Zvikumbiro zviri pakati pezvishandiso zvekaresa zvakananga zvikurusa zvekuvimbisana kwevagari vemo, zvinobatira segadziriro yepamutemo yokuti voruzhinji vakurukure zvinorayirwa nemapoka emitemo. Kuvambira pamupumburu wepepa wakaderera kusvikira kumichina yanhasi yevhairasi yepaIndaneti, mikumbiro yakashanduka asi yakaramba iri donzo rayo guru: kukudza inzwi ravanhu. Kunzwisisa nzira dzinojeka umo kukumbira kupesvedzera kuita chisarudzo chemitemo kunokosha kunokosha nokuda kwezvose zviri zviviri simba ravo neganhuriro dzavo muhurumende dzazvino uno. Nyaya ino inonzvera nheyo dzenhau, mitoo yenhau, zviitiko zvenhau, uye kukumbira kwomunguva yemberi sechishandiso chemiteko yemitemo yemitemo nemitemo.

Mavambo Enhau Ezvikumbiro Mukutonga

Kodzero yokukumbira ndeyekare sehurumende inomirira imene. MuEngland, Petution of Iburyo (1628) yakavanzarika nheyo dzakavakirwa idzo gare gare dzakapesvedzera kufunga kwebumbiro remitemo. Murangariro wacho wakasimbiswa muBill of Rights 1689, iyo yakasimbisa maruramiro ezvigaro zvokukumbira mambo pasina kutya kutongwa. Iyi nheyo yakafamba ichiyambuka Atlantic, inooneka muFirst Constitution of the United States Constitution: “maruramiro avanhu ... kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwedzoresa pembedzo dzezvigumbu.”

Kubva kuMagna Carta Kuenda kuMiparimende Yazvino Uno

Kunyange pamberi pekodzero yepamutemo yokukumbira, magungano eMiddle Ages aishandisa mikumbiro kutsvaka chiito choumambo. Nokufamba kwenguva, kukumbira kwakava rutivi rwebasa reparamende, kuchibvumira vanhu namasangano kukumbira mishonga yehurumende. Muzana ramakore rechi19, zvikumbiro zvakawanda panhau dzakadai sokubviswa kwouranda uye kukwidzwa kwepasi pose zvakaratidza kuti kuunganidzwa kukuru kwaigona kuchinja masangano ezvematongerwe enyika. Sangano reChartism muBritain, somuenzaniso, rakaunganidza mamiriyoni ezvisaini zvinoda kugadziriswa kwehurumende, uye apo zvikumbiro zvakati zvakarambwa, pakupedzisira dzvinyiriro yacho yakatungamirira kukumiririrwa kwavanhu vese.

Kodzero Yokukumbira Mubumbiro Remitemo Munyika Yose

Nhasi, mabumbiro enyika anopfuura 100 anovimbisa rudzi rwakati rwechikumbiro chakarurama. Uremu hwepamutemo hunosiyana. MuGermany, vagari vemo vanogona kukumbira Bundestag, iyo inodikanwa kurangarira ndokushuma pamusoro pokuzviisa kumwe nokumwe. European Union inobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira paramende yeEurope pamusoro penhau dziri mukati meUNICEF. Uku kuzivikanwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunoratidza kuti kukumbira hakusi kwokufananidzira chete; kunoiswa mugadziriro dzokutonga.

Kushandisa Michina Yokukumbira

Zvikumbiro zvinopesvedzera mutemo kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji, kazhinji kazhinji ichishanda mukubatanidza nemimwe miitiro yokushandisa unyengeri. Muuyo unotsamira pazvinhu zvakadai senhamba yesaini, kuisa mashoko muzvinhu, kuzivisa kwenhau, uye mashoko akapoteredza zvamatongerwe enyika. Pasi apa pane mamakani okutanga ayo kukumbira kunoshandura nako kusaina muchiito chemitemo.

Mijaho Yesaini Nemadenderedzwa

Masangano mazhinji emitemo ane mitemo yakarongwa inosimudzira zvikumbiro kana zvangopfuura bedzi pasaini. Somuenzaniso, Dare reZvikumbiro reParamende reUK rinorangarira chikumbiro chipi nechipi chine siginicha dzinopfuura 100 000 nokuda kwekurukurirano. MuUnited States, “Isu vanhu” chikuva (zvino) chaidikanwa kusaina 100 000 mukati mamazuva 30 nokuda kwemhinduro yeNzvisarudzo yeNzvisarudzo yeWhite House. Zvikumbarwa izvi zvinoumba chiratidzo chakajeka: chikumbiro netsigiro yavose chinoraira mhinduro yapamutemo, kunyange kana mhinduro yacho isiri pamutemo. Vaiti vemitemo vapambiri vemiitiro yapamutemo vanobvuma pachena, inogona kudzosera Window reAungton remitemo inogamuchirwa.

Kusimbiswa Kwezvinobudisa Nhau

Chikumbiro chine makumi ezviuru zvezvisaini chinoda kusiiwa. Vanyori venhau vanozivisa uye vanobudirira, vachiparira kuparadzirwa pachena kwechisakiso chacho. Kushambadzirwa kwezvinobudisa nhau mukuchinja kwevaiti vemitemo kupfurikidza nokukwidziridza nhau pakati pevamiririri vehurumende. Somuenzaniso, chikumbiro cha2016 chokubvisa kushanya kwehurumende kuUK garners inopfuura mamiriyoni 1,8 uye ngwariro huru yezvinobudisa nhau, chinogombedzera hurumende kubudisa mashoko akawanda. Nepo kushanya kwacho kwakazoitika, kurukurirano yavose yakaumba hurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chivako Chinodhura uye Chokudyira

Zvikumbiro zvinosanorongwa zvinogona kushanda zviri zvikamu zvezvishandiso zvinobatanidza misangano navagadziri vemitemo, nhimbe dzemasangano enhau, uye zvibvumirano nesangano risiri rehurumende. Chikumbiro chakarongwa zvakanaka chinogona kushanda sendaza yavangada kuva vatsigiri, varongi vanogona gare gare kuunganidza nokuda kwemisangano, tsamba, kana kuti runhare. Vaongorori vanodzivisa dzvinyiriro: vaiti vemitemo vanoona nhamba huru uye vanonzwisisa kuti vasaini vakarongwa uye vanopfuurira.

Zvikumbiro Zvemadhigirii: Kuchinja Nzvimbo

Internet yachinja mwero nokumhanya kwokukumbira. Platforms se Chinjo.org, Avaaz, uye masuo ehurumende akaita kuti kuve kuduku kutanga ndokugoverana chikumbiro. Uku kuzviisa pasi pehurumende ine zvose zviri zviviri betsero nemhinganidzo.

Matanda Nezvaanoita

Chinjo.org inoganza vashandisi vanopfuura mamirioni 400 uye kutaura kuti vakawina nhimbe pachinhu chiri chose kubvira pamitemo yebhizimisi kusvikira kumutemo wenyika. Chiteshi cherolgorime yedare rinopinza mikumbiro nesimba, kuparira kusatora mavhairasi. Muna 2019, Chinjo.org chikumbiro chokukurudzira Amazon kurega kutengesa ruzivo rwokuziva chiso kumitemo yakaunganidzwa zvisaini zvinopfuura mamirioni ane zvina uye yakabetsera kukuva nehoro yechinguvana yeAmazon. Nenzira yakafanana, “Isu Vanhu” pasi pomutungamiriri weObama akaona zvikumbiro panhau dzeretisino kudzosaidzo dzezvibvumirano zvechinyakare, nemhinduro dzapamutemo dzinobva kunzvimbo yeChirungu.

Kubatsira Uye Kukanganisa Kunoita Kuparadza Mukombiyuta

Zvikumbiro zvemadhigirii zvinoderedza mhinganidzo yokutora rutivi. Munhu upi noupi ane Internet anogona kusaina mumasekondi. Asi izvi zvingaderedza kuzvipira kunenge kuripo kwevasaindisiti. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti “cliviv” inotsiva kuvimbisana kwakadzama, uye kuti kusaina kunobva kunze kweruwa rwemutepi wemitemo hakunyatsoitwi zvakanaka. Uyezve, kusazivikanwa kana kuti kudhura mari shoma kunogona kutungamirira kukunyengera kana kuti basa remhizha. Zvikamu zvePlatforms zvakatanga zviteko zvakasiana - siteko, asi kutendeka kwezvikumbiro zvemichina kunoramba kuri chinhu chinhu chinonetsa.

Miganhu Netsoropodzo Zvinodzokerazve

Nepo mikumbiro ichigona kuva inobudirira, haitongorina simba resirivha nokuda kwepesvedzero yavagari vemo.

Musiyano Wokusaina

Nhamba yesaini haisati hayo ichishandura muvhoti dzemitemo. Vaiti vemitemo vanoisa mativi akawanda: mishumo yedare, kunzvera kwechirongwa, utungamiriri, uye fariro dzomupi. Chikumbiro chine siginicha 500 000 chingangofuratirwa kana kuchirwisana nefariro dzine simba dzemari kana kuti kuchirangarirwa sechimiro chavose chipfupi. Nzvero neUK Hansard Society yakawana kuti chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvibvumirano zvinopfupikisana muuyo chaiwoiwo wechinjo. Mukahaha pakati pechinodikanwa chavose nechiito chemitemo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji yakafara.

Kupisa uye Mashoko Asina Kunaka

Zvikumbiro zvinogona kugadzirwa zvombo. Nhimbe dzeastroturf .-adifinitial roots transmoted systems("audiodiations systems nerevomhess kuti zviite tsigiro yakakurumbira. Mukati mekusarudza 2020 US, zvikumbiro zvinozivisa kuvhota zvinoparadzirwa zvikuru, asi zvizhinji zvakaraswa. Misformation yakabatanidzwa kumikumbiro inogonawo kushatisa zvisakiso zvechokwadi, ichiita kuti vaiti vemitemo vasainde nhamburiko dzose dzechisaini. Mabhii akarwisa kuisa mifungo yakadzikama pasina kudzorwa pakutaura kwakasununguka.

Interia yeUreardian

Kunyange apo chikumbiro chinotanga mhinduro yemitemo yapamutemo, muuyo ungava wedare reparamende ringava nomushumo wokutonga, uye ipapo nhau yacho inofa. Pasina dzvinyiriro inotsigirwa uye kurongeka kwakarongwa, mikumbiro inogona kuva mugumo wakaipa. Karenda yemitemo yakatsvikinyidzana, uye zvikumbiro kazhinji kazhinji zvinokwikwikwidzana nokuda kwenjodzi dzekurumidziro nehondo dzokudzivisa hondo.

Kuongorora Nyaya: Pazvakakumbirwa Zvakachinja

Kuti unzwisise kubatana kunenge kwakaita nyika, zvinobatsira kuongorora zvikumbiro zvakanyatsobatsira kuti mitemo ichinje.

Nhambo Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Muna 1960, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) yakashandisa zvikumbiro sechimwe chenzira huru yokunyoresa mutemo wekodzero dzevagari vemo. 1963 “March kuWashington nokuda kwaMabs uye Rusununguko” yakatangira nokukumbira kuti chibvumirano cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzemunhu chibude. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wacho waifamba nemhaka yezvikonzero zvakawanda, kutsinhana kwakawanda kwakabatsira kuratidzira nhengo dzeCongress Congress kuti dzisaine pfungwa yavose yakanga yachinja.

Kukunda Kwemhoteredzo

Muna 2013, chikumbiro chaAvaaz chokurambidza microbeads muzvinozorwa chakaungana zvikamu zvinodarika 500 000 uye chakabatsira kuti pave nemitemo muUK, US, neCanada. Hurumende yeUK yakarambidza microbeads pakugadzira zvizorwa muna 2018. Nenzira yakafanana, zvikumbiro zvaipesana neKeystone XL part muUS zvakanga zviri chikamu chesangano guru remhoteredzo rakapesvedzera kurambwa kwechirongwa cheObama.

Miitiro Ichangobva Kuchinjwa

Muna 2021, chimwe chikumbiro chinoraira Chinjo.org chinoraira shava inobhadharwa nokuda kwavashandi vanokosha muAustralia chakaunganidzwa zvisaini zvinopfuura 200 000. Pashure pedzvinyiriro yavose nezivikanyo dzenhau, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakatanga zvirongwa zvechinguvana zvokurega kurwara. Nepo chikumbiro chacho chakanga chisiri mutyairi bedzi, chakakudziridza manzwi avashandi ndokuchengeta nhau yacho munhau. Mumwe muenzaniso: “Misa Kukumbira kweCut” muUK muna 2010 102011 yakaungana zvisaini zvinorwisana neNHS uye dzidzo, uye apo kuchekwa kwacho kwaipfuurira, kugombedzera hurumende kukurukurazve nhau yacho uye kugadziridza mimwe miraudzo.

Kuyera Tapuro Yechokwadi Yezvikumbiro

Zvimwe zvikumbiro zvinochinja hurukuro yavose, zvinovaka nzanga, kana kuti zvinoshanda sezviratidzo zvokukurumidza kunyevera mutemo womunguva yemberi.

Kupfuura Chisaini

Chikumbiro chingasaita chinangwa chacho chiripo asi chinogona kuisa fandesheni yechinjo dzenguva yemberi. Somuenzaniso, kukumbira nokuda kwokuenzana kweroorano muUS muma1990 hakuna kuguma nokunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwapakarepo, asi vakagadzira pfungwa yacho ndokuvaka chitsigiro. Kwamakumi maviri amakore, kuti kuchinja kwetsika kwakabetsera kugadziridza nzira yechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2015. Nenzira yakafanana, kukumbira nokuda kwechinjo dzegarikano yemhuka kunowanzotungamirira kukuchinja kukuru mumiraudzo kunyange kana chinodikanwa chikuru chakadzorwa.

Kuchinja Kukuru Muhurukuro

Zvikumbiro zvinogona kuchinja kuti nhau dzinorongwa sei. Apo chikumbiro chinodzora ngwariro yakapararira, zviteshi zvenhau nevezvematongerwe enyika zvinogamuchira mutauro wacho. Shoko rokuti “njodzi yekurumidziro yepakarepo” rakawana rutivi nemhaka yemikumbiro yavazhinji pamaplatifomu seAvaaz. Iyi pesvedzero inodzokororwa inodzorwa yezvisarudzo zvemiitiro inorangarirwa, kuita kuti pfungwa dzaichimbova dzengozi dziratidzike kuva dzakatanhamara.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vayorodza Nayo Kukumbira Kubudirira

Nokuda kwaavo vanotsvaka kushandisa mikumbiro sechokushandisa nokuda kwokuchinja, shandisa zvinhu. chikumbiro chakasanorongwa sezvingabvira zvikuru chichawana tsinhirano uye chine tapuro isingagumi.

Kugadzira Zvinhu Zvine Mutengo

Chikumbiro chinofanira kuva nechikumbiro chakananga, chisingachinjiki. Kukumbira kwokushingaira kwakadai se “kuita chimwe chinhu pamusoro pechinjo yemamiriro okunze” hakushandi zvikuru kupfuura“ kuisa mabhiriyoni $1 emadhora musimba rinomutsidzirwa” kana kuti “kudzivisa mabhegi epurasitiki okushandisa rimwe panosvika 2025.” Precision inobetsera vaiti vemitemo kunzwisisa chiito chiri kukumbirwa ndokukuita kuti chive nyore kutevera miuyo. Mukuwedzera, mutauro unofanira kuva unoremekedza uye unova wakavakirwa paidi, unodzivisa rupfambiso rungasekesa rungaderedza ruvimbiko.

Kuvaka Chibvumirano

Kukumbira kunowana simba kana kuchitsigirwa nemasangano ane mibatanidzwa iripo. Kushandira pamwe neNGOS, masangano, kana kuti mapoka enzanga kunogovera gadziriro dzokusimudzirwa nokushandiswa. Chikumbiro chinobva kumunhu ari oga hachikurudziri zvikuru kupfuura chinoitwa nomunhu anotsigirwa nesangano rinoremekedzwa. Uyezve, vakwanyina vakabatana vanogona kubetsera kutevera pashure pokupfiga chikumbiro chacho, vachichinja siginicha kuva chitsigiriso chinopfuuridzirwa.

Kubatanidzwa Nevagadziri Vemitemo Nevanobudisa Mitemo

Chinyoreso bedzi hachiwanzosunda muiti wemitemo. Varongi vanofanira kubudisa nhau apo zvinoitika zvinokosha zvinosvikwa, kushandisa zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga kuzivisa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, uye kukumbira misangano kupa chikumbiro chacho mumunhu oga. Nhau dzomunhu oga dzinobva muvamiriri dzinogona kusimbiswa kuti dzipedze nhau yacho. Nokuda kwezvikumbiro zvehurumende zvinofambirwa, kuronda mhinduro nokuronga nhano dzinotevera (g., tsinhiro dzavose, dzinopupurira pakutongwa) dzinowedzera mukana wetapuro.

Nguva Yemberi Yokukumbira Mukuita Chisarudzo Chomutemo

Sezvo ruzivo rwekugadzira zvinhu nevezvematongerwo enyika zvichichinja, ndizvo zvichaitawo kukumbira.

Kugara uye Kutsakatika Here?

Hurukuro hunogadzirwa hungagona kuchinja kunzvera, kubetsera vaiti vemitemo kuronga mavhoriyamu makuru ezvisainwa ndokubvisa zvinonetsa. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu rungashandiswawo kusimbisa kusaina ndokudzivisa kubiridzira, kuwedzera kuva pamutemo. Mamwe maplatifomu anobvumira vasaini kuisa zviratidzo pamiuyo, kuvamba kubatanidzwa kwemicrollal comfinitions. Zvisinei, izvi zvinosimudzirawo itiro hanya dzakavanzika nedzokushandisa.

Kupinda Musangano

Masangano mazhinji emitemo ari kunzvera kubatanidzwa kwakadzama kwezvikumbiro mumuitiro. Somuenzaniso, Paramende yeFinland, inoronga tsaona dzoga dzoga dzokuunganidza siginicha 50 000, ichivatumira kumatare kuti varangarire. Uyu muenzaniso unoderedza chisarudzo chavachengeti vesuo uye unovimbisa kuti zvikarakadzo zvavose zvigova zvirongwa zvehurumende. Kana nyika dzakawanda dzikagamuchira miitiro yokukumbira kana kuti kuisa kaviri, simba rechishandiswa ringagona kukura zvikuru.

mhedziso

Kukumbira kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha zvikuru chokuvimbisana kwehurumende nehurumende, kuchipa vagari vemo nzira yakarongeka yokukurukura nayo navaiti vemitemo. Nepo vasati vari nzira inovimbiswa yokuchinja kwomutemo, mano avo okusimudzira kuziva, kushandisa dzvinyiriro, uye hurukuro yokuchinja kunovaita chishandiso chinokosha mubhokisi rezvombo zvokushandisa. Kukumbira kunoshanda zvikurusa ndeavo vakabatanidzwa munhimbe dzourongwa hwehurumende, vanopiwa zvikumbiro zvakajeka, uye vanotsigirwa nemapoka akasiyana - siyana. Sezvinoramba kupfuurira kuparira uye dzimwe hurumende dzinogamuchira gadziriro dzinodavirira, mikumbiro yokuumba mitemo ichawedzera. Pakupedzisira, mikumbiro chiyeuchidzo chokuti democracyism haishandiswi mubhokisi rezvokubharati asi mukurukurirano yenguva dzose pakati pavadzorwi naavo vanotonga.

nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pemiitiro yokukumbira netapuro dzemitemo, kunzvera zvinhu zvinobva ku PART]UK Kukumbira Dare [, nhungamiro yehurumende kukukumbira[, uye kunzvera kwedzidzo dzakadai se E processs ne CFYM [[FT:6]] [1] mu American Political Science Review.[FLT]