Kutongwa Nematare Echechi Semakambani Ezvokushanda

Kunzwa kweCongress kunomirira mumwe wemiitiro yakananga zvikurusa kupfurikidza nayo kutarisira kwomutemo kunoumba mabasa ezuva nezuva, mitemo, uye nhungamiro yakarongwa yehurumende. Kure nokuva maitirowo zvawo, aya marusando anoshanda seinjini dzinofeyafeyafeya dzinobudisa ufakazi, kuratidzira kuvadziko, uye kuparira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwokuchinja kwemiitiro. Apo mitezo yeCongress inonzvera vatungamiriri venhau, vamiririri vesangano, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, uye vashandi vapamberi venzvimbo, vanovaka chinyorwa chavose icho chinowanzova hwaro hwemitemo mitsva, mirayiridzo yehurumende, uye miraudzo yesangano inodzora basa rehurumende.

Ukama pakati pezvigadzikiso zvedare negadziriro yavashandi yehurumende ndezvipi zviri zviviri zvinoratidzira napi nezvinopinzwa. Kunzwa kunofumura zvinetso ̬ zvakadai sokunonoka kurovha, kuripira kusaruramisira, kana kuti nzvimbo dzechengeteko ̬ uye mhinduro dzinoguma nemitemo kana kuti dzehurumende ipapo dzinodzoserazve nzvimbo yebasa nokuda kwamamirioni avashandi vehurumende. Kunzwisisa ikoku kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei chinjo dzakati dzichibudirira, chikonzero nei vamwe vachirega, uye kuti vachengeti vemipinyi vemipinyigogo mukati nekunze kwehurumende vanogona kutora rutivi sei nenzira inobudirira zvikuru mumuitiro wokuita.

Kuzvidavirira Kunoita Kutongwa Nehurumende

Dare rinoshandisa chiremera charo zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nokutonga kwedare, uko kunowira mumapoka akasiana- siyana. Magweta anonzvera zvikwereti zvinokarakadzwa ndokuunganidza mubatanidzwa pamusoro pechinjo dzinobvira dzedare. Kunzwa kwakapfuureinwa kunohwirudzura kuitwa kwemitemo iripo nokuyera kushanda kwesangano. Kunzwa kwokupa mishumo inonzvera kuiswa mumhesano dzakananga dzetsvina, utsotsi, kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Kutemwa kwemifungo kunoyera zvigaro zvenzvimbo zvapamusoro. Rudzi rumwe norumwe runova nereve netaro dzezvokunzvera zvakava netapuro yakananga zvikuru muNhauchanga yebasa ravagari vemo.

Basa Rokunyora Mashoko

Matare akadai seHouse Oversest and Government Reform Committee yeSangano reHomeland Security neGovernment Affairs Committee anogara achipa mashoko anotsvaka kubudirira kwevatarisiri vevashandi mumasangano ehurumende. Panenge paripo, zvapupu zvinopa uchapupu hwakanyorwa, zvinopindura mibvunzo iri kupika, uye zvinogovera magwaro anotsigira anopinda mudare. Chinyorwa ichi chinova chisakiso chevamwe vagadziri vemitemo, vatori venhau, vatsvakurudzi venhau, uye mapoka ezveufundisi avo vanotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti mabasa ehurumende anoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Hurumende yeRecouncial Accouncial Accounting Office (GAO) neCongregational Baccul Baccul Office (CBO) kazhinji kazhinji zvinogovera tsigiro yezvokuteerera uku, nemishumo yeGAO inowanzobatira sohwaro hwekubvunza. Somuenzaniso, mushumo weGO pamusoro pemisi yokupinza nguva unganyandura mutarisiri wedare kubvunza mutarisiri weBateejal Office (OPM) chikonzero nei uchine avhareji yamazuva 100 yokuvereji mushandi mutsva wehurumende uye zvinodzivisa ganhuriro dzemitemo kugadziridza nokukurumidza. Iyi migariro inoparira dzvinyiriro yokudzora uye inogona kutungamirira kumasimba ehurumende kuti akurumidze kufambira mberi panguva dzose.

Dzvinyiriro Yavanhu Vose Nechido Chezvamatongerwe Enyika

Mitongo inoparirawo ngwariro yavose iyo inoderedza dzvinyiriro yechinjo. Apo inoratidzirwa kana kuti inofukidzwa zvikuru mupepanhau, nzeve dzinounza nhau dzevashandi vehurumende kuvateereri vakawanda. Vatarisiri vemitemo vanotungamirira pamusoro peminzwa yakakwirira vanowana kuoneka kwemiitiro yavo yokutanga, uye zvapupu zvinoita zvisakakwana zvinogona kukuvadza sangano ’ mukurumbira kana kuti kusekesa zvikumbiro zvaro zvemari inobhajekeswa. Iri basa rinozvidavirira rinovimbisa kuti nhau dzavashandi hadzirambi dzichichengetwa kukurukurirano dzomukati asi panzvimbo pezvo kuva rutivi rwekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika yorudzi.

Mumwe muenzaniso unobatanidza chinetso chinopfuurira chekubvisa magetsi echengeteko. Kunzwa kwakawanda kwamakore anoverengeka kwakazivisa kuti masangano akanga asingakwanisi kugadziridza mativi nomutoo wakakodzera, achigadzira mitsipa yebhotoro yainonotsa kuroja nzvimbo dzinotapurwa. Ngwariro inotsigirwa yakabva kuCongress pakupedzisira yakatungamirira kubvumirano yechinjo muIntelligence Leact Act uye kuumbwa kwechisarudzo chehurumende yose chakatsiva rondedzero yenhau yakare nekadhindindiva.

Zvinoitika Munhau: Kubva Pachibvumirano Chekuchinja Chazvino Uno

Itambano pakati pekutongwa kwedare negadziriro yebasa rehurumende nderekare segadziriro yehurumende inofanirwa neyapamutemo pachayo. Pendeton Civil Service Act ya1883, iyo yakatanga nheyo yokuti mabasa ehurumende anofanira kupiwa pahwaro panzvimbo pemutsigiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika, yakatevera makore okunzwa kwokunzvera kwaisimbisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwegadziriro yakapambwa. Vaiti vemitemo vaitarisira vaishandisa ufakazi hwaiungana kuvaka bipartisançan nokuda kwokuvakira mutemo unosara uri hwaro hwebasa rehurumende.

Zviitiko Zvechimakumi Maviri Nezvishanu

Mukati meKuderera Kukuru Kwomugariro Wemari neHondo yeNyika II, kutongwa kwedare pamusoro pekubudirira kwehurumende kwakatungamirira kukuumbwa kweCivil Service Commission ̱ inoumba gadziriro dzazvino uno dzemibhadharo. Kurongwa kweChiito cheRevolution cha 1949 uye mari yakatevera kubuda mumitongo yakanzvera basa renyongano remibhadharo panguva iyoyo. Zvapupu kubva kuvatungamiriri vamasangano kusvikira kuvakuru vakuru vakuru vakagovera chipupuriro chakaumba Gene General Segella (GS) inobhadhara, icho chichiri kudzora muripo nokuda kwavashandi vazhinjisa vemitengwadzanyu vemite yemite yemiteota.

Chibvumirano cheCivil Service Reform Act ya 1978, icho chakaumba Senior Administration Service (SS) ndokutanga Hofisi yeMabasa, Merit Systems Protection Board (MSPB), uye Federal Labor Relations Authority (FLRA), chakanga chiri chigadzirwa chimene chemitemo yokunzwa kukuru kwedare. Carter aidzodzo dzakaongororwa mumitengo yakawanda yenzwi mumatare akawanda, navagadziri vemitemo vaichadzivirira kodzero dzevashandi apo vaipa kuva vamanija vadzo. Mutevedzero wakaitwa wakaratidzira kuchinjika kutendwa kwakaenzana kwapamhiko kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakadzikama dzebasa ravakuru nekodzero dzenzvimbo nedzoro.

Nguva Yokutarisira Basa

Muma1990 namavambo ama 2000, kutongwa pamusoro pokushanda kwehurumende nokuzvidavirira kwakasunda kushandiswa kwegadziriro dzokutarisira dzakavakirwa pamasangano ehurumende. Government Act (GPRA) yeIndaneti ya2010 nenjo yayo ya2010, GPRA Modertization Act, zvose zviri zviviri zvakakwevera zvikuru pauchapupu hwokunzwa ufakazi hwakaratidzira ganhuriro dzetsika negadziriro. Vagadziri vemitemo vakashandisa kunzwa kudzvinyirira masangano kuti arondedzere miuyo inoenzana, kubatanidza mashoko okuita kugovera migove yemipi, uye mushumo unoguma noufakazi kuChibvumirano chamasangano navose.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, temberi pamusoro pomuitiro wokuroja wehurumende dzakasunda OPM kuhwirudzura mabasa okunzvera akagoverwa uye kusimudzira chiverengero chamapoka, uko kunobvumira masangano kurangarira vapi navapi vanobhapatidzwa vanosvitsa zvikwaniriso zvikuru panzvimbo pevakwidziri vapanzvimbo pamapoka enhamba. Ichi chinjo dzakaziviswa noufakazi hunoratidza kuti mutemo wegamuchidzanwa wegadziriro nhatu ̬ uyo waida masangano kusarudza bedzi kubva kuvatatu vapamberidzi ̬ wakanga uchinonotsa kurodza kurovhara nokudzivisa vakwidza vanokwanisa kuti vashande basa.

Nzvimbo Dzinotapurwa Nokunzwa

Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinotaura nezvenzvimbo umo uchapupu hwokunzwa hwakanyanya kukanganisa mitemo uye miitiro yehurumende.

Kushandira Nebetsero

Mitongo pamubhadharo womubatanidzwa yave iri rutivi runodzokororwazve rwoutariri hwesangano kwamakumi amakore. Vagadziri vemitemo vanonzvera kuwirirana kwevashandi vehurumende nevomusekete voga, kurongwa kwegadziridzo dzenzvimbo, uye kutsigirwa kweFederal Goweens Presencement System (FRACE) neCivil Service Ressionment System (CSRS). Ivava vanonzwa vanogadzira mashoko anozivisa gadziridzodzo dzomugariro wegore negore, zvikarakadzo zvokurega basa, uye zvisarudzo pamusoro pemipiro kuThrift Leavelts Plan (TSP).

Somuenzaniso, kunzwa muna 2023 na 2024 pa nyika iri kukura musiyano muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu namabasa okusabatana kwekombiyuta kwakagovera ufakazi hwakatungamirira kukutangwa kwomutemo unobvumira mwero yomubhadharo chaiwo uye kwakavandudza vakuru vakuru vekupinza mari nokuda kweITAR. Zvapupu zvomuBato reDepartment ne Department of Homeland Security zvakapupurira kuti pasina aya masangano acharamba achirasikirwa netarenda kuvakanwa vavapanduki vechechi voga. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chakataurwa zvakananga mumishumo yedare yaiperekedza zvikwereti zvinotevera.

Kuhwanda Nokupinda Mungarava

Muitiro wokuroja wehurumende wave uri nhau inopfuurira yenzvero yesangano. Kunzwa kwakapupurira zvinetso zvakadai sourefu hwenguva kubvira pakuiswa basa kusvikira kurongedzero yokupedzisira, kuoma kwezvishandiso zveUSAJOBS, uye kushandiswa kusingawirirani kwezviremera zvokurovha kwakadai seShedynal A nokuda kwavanhu vakaremara uye Veterans ’ Pareference Act. Kunzwa uku kwakatungamirira kuchinjo dzenhungamiro dzeOPM, zvirongwa zvokushandisa kwounyanzvi hwokubhadhakisa, uye zvibvumirano zvemitemo zvinoda masangano anoda kuti apedzire nguva nezvinobhadharwa.

Muenzaniso unokosha ndi Mukuru mukuru wavanhu Council ’ inhamburiko [ dzokushandisa rumbidzo dzakabuda munhevedzano yezvirevo zveDare pamusoro pokuchinja kwourongwa. Dare rakakudziridza kunzvera kwakarongwa kwakarongwa kwemasangano enyanzvi dzenhau kuti aongorore vadaviri, ose ari maviri akanga ari mhinduro dzakananga kunhau dzinomutswa pamusoro pezvikanganiso zvokutsvaka mari.

Kusiyana - siyana, Kuenzana, uye Kubatana

Kunzwa kweCongress kwakaita basa rinooneka zvikuru mukuumba mhatsa, kunyorwa, uye kuva pamwe chete kwe (DEI) muvashandi vehurumende. Vagadziri vemitemo vakanzvera kusashanda mukurovha, kusimudzirwa, uye mwero yemipimo yevashandi vakabva mumapoka ari pasi, uye vakamanikidzira masangano kushandisa gadziriro dzemashoko dzokuvhara nzvimbo idzodzo. Chipupuriro chinobva kuEcommeter Obstermentmentment Commission (EOC) uye OPM chakazivisa zvirongwa zvevakuru vakuru nesangano reDEI.

Mitongo pamusoro pemhatsa muvashandi vomubatanidzwa yakakurukurawo nhau dzakadai semireza yavakadzi navaduku munzvimbo dzapamusoro dzoutungamiriri, kushanda kwamapoka avashandi vanoshandisa manyuko, uye basa rokurovedza kworusaruro rwokusaziva. EOC ̱ mushumo wegore negore pamusoro pavashandi vomubatanidzwa unodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji muidzi nzeve sechiratidzo chefambiro mberi nokuziva mirangariro inopfuurira.

Kuchengeteka Kubasa Noutano

Kotsekano yebasa mumasangano ehurumende, zvikurukuru mumhoteredzo dzakakwirira dzakadai semarabhoratori enyika, mabasa echengeteko mumuganhu, uye zvivako zvokutarisira utano mukati me Department of Veterans Affairs, yave iri nhau yenzwi rinopfuura redare. Marusando aya akanzvera kuderera kwerovedzo yekotsekano, kuvapo kwemidziyo inodzivirira, uye kugamuchirwa kwenhungamiro yesangano kuitiro hanya dzavashandi. OSAAgagaces ne Dico audists of audies programs articment aright recurectionssssssssss arightriptuess kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inobatira sohwarooresaio rekudzo dzeinzwisiso.

Mukupindura chipupuriro chokunzwa pamusoro pekuvadziko yomuviri nendangariro paFotray Security Administration (TSA), Congress yakabatanidza gadziriro mugadziriro dzeFY 2023 omniproprias dzakaraira kuvandudzika kwokunzvera nokuda kwekuvadziko dzemusculoskelet uye kusvika kwakawedzera kusvika kuzano routano hwendangariro. TSA yakabvumawo kushandisa shopu yakarongwa yepakati yekuvadziko dzokuronda kumabasa, rumbidzo yakabuda zvakananga kubva kuHouse Home Homeland Security Committee.

Kufambira Mberi Kwesimba

Hurumende yehurumende ̱ inoda kuti nyanzvi dzemakombiyuta dzive musoro mukuru mumishumo ichangobva kukurukurwa. Vagadziri vemitemo vakanzvera miganhu younyanzvi, zvinetso zvokuwana, uye zvinetso zvokukanganwa izvo zvinosiya masangano ari mungozi kukurwisa kwekombiyuta. Uku kunzwa kwakanyandura nhevedzano yemhinduro dzemitemo, kubatanidza Cybersecurity Talentality Initiation, kuumbwa kweCybersecurity neInfraultruse Security Agency (CISA) programult) yezve kushambadza basa. programudzo dzokubudirira, uye chinjo kumuitiro wokuwana mari inobvumira masangano kuzadza nzvimbo dzechimbichimbidzo nokukurumidza zvikuru.

CYbersecurity Development ne Program yokurovedza yakatangwa netsigiro yakajeka inobva muuchapupu hwokunzwa hunoratidzira kuti nguva dzenguva dzokupinza dzamagamuchidzanwa dzakanga dzisingawirirani nekurumidziro yetyisidziro dzekombiyuta. Vadzori vemitemo vakashandisa chinyorwa chokunzwa kururamisa chiremera chakananga chokuroja, mwero yemari chaiyo yemari, uye chikwereti chevadzidzi chokubhadhara mapurogiramu enyanzvi dzeIndaneti mumativi akawanda.

Mitoo Yokupesvedzera: Kubva Kuuchapupu Kuenda Kutsika

Kunzwisisa kuti uchapupu hwokunzwa hunochinja sei kuva muitiro chaiwoiwo kunoda kunzvera miitiro chaiyo inobatanidza idzi nzvimbo mbiri. muitiro wacho hauwanzorongedzeki, asi nzira dzinoverengeka dzinobuda nguva dzose senzira dzinokosha dzepesvedzero.

Mishumo Yomutauro Nemishumo Yedare

Dare parinozivisa chinetso mukati mokutonga, mitezo yaro ingabatanidza mutauro wemitemo mumutemo mupepa rinotevera kukurukura chinetso ichocho. Mishumo yedare inoti mabhiri anobatanidzwa anowanzodudza uchapupu hwakajeka hwokunzwa sechinopa mufungo chegadziriro dzakati. Iyi mishumo ine ukoshi hunodudzira apo masangano anoshandisa mutemo uye apo matare anohwirudzura zviito zvamasangano. Nokudaro chinyorwa chokunzwa chinova rutivi rwenhau yemitemo iyo inotungamirira inoita.

Somuenzaniso, pashure pokutongwa kwezvinzvimbo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvokugadzwa zvisina kufanira, Congress yakabatanidza mutauro muFY 2024 National Defense Imprifiguration Act yaiganhurira nhamba yeSangano reChibvumirano C uye masangano aida kupa kururamiswa kune udzame kukuru kwokutendeudzira nzvimbo dzebasa kune dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare racho rakapa uchapupu hwakajeka hunobva kune vaichimbova vatungamiriri veOPM vakanga varondedzera kuti chiremera cheShedynalm C chakanga chawedzerwa sei kupfuura zvaidiwa pakutanga.

Chiito Chokutungamirira

Vakuru vakuru vemasangano pavanopanikira vaiti vemitemo uye pavanonzwa kurumbidza kwakananga kunobva kunhengo dzedare, vanowanzozvipira kuita chiito chokutungamirira. Misengwa iyi inonyanya kurangarirwa muchinyorwa chokuteerera, uye matare anogona kutevera kuti abvumikise kuteererwa.

OPM yakahwirudzura mitemo mizhinji inodzora kurovha basa kwamakwikwi, vagara nebasa ’ vanotarisira zvavanoda, uye mipimo yevashandi vachiitira hanya chimwe chinhu mukupindura zvinetso zvinomutswa mukutongwa kwedare. Sangano ̱ mirayiridzo yakarongwa inowanzochinja misoro yakadzorwa zvikurusa mukutonga mukati megore rakapfuura.

Kufunga Nezvokushandisa Mari

Gadziriro yokupa purogiramu inopa imwe nzira inodzora nayo purogiramu yemashandiro enzeve. Pavanenge vachiteerera mashandiro emari, vatungamiriri vemasangano vanodzivirira zvikumbiro zvavo zvemari uye vanotsanangura kuti vanoronga sei kushandisa mari yakakodzera nokuda kwepurogiramu dzevashandi. Mitezo yedare rokupa mari inogona kubatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuti itsive, kurambidza kushandiswa kwemari nokuda kwezvimwe zvinangwa, kana kuti mari kudzosera kumiitiro yakati. Vatasvi ava vamazano vakashandiswa kumisa kana kuti kurayira kuchinja kwemiitiro yokubhadharo yehurumende, mirayiridzo, uye mapurogiramu okurovedza vashandi.

Muchinoitika chinocherekedzwa, kutonga kwokupa mishumo muna 2022 kwakazivisa kuti Department of Veterans Affairs yakanga yave ichishandisa chiremera chayo kuhaya vatarisiri voutano vokuwedzera pasinei zvapo navagari vemo vanowedzera. House Appropries Committee yakapindura kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vaVa vape mishumo inopa nguva imwe pafambiro mberi yavo yokuroja uye kupfurikidza nokuisa parutivi chikamu chesangano rezvekubetsera ̱ mari yaizowanika bedzi pashure pokunge varapi varapi varapi vadzo vakadudzwa. Chipupuriro chokunzwa chakagovera hwaro huri pachena hweiyi fambiro mberi yemari inotsigirwa inotsigirwa.

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Kunzwa Kwakachinja Federal Kubasa

Kunzwa kwakati kuti mumakore gumi apfuura kunoratidzira simba rouyu mutoo wokutarisira wokuita chinjo dzinooneka mumatarisiri anoita hurumende mabasa ayo.

Kutongwa Kwemashoko eOPM kwa 2015

Apo Office of Montreal Management yakazivisa muna 2015 kuti vafeyinyi vakanga vabira zvinyorwa zvokunzvera zvenguva yakapfuura nokuda kwavanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 21, matare esangano akaita nhevedzano yokunzwa kwokukurumidzira kwakanzvera sangano ̱ kusava mutevedzeri kwekombiyuta, kubata kwaro mashoko anotapurika, uye kutarisirwa kwaro kwose. Kutonga kwakazivisa kuti OPM yakanga yakundikana kushandisa gadziriro dzokudzivirira dzinokosha, kuti gadziriro dzayo dzokunzvera dzakanga dzapera mushure dzakanga dzachinjira mberi nomutoo une ngozi, uye utungamiriri hwesangano iroro hwakanga husati hwasimbisa kusava nomugariro wapamutemo wapamutemo.

Gadziriro dzakananga dzakabatanidza kuchinjwa kwebasa rokunzvera reshure kubva kuOPM kuenda ku Department of Department kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kweNational Investigations Bureau (zvino iDefense Countertellice and Security Agency). Misangano yakaisawo chinjo dzemitemo kugadziriro yokuchenesa uye masangano aida kuti awane mipimo yakaoma zvikuru yokuratidza. Iyi chinjo yakavandudzazve basa rehurumende uye kuvandudza chengeteko nokuda kwavashandi vose vomuhurumende.

Kutongwa Kwa 2020 Pamabasa Epashure Pebasa

Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, Dare reHouse Oversation rakava nokutonga kwakawanda pamusoro pedenho dzokushanda dzakatarisana neUnited States Postal Service (USPS), kubatanidza perevedzo dzavashandi, kunonoka kugadzira, uye tapuro dzemipimo yokuderedza ndyiko pakugoverwa kwetsika nebasa. Mutungamiriri wePost General Louis Dejoy akapupurira mukubvunzurudzwa pamusoro pechinjo dzokutumira tsamba, mitemo yemuraudzo, uye kurongwa kwemichina yokutumira tsamba.

Uku kutonga kwakaparira ngwariro huru yavose ndokutungamirira kuzvikarakadzo zvemitemo zvokuti, nepo zvisina kuitwa zvizere, zvakapesvedzera UPS̱ chinjo dzomuitiro womukati ndokuzivisa Postal Service Reform Act ya2022. Act yakabatanidza gadziriro idzo dzakatapura migariro yebasa nokuda kwavashandi veposve, zvakadai sezvinodikanwa zvokuchengeta mipimo yebasa nemirairo pamisiano yakati yebasa pasina kuhwirudzura. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chakashandiswa mukuvakaro yebipartistani uyo pakupedzisira wakapfuudza mutemo wekuvandudza.

2023-2024 Kunzwa paFederal Telework neFourse-Tower Office

Hurumende yehurumende zvayakatarisana nezvisarudzo zvapashure pebasa, kutongwa kwedare kwakava nzvimbo yokuitirana nharo pamusoro penguva yemberi yebasa refoni. Vaiti vemitemo vakabva kumativi ose ari maviri vakabvunza vatungamiriri vesangano pamusoro pemiitiro yavo yebasa, tapuro pamibato yebasa rokugadzirwa kwebasa navanotenga, uye migumisiro yenzvimbo yehofisi yehurumende nemitoo yemiitiro yemasangano. Masangano akakumbirwa kugovera mashoko ane udzame pamusoro pemwero yebasa riri kure, gutsikano yavashandi, uye kushanda mugadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa.

Chipupuriro chinobva muidzi temberi chakapesvedzera Office of Management and Bactenment ’ nhungamiro pabasa reteji uye yakapa betsero kumiitiro yokudzokera kunzvimbo dzamabasa yakasiana-- siyana yakagamuchirwa namasangano akasiana-- siyana. Mamwe matare akashandisa chinyorwa chokunzwa kusundira masangano kumabasa akawanda ari murumwe rudzi, nepo mamwe akasimbisa miuyo yezvibereko yakanga yaitwa kupfurikidza nebasa riri kure. Rudzirwo rweidzirwo rwokunzwa rwunokarakadza kuti muitiro wokushanda wamabasa ucharamba uri nzvimbo inokwikwidzanwa yenzvimbo yebasa yehurumende nokuda kwenguva yemberi yakafanotemwa.

Kubetsera Kudzidzisa Vadzidzi Navadzidzisi

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende, sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye hurumende, kutongwa kwedare, masangano anopa manyuko makuru enhau ayo anoenzanisira kushandiswa chaikoiko kwenheyo dzebasa rehurumende. Kunzvera mashoko okunzwa nechipupuriro zvinogona kubetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti mirangariro isina mufungo yakadai senheyo dzakakodzera tsika, kuzvidavirira, uye kuronga mabasa zvinoshandiswa. Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa zvinyorwa chaizvoizvo zvokunzwa kuronga maitiro umo vadzidzi vanonzvera ufakazi, vanonzvera zvibvumikiso zvemiitiro inokakavadzana, uye rumbidzo dzemitemo yechiito chewicrogist kana kuti chokutungamirira.

Chinyorwa cheConregion Record nedare rinotsikirira manyoro zvinogovera kusvika kwapachena kuzvinhu zvenhau, kuchigonesa kunzvera kirasi nzira iyo miitiro yamabasa yakavapo nayo munguva. Kuenzanisa chipupuriro chokunzwa kubva kunhambo dzakasiana---- siyana kunogona kuzivisa zvinhu zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvinochinja, mano okudzora, uye kusawirirana kunogara pakati pokubudirira, kusaruramisa, uye maruramiro avashandi.

Vadzidzi vanodzidza kunzvera zvinyorwa zvokunzwa vanokudziridza unyanzvi mukurangarira kwakavakirwa paufakazi, kunzverwa kwemiitiro, uye mutoo wemitemo unoshanda zvakananga kumabasa muhurumende, kuva nyanzvi, uye chikamu chavanhu. Mano okubudisa mashoko emitemo kubva muzvinyorwa zvenzwi uye kuyera kuvimbika kwouchapupu makwikwi anoshanda ayo anobatira vakapedza kufunda zvakanaka pasinei zvapo nendima yavo yakasarudzwa.

Kutadza Kunzwa uye Matanho Okunzwa

Nepo kunzwa kwedare riripo kuri zvishandiso zvine simba zvegadziriro yebasa, hazvine ganhuriro. Nzeve dzinogona kudzorwa nokunyora kwevasarudzi, kuchideredza mukana wokufunga nezvegadziriro yemitemo yokusarudza. Kusarudza Zvapupu kunowanzokwanisa kusimbisa nhoroondo dzakafanorongwa, uye kutadza kunzwa kwenguva imwe kungadzivisa kuongororwa kwakazara kwenhau dzakaoma. Vamwe vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kunzwa kunoshanda zvikuru semashandiro emitambo pane mabasa echechokwadi okutarisira, zvikurukuru apo nhengo dzedare dzinoshandisa nguva yadzo nokuda kwehurukuro panzvimbo pemibvunzo.

Mukuwedzera, pesvedzero yenzeve inosiyana zvikuru mumitemo yemitemo uye nokufamba kwenguva. Nhau dzebasa idzo dzisina kunyanyova vatorwa vezvamatongerwe enyika dzingagamuchira ngwariro yapakarepo bedzi, nepo misoro yakawanda inooneka sechengeteko kana kuti muripo ingaita kuti kunzwa kuve kwakawanda uko kunoparira mhinduro dzemitemo isingaenzaniswi. Kufukidzaniswa kwakasiana kunoreva kuti zvinetso zvavashandi zvinokosha asi zvisinganyanyi kukosha ̬ zvakadai sedenho dzokutarisira basa kana kuti kuoma kwemiitiro yehurumende yokusarudza ̬ kungasagamuchira kutarisirwa kwakarongwa kwazvinoita.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi ganhuriro, kunzwa kunoramba kuri mumwe wemiitiro inojeka zvikurusa uye inowanika iyo Dare rinopinda nayo nenhau dzevashandi vehurumende.

Nguva Yemberi Yokutarisirwa Kwemasangano Enyika Dzakabatana

Zvinowanzoitika zvakasiyana - siyana zvingangoumba kuti kunzwa kwemasangano kuchachinja sei muitiro wehurumende wevashandi mumakore ari kuuya. Kuwedzera kuoma kunzwisisa kwemishoni yehurumende, kubva pakudzora kunoitwa kugadziridza mamiriro okunze, kuchada unyanzvi hwevashandi uhwo masangano akawanda ari kushayikwa iye zvino. Kunzwa kuchada zvamazvirokwazvo kuongorora kana zviremera zvokuroja, gadziriro dzemari, uye zvirongwa zvokurovedza zvakakwana kusvitsa izvi zvinodiwa zviri kumuka.

Kuwedzera kwemhatsa yevashandi vehurumende, nenhamba huru dzevashandi veChizvarwa X, Y, uye Z vanoshanda pamwe chete neVacheche vaBoomer vanononoka kurega basa, zvichatanga mibvunzo mitsva yetsika pamusoro pezvinodiwa nezvinodiwa, gadziriro dzebasa, uye kukura kwebasa. Kunzwa kunoongorora misiyano iyi yezvizvarwa zvingatungamirira kukuita kuti hurumende yehurumende ive inokwezva zvikuru vashandi vaduku apo ichitaura nezvezvinodikanwa zvevashandi vane ruzivo rwakawanda.

Pakupedzisira, mhindumupindu inopfuurira yemifanikiso yamabasa ari kure neorudzi rwemisanganiswa ichachengeta muitiro wokushanda panzvimbo yedare wedare utarisiri nokuda kwenguva yemberi inofanotaurwa. Kunzwa kunonzvera mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yezvigadzirwa, ngozi dzemakombiyuta dzokuwana nzvimbo dziri kure, uye zviitiko zvisina kuenzana zvemari inobhadharwa panzvimbo zvichazivisa kana mutemo upi noupi woga woga woga woga woga uchatsiva mitemo yenguva pfupi yakatendwa mukati medenda. Chinyorwa chokunzwa chichava nebasa guru mukusarudza kana hurumende yehurumende ichiita kuchinjika kwechigarire kana kuti kudzokera kugadziriro dzenguva dzose dzebasa.

Kuongorora kwakananga kwadzinoita, chinyorwa chavose chadzinogadzira, uye dzvinyiriro yadzinoparira nokuda kwokuzvidavirira nokuvandudza zvinoita zvishandiso zvinokosha zvokuumba miitiro yehurumende inobatira vanhu veAmerica.