chinotamisira panguva imwe cheteyo simba, chinopa mutungamiriri kumitemo yenheyo yenyika, uye chinopa mutungamiriri iyeyo kuvanhu semusoro wehurumende wapamutemo. Munyika dzakawanda, iyi nhambo inotepfenyurwa nenzira yetsika inopfuudzwa, yakatorwa panzvimbo dzose, uye inoongororwa nevanopesana nezvamatongerwe enyika zvakafanana, chinokwanisa kurondedzera murangariro wokutanga wehurumende itsva. Apo purezidhendi anoikwidza ruoko, anoisa paBhaibheri (kana kuti mamwe mashoko oukoshina), uye anodzokorora mashoko akanyorwa nomutemo, ruzhinji runopiwa chiratidzo chine simba zvikuru: Munhu uyu zvino anotaura chiremera chokutonga. Asi kupika kwacho chakuchinotopesvedzera sei mutungamiriri??

Tsika Nehwaro Hwokufananidzira

MuUnited States, mhiko youpurezidhendi inodudzwa muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo: “ Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti simbisa) kuti ndichapedza nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichada kusvika pakanakisisa pasimba rangu, chengeta, dzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States. Kuva nyore kwomutauro wacho kunopesana nouremu hwawo hukuru. Chipikiso chiito chokutaura chamashandiro, kuti apo chinotaurwa mumigariro yakarurama (muchinoitika chino, pamberi poMutongi Mukuru weDare rapamusorosoro, mumuitiro wapachena), zvomenemenemene, mumugariro womukurukuri nomugariro wapamutemo. Kubva panguva iyeyo, purezidhendi anotora masimba nero webazu.

Bva simba remhiko rinopfuura shanduro yapamutemo. Inoshanda sechibvumirano chavose pakati pomutungamiriri navanhu. Vagari vanopupurira mhiko vanoyeuchidzwa kuti purezidhendi haasati ari pamusoro pomutemo, asi asungwa nawo. Ichi chiyeuchidzo chinosimbisa nheyo yemitemo yemitemo: kuti chiremera chehurumende chakaganhurirwa uye chinotora mugadziriro yakakwirira yapamutemo yapamutemo. Kana mutungamiriri achiratidzika kuva anoita mhiko yapachokwadi, achitarira zvakananga kuRumbiso rukuru, achitaura zvakajeka, uye achiratidza kuzviisa pasi pazvo. “Ipapo kashoma inotozovimba kuti mutungamiriri acharemekedza ganhuriro idzodzo., kudzorwa, kana kuti mhiko inoratidzika kuva yakashata inogona kuita pfungwa yapakuvamba yokusazvidzora, kunyange kana mutungamiriri akakwanirisa zvizere uye nenzira inogamuchirwa.

Basa Retsika Mukuvaka Mutemo

Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika navemagariro avanhu akacherekedza kare kuti miitiro inooneka kukusikwa kwoururami hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Tsika yakapfava seizvo kubatana maoko kunogona kusimbisa basa; muitiro wakasanorongwa soudzori unogona kuchinja muchinda kuva mambo. Kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi, nemhiko yacho pamwoyo payo, ndeimwe yemiitiro inooneka zvikurusa muhurumende dzamademokramendi azvino uno. Inogovera nhambo yokupfuurira kufambiswa kune rugare kwesimba ($(a mutungamiriri) nokugamuchira mutoro webasa. Vanoona chinoitika chacho, zvikurukuru vanokokwa kutora rutivi rune chokuita noufundisi. Uku kutokodzera kunobetsera kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokupfuumbika kweboka kwegadziriro yegadziriro yegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Apo kupika kwacho kunotorwa pamakwarararararararatirwe eU. Capitol, nenyika yose inogamuchirwa navanhu kunzvimbo yavose, zvikurukuru kunzvimbo inovakwakwakwakwa panzvimbo yeChirangaridzo, uye kuratidzirwa kwehurumende yenhau yenhau yenhau iri mberi. Chibvumirano chinoitwa kupfurikidza chirevotongedzo chenyika chitsva. Chikuru chenyika chinoitwa kuzivisa ku

Mienzaniso Yenhau Netapuro Yayo Inopfuurira

Nzira iyo mhiko yacho yakaitwa nayo (nemigariro yakaipoteredza) yakasiana - siana zvikuru munhau yeAmerica, uye musiyano mumwe nomumwe wakaumba nzwisiso yavose munzira dzakajeka. Kunzvera nhambo huru dzinoverengeka kunojekesa ukama huri pakati petsika yemhiko nemuitiro unozivikanwa kuva wapamutemo.

George Washington: Chishongo Chokutanga Sechinotangira

Pana April 30, 1789, George Washington akaita mhiko yokutanga yapurezidhendi paberere reFederal Hall muNew York City. Akawedzera mashoko okuti “ndibetserei Mwari” pashure porugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, muitiro uyo vazhinji vavatsivi vake vaizotevera. Washington yakanga iri guva uye inzwi rake, mukuwirirana nenhau dzenguva ino, rakanga rakadzikama. Boka rakapindura nokurumbidza uye moto wesimbi. Uku kutsaurira kwokutanga kwakagadza muchinjikwa mukuru nokuda kworuremekedzo nechiremera. Mukurumbira womunhu oga waWashington woruremekedzo worukukwidziso rwebasa irwo. Washington, yaichinetsekasa kuzivikanwa kana republic remitemo itsva yapamutemo yaizopukunyuka, yakaonekwa mumusengwa waWashington uyo wakanga uchichengetwa nomunhu oga. Muitiro wakaitwa nemhaka yokuti mutungamiriri wacho akanga aivimba nowaitovimbwa nawo; asi muitirowo wakasimbiswa nokusaioneka kuva wenyika.

Abraham Lincoln: Muti Wakaiswa Munjodzi

Apo Abraham Lincoln akava purezidhendi muna March 1861, nyika dzokumaodzanyemba nomwe dzakanga dzatoparadzaniswa. Akatanga kuvamba apiwa hurukuro, pamberi pemhiko paEast Portico yeCapitol, yakabatanidza chikumbiro ku “ngirozi dziri nani dzomuzvarirwo wedu.” Asi mhiko imene yakatorwa mumugariro wokusagadzikana. Lincoln akaisa ruoko rwake paBhaibheri (imomo yakashandiswa naWashington) ndokupika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo. Nokuti avo vakaramba vakavimbika kuUnion, mhiko yakasimbisazve chiremera chaLincoln chomutemo chokuita chiito mukurwisana nokupandukira. Nokuti vaiscion, yakanga iri chiziviso chehondo. Chipikiso chacho hachina kurapa kuparadzanisa, asi chakajekesa kutsigira kwehurumende. Kupfurikidza neHondo kwake, kazhinji kacho chaidzodzodzoro yakabvuma simba rake rehondo.

Franklin Roosevelt: Mutambo Munguva Yokuora Mwoyo Nehondo

Franklin Roosevelt akaita mhiko yake yokutanga pana March 4, 1933, pakakwirira nokuderera kukuru kwoKuderera kweZvokwadi. Rudzi rwacho rwakanga ruchimhanya, kushaya mabasa, uye kupera mwoyo. Chigaro charo chokutanga chakakurumbira charo ($ne mirau yacho yakakurumbira “chinhu bedzi chatinofanira kutya ndicho kutya irwo chimene” (]) chakateverwa nemhiko, iyo yakatora nechivimbo. Mubatanidzwa wehama nemhiko yemhiko yakaita nguva ine simba yokusimbisa. Musimbo weNyika, wavose, wakaona muRosevelt chipikirwa chakasimba chechiito. Zvirongwa zvake zvakatevera zvakagamuchirwa nekwapamutemo, murutivi nemhaka yokuti chipikiso chacho chakanga chaita mumitemo. Pavelt, munguva yeHondo yeNyika II, Roosecroset, uye kugadzwa kwechitatu, zvakaramba zvichidzorwa, zvakatokodzera zvapamutemo, zvakatokodzera zvokupedzisira.

John Kennedy: Chizvarwa Chitsva uye Chirango Chine Chivimbo

John F. Kennedy anotanga kutsaurirwa musi waJanuary 20, 1961, anoyeukwa nokuda kwesimba rake rouduku nehurukuro yayo yemifananidzo: “Usabvunza izvo nyika yako inogona kuita nokuda kwako . Kupika kwaiitirwa nyika yako kwakanga kuchitonhora.” Chipikiso chaCapitol chakafukidzwa muchando /(apo Kennedy chakanga chakajeka uye chakajeka. Akabvisa kupfuudza kwake, sezviri pachena kuti aratidzike kuva akasimba. Vanhu vakapindura nembavandukira. Kuyera kwamaune, uye kuva kwaKennedy kwakagamuchirwa zvikuru, kunyange pakati peavo vakanga vamuvhotera. Mhiko nemitambo yakapoteredza zvakabetsera kuumba pfungwa yechinzwa yorudzi mukati mamakore apakuvamba eHondo yeHondo youtsinga. Kennedy aizoumba mufananidzo wokupamhiko yedaviro yeAmerica, asi kuchenjera kwokuzvidzora.

George W. Bush: Gakava neOath

George W. Bush akatanga kugadzwa muna 2001. Bush akapika pashure pekunge aita vvurutsi vaipesana zvikurusa munhau yeAmerica yazvino uno(a) arondedzera hondo iyo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakasarudza nenzira inobudirira. Kutendeseka kwechigaro chaBush kwakapokanwa navakawanda veDemocratats. Kutsaurirwa kumene kwakaitirwa kugadza kutsananguro yetsika nebhipartisha. Bush akaita mhiko paBhaibheri rimwe chetero rakashandiswa naGeorge Washington, uye kutaura kwake kwakasimbisa chinzwano. Zvisinei, kurangarira kwavose kwakaramba kwakakamukana. Chipikiso nemhiko zvakabetsera kudzikamisa gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, zvichibvumira chinjo huru yavose kurangarira Bush seyapamutemo kupfuura purezidhendi akasarudzwa nevoruzhinji. Muenzaniso uyu unoratidza kuti apo kupika kwacho kunogona kusimbisa kusimbisa chose chose chose, hakugoni kukurira migumisiro yemakwikwikwikwikwidzano. Asi kunoda kutendeka kwapachena zvikuru.

Donald Trump: Oath uye Matongerwe Enyika Echokwadi

Donald Trump akatsaurirwa muna 2017 akaratidzirwa nezviverengero zvinorevererwa zvinoyera zvinorevererwa uye kuramba kukuru. Trump akanga ahwina Electoral College asi akarasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira, uye nhimbe yake yakanga yatambudzwa nenharo. Kupika kwake kwakanga kuri kwakakurumbira muchimiro che(dande) pamaBhaibheri maviri, rimwe kubva pauduku hwake uye rimwe rakapiwa chipo naAbraham Lincoln (kamwe chete) asi kutaura kwake kwapashure pamusoro pekukura kweboka uye “maidi” akaparira murangariro wokusatendeseka. Vacherekedzi vazhinji vairangarira kuti mhiko yacho yakanga isingaperekedzwi nokuzvipira kwechokwadi. Nzwisiso yapachena yaTrump yakaramba zvikuru mushoko rake rose. Nokuti vatsigiriki vacho vakanga vari nguva yorukundo; nokuti vashori, vakanga vane musengwa, asi vasina mufaro.

Zvinhu Zvinopesvedzera Kushandiswa Kweoath

Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidza kuti zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinoratidza kuti kupika kunochinja sei kunzwisisa kwevanhu.

Kuronga Nokuisa Pfungwa Pachinhu Chimwe

Inhau dzinooneka. MuUnited States, West Front yeCapitol yave iri nzvimbo yegamuchidzanwa chifo cha 1981, yakatarisana namaune neWashington Monument neNational Mall. Uku kusimbisa batano pakati poupurezidhendi navanhu. Mune dzimwe nyika, nzvimbo inosiyana-siyanisa(muzinda wapurezidhendi, paramende, kana kuti nzvimbo yenhau. Mutambo unosanorongwa unoratidzira wirirano noruremekedzo nokuda kwegamuchidzanwa. Chiitiko chisina kurongeka kana kuti chinopindwa nomutoo wakashata chinogona kuratidzira kusashanda kana kuti kushaikwa kwetsigiro yakafara.

Demeori uye Mashoko Okutaura

Mutungamiriri anoratidzika kuva anotya, asingadzoreki, kana kuti anomhanya-mhanya anosekesa kuzvipira. Inzwi rakajeka, rakatsiga, kutarisana kwameso neMutongi Mukuru, uye nguva pfupi yokurangarira pashure pemhiko yose zvinoparira kurangarira kwoukombi. Hurukuro yokutanga inotevera mhiko inowanzogovera kutaura kwechikamu chokutanga chemitemo, uye kugamuchira kwacho kunogona kuumba marangarire ayo mhiko imene. Zano raKennedy rinowirirana nemhiko yake; “kupondwa kwezviramwa kwematuko kunoitwa naTrump kwakacherekedzwa nokuda kwenzwi rayo rakasvibira uye kupesana kwakapinza.

Zviteshi zvenhau Nokugadzira

Zvinobudisa nhau zvinoita basa rinokosha mukuumba kuti vanhu vanodudzira sei mhiko. Terevhizheni iri pedyo yeratidziro dzechiso, tsinhiro dzinobva kumapundi, uye kunzvera kwezviono zveboka zvinopesvedzera zvose. Nhepfenyuro dzenzanga zvino dzinobvumira kuita chaikoiko kwenguva, uye nhambo dzine utachiona (zvakadai semhedziso yaMutongi Roberts parukuro rwokutanga rwaObama. / alguston jects. "Mutongi John Roberts akakanganwa nhevedzano yamashoko, iye naObama vakadzokorora mhiko zuva raitevera mumutambo wavanhu. Chechipiri, chikanganiso chepachena chakaziviswa zvikuru, uye chinoitika chacho chakasimbisa pakupedzisira kurangarirwa kwetarisiro yemitemo panzvimbo pokuzvidzwa.

Nhoroondo Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Munguva dzenjodzi, mhiko yaRoosevelt ya1933 yakagovera chipikirwa; mhiko yaLincoln ya 1861 yakasimbisa chiremera chehurumende. munguva dzorugare nebudiriro, mhiko ingarerutswa, asi ichiri kusimbisa mugariro wacho. apo mugariro wezvamatongerwe enyika unoputswa, mhiko yacho ingasaporesa mapoka, asi inogona kuratidzira mavambo etsika ehurumende itsva, ichibvumira vanhu kutama kubva pakutsigira kutonga.

Mirangariro Yakaenzaniswa: Maoth muVamwe Vatungamiriri

Mhiko dzaPurezidhendi hadzisi dzoga kuUnited States. Nyika zhinji dzine tsika dzakafanana dzinobatira basa rimwe chetero: kubvumira kuchinjwa kwesimba guru. muFrance, Purezidhendi weRepublic anopika pamberi peNational Assembly neDare reSamakuru, kupika kuti “kurangarira nokusimbisa Bumbiro reMitemo.” Mutambo unoitirwa paElysée Palace kana kuti Grand Amfitheatre yeSorbonne. Nguva yavose yewachipo chipenyu, uye mhiko inoteverwa nokukwazisa kwechi21 kwepfutivhoti. Mapresidhente anowanzoshandisa mhiko kuratidzira zvinhu zvavo zvetsikano. Quayton Miranrands akasimbisa kubatira dare reEurope. Macton anowanzogamuchira chipikiso senguva yokupfuurirazverwa kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kunyange zvazvo purezidhendi werejistame (chicra yechika yechika yechi20 000) angagamuchira mhinduro yedaruri.

MuIndia, mhiko yaPurezidhendi inoitwa neMutongi Mukuru weIndia, uye mutambo wacho unoitwa paRashtrapati Bhavan. Chipikiso chapurezidhendi weIndia chinobatanidza kutaura kwokuti “kuchengeta, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo.” Purezidhendi weIndia munhu wetsika zvikuru, asi mhiko yacho ichiri kukosha kuti vanhu vazive kuti mukuru wehurumende anozvipira kuchechi uye kuhurumende. Apo Purezidhendi Pratibha Patil akaita mhiko muna 2007, akaita pfundo rokuidzokorora muchiHindi, chiratidzo chinowirirana nemirangariro yenyika.

MuRussia, mhiko yaPurezidhendi pasi peBumbiro reMitemo ra 1993 yakanyatsojeka zvikuru, kubatanidza chipikirwa choku “remekedza nokudzivirira maruramiro norusununguko zvomunhu novagari vemo.” Boris Yeltsin kutsaurirwa kwechipiri muna 1996 yakanga iri nhau huru, yakaitirwa kuronga dzikamo pashure peshoko rokutanga risina kugadzikana. Kutsaurirwa kwaPhinda kwaPhinda kwakaitwa zvakasimba, kunosimbisa nhevedzano nesimba renyika. Kugamuchira kwavanhu vose kworusarudzo kwakapokana kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji munyika yose, asi vateereri vemhuri vanowanzogamuchira mhiko sechinhu chine maruramiro echitsarundaro. Mibato yetsika sechishandiso chechishandiso chehurumende inodzoresa: purezidhendi anooneka pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika, kuremekedza mutemo, kunyange apo mutemo unoputurwa.

Muhara Sechishandiso Chehurumende

Kupfuura kunzwisisa kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe, mhiko yapurezidhendi inobetsera kugadziridza masangano ehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji. Kupfurikidza nokuraira purezidhendi mutsva mumwe nomumwe kusimbisa pachena ganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mhiko inosimbisa nheyo yokuti hakuna mutungamiriri ari pamusoro pomutemo. Ikoku kunokosha zvikurukuru munyika dzine nhau yedzorosa kana kuti umo tsika dzehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu dzisingatani kusimba. Munyika dzakadai seSouth Africa, Brazil, neSouth Korea, mhiko yapurezidhendi yave iri nzvimbo inosarira kusimbisa mutemo pashure penhambo dzoudzvinyiriri. Chibvumirano chacho chinogovera kupunzika kunoonekwa nekarerekera kuzvidavirira.

Zvisinei, kuvapowo zvako kwemhiko hakuna kuvimbisa pamutemo. kana vanhu vanodavira kuti muitiro wokuvhota haugoni kubvumirwa, kana kuti kuti purezidhendi hausi wechokwadi, mutambo wacho unogona kunzwika usina maturo. Kudenha paU.S. Capitol, kwakaitika mavhiki mashomanene bedzi pamberi pokugadzwa kwaPrezidheni Biden, kwakaratidzira kuvimba mukusarudza uye mukuchinjwa kworugare kwesimba hakugoni kubvumirwa. Bhiden amene akachengetwa achichengetedzwa zvikuru, neboka duku zvikuru nemhaka yomurakatira weCHOID-19. Pasinei zvapo neiyi migariro yechienzi, mhiko yakaitwa nenzira yakateramatevedzero, uye Kiden aidheni akadanwa nokuda kwechinzwano. Kushambadza kuti voruzhinji veAmerica vanogamuchira Biden, asi mapoka makurusa ose haagoni kurangarira chiyeuchidzo.

Kupedzisa: Chiratidzo Chinotsungirira Muzera Rokusavimba

Mhiko yapurezidhendi inoramba iri chiratidzo chine simba uye chakasimba chokuva pamutemo. Chinodikanwa chebumbiro remitemo, chiito chokutaura, uye muitiro wavose unokoka vagari vemo kupupurira kupiwa kwesimba. Mutoo umo mhiko inotorwa nawo ($_____kutaridzika, mufambiro womutungamiriri, zvinotaura nhau zvinopa ruvara rwevoruzhinji. Mienzaniso yenhau inoratidza kuti kupika kwechokwadi, kwomwoyo wechokwadi kunogona kuwedzera chivimbo, nepo chinoitika chinonetsa kana kuti chinomutsa nharo chinogona kumutsa panikiro. Bva mhiko yacho haisi haisi mamiriro ezvinhu ezvokunzerefefera, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye pepanhau.

Munguva yokuwedzera kwetsika dzokuda kutsiva, kupesana, uye mashoko asina kururama, tsika yemhiko yapurezidhendi ingava inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Inogovera nhambo yengwariro yechiono, chiyeuchidzo cheganhuriro dzebumbiro remitemo, uye ratidziro inooneka yokuti kuchinjwa kwesimba kwakaitika norugare. Kunyange apo vagari vemo vanoramba kubvumirana nemitemo yomutungamiriri mutsva, mhiko yacho inogona kutsigira mwero mukuru wokugamuchira / kudavira kuti mutungamiriri wacho ane kodzero yepamutemo uye yepamutemo ine maruramiro okutonga. Kunzwisisa tapuro yechiito ichi chakapfava asi chakakura kunotibetsera kunzwisisa urongwa husinganzwisisiki hunoumba kutsigika nokudzika kwedemo yedemocracy.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona rugwaro rweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. paNational Archives, kuongororwa kwamagamuchidzanwa okutanga kubva kuDare reJoint Congress paInaugical Ceremonies, uye nyaya yenyanzvi pamusoro petsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuva pamutemo muNational Review of Political Science.