Kunzwa kwedare kunomirira chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikuru asi zvinowanzofuratirwa mukuumbwa kwemiitiro yezvokutengeserana yenyika yose. Nepo bazu guru richitaurirana uye richiisa mwero yemibatanidzwa yezvokutengeserana, Congress inochengeta chiremera chebumbiro remitemo pakutengeserana kwokumwe, uye kunzwa kunobatira segadziriro yokutanga iyo vaiti vemitemo vanotaura kuti chiremera. Zvirongwa izvi zvetsika hazvisi zvokungopfupikisa mashoko chete; inzvimbo apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, ezvemari, uye masangano ezvokutengeserana anoitiranwa pachena, zvinoshandiswa, uye kutungamirira kwezvokutengeserana kwakaumbwa zvikuru. Kunzwisisa kuti kupesvedzera kunzwa kwemitevedzero yenyika yose kunoda sei kuongorora magadzirirwo azvo, zvishandiro zvenhau zvemasangano, chinyorwa chenhau chezvokutengeserana, uye kushambadzamabhizimisi munzanga dzamatonge mava anoshandira.

Basa Rinotangwa Rematare Ane Mhaka Mumutemo Wezvokutengeserana

Simba reCongress pamusoro pokutengeserana kwamarudzi ose rinosimudzirwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8 cheBumbiro reMitemo, icho chinopa bazu remitemo chiremera ku "kubatanidza zvokutengeserana naMarudzi okumwe". Simba iri rakapiwa murutivi kupfurikidza namasangano akadai seTrade Promotionion Authority (TPA), asi kunzwa kunoramba kuri nzvimbo huru yokuti Congress atarisire, aunganidze mashoko, uye pesvedzero yezvibvumirano zvemitengo. Gadziriro yedare (8) inoisa Dare reMajenamari nero reImba nero neMagariro edzimba dzeNhaidzo dzebhizimisi, uye Dare rokunze dzavo rinogadza purogiramu yechiito chemitemo.

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Nechisarudzo cheDare

Kugoverwa kwebumbiro reMitemo rechiremera chezvokutengeserana kuDare kunoreva kuti hapana chibvumirano chezvokutengeserana chinogona kushanda pasina mvumo yemitemo. Kunzwa inhano yokutanga mukuvaka chinyorwa chinozivisa kuti kana kuti kuramba. Dare reSamende reMari rePurezimende rinotonga zvinangwa zvaPurezidhente zvisati zvavamba, kuongorora rugwaro rwokupedzisira rwezvibvumirano, uye vhoti dzokurumbidza kunyoresa kunyoreswa. Nhengo dzeHouse neFram Priceteeta pa Tractice zvinotarisira kunzwa kuongororwa kutendwa kwezvibvumirano zviripo nemigumisiro yemari yezviito zvokudzosera. Chirongwa ichi chinovimbisa kuti kunzwa kwacho hakuzotengwi pashure pokutemwa asi matanho makuru mukuita mararami.

Marudzi Enzeve Nemabasa Adzo

Kunzwa kweCongregation kunowirirana neshambadziro dzakawanda, imwe neimwe ine pesvedzero yakasiana. [[FLT: 0]] kunzwa kwakasiyana kunoitirwa kuunganidza mashoko pamberi pokunyora mabhiri okutengesa (muenzaniso, kunzwa paBipartisan Congress Trade and Accouncibility Act ya 2015 kwakabetsera kuumba kuvandudza TPA. [[FLT:]] kunzwa kwe[[FLT:]] kunzvera kuti masangano ezvo anoshandira kuisa mitemo yezvokutengeserana, sezviito zveBato rePreciocence muzvinoitika zvinorwisana nemutengidzo. [FLTFL:4]] [FFLT]] [FFFFFF]]

Michina Yokupesvedzera Pamutemo Wezvokutengeserana

Minzwa inopesvedzera muitiro wokutengesa kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana inoverengeka: dzvinyiriro yakananga yemitemo, murangariro wavose usina kunanga unoumba, uye kuwedzerwa kwamanzwi anodzora.

Kunzvera Kukurukurirana Kwechiremera

Zvichida nzira yakananga zvikurusa yokunzwa nayo muitiro iri kupfurikidza nokuisa vakuru vakuru vebazu pasi pengwariro. Apo USTR kana kuti Munyori weChongedzero anopupurira, mitezo inoshandisa kubvunza kuraira tsananguro, ruramisa bvumirano, kana kuti kutora zvipikirwa. Somuenzaniso, mukati ma20181818-2019 kunzwa kweUnited States Mexico-19209-Canada Agition (USKA), Democrates yakamanikidza tarisiro yeTRUMP nokuda kwemibato inomanikidzirwa yebasa negadziriro dzemhoteredzo. Vatarisiri vacho vakabvumirana pakupedzisira kubatanidza miitiro yakasimba yakasimba zvikuru, inoguma yabva mudzvinyiriro inoshandiswa muidzo inoita kuti bvumirano zvokupedzisira zvishandiswe. Ikoku kunoparirwa nokushandisa pamutemo. Chipupuriro chinobva muchapupuriro chakasimba nokuda kwegadziriro yokunzwa. [FLDY:0] Officemeter Officet Office Officet Officet Officet Officet systrugionts kana kuti chishake miraniso chii pamutemo chinodikanwa chemitemo.

Mafungiro Evanhu uye Kusimudzirwa Kwezvinobudisa Nhau

Kunzwa zviitiko zvehurumende, kazhinji kazhinji zvinosimudzirwa paIndaneti, zvichibvumira vaiti vemitemo kukurukura zvakananga nevanoumba. Kunangidzira ngwariro pamibatanidzwa inokatyamadza yakadai sekambani inotakura chinhu chakaitwa mhiri kwamakungwa kuenzanisira kurasikirwa nebasa(kugona kuparira simba ravose uye kuparira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukati mekunzwa kwa 1993 NAFTA, masangano ebasa akarongwa kushora kwakapararira, uye uchapupu hwakakwirira hunoitwa naRososs Perot pamusoro penhau dzinonetsa pamusoro pe "kusvota gudzanzwi" remabasa anofambiswa kumaodzanyemba kwemuganhu. Kudzvinyirira dzvinyiriro yakatungamirira kuzvibvumirano zvechibvumirano zvechibharo chenyika pamibato namhoteredzo zvakanga zvisati zviri murugwaro rwapakuvamba. Munhambo yokuteerera, kubva mukushambadzira kutengeserana kwechishambadzira utachiona, kupfumbadza kupfumbadza piri nokudzodzodza kupfurikidza nokudzosera mashoko.

Chipupuriro Chokunyepedzera Nokupfinda

Kunzwa hakusati kuri bedzi rwisano pakati pavaiti vemitemo navakuru vakuru; ivo vanogoverawo nzvimbo yavashandi vemibato yemibato yemibato yemibato yapasi pevhu, mapoka asingapinduri purofiti, dzidzo, uye hurumende dzokumwe (kupa ufakazi nenharo. Gadziro inobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji chipupuriro chezvapupu, chimwe nechimwe chine chipupuriro chakanyorwa muchinyorwa chezvipo zvinonzwa. Ichi chinyorwa chinova nongedzero yavashandi vedare vanogadzira zvirongwa zvemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, kunzwa pamusoro pechikarakadzo chinokarakadzwa cheTrans-Pificific shatiptashishishi (TP) chinoratidzira chipupuriro chamakambani anoreverwa nokuda kwedziviriro zvikuru, chinosinzwa nouchapupuriro kubva kumapoka avose pamusoro pezvitsamaratimedzo. Kunyorana mashoko anonyandura mashoko akarongwa mumashoko anobva mumiitiro yokupedzisira uye pakupedzisira kugovera yeCTPP. [G.]

Kuongorora Zvakaitika Kare Mumabhizimisi

Pesvedzero yokutongwa kwedare rinotonga inoratidzirwa zvakanakisisa kupfurikidza nemienzaniso yenhau umo kutonga kwakachinja zvakananga rondedzero yezvibvumirano zvikuru zvokutengesa.

NAFTA Nekunzwa kwa 1993

North American Free Trade Agreement yakasainwa muna 1992, asi kudzorwa kwayo kwakatsamira patendero yesangano. Pakati paFebruary neNovember 1993, Game reHouse neFract neDare reZvomari reDare reDare reHurumende zvakabatanidza zvakawanda zvokunzwa. Zvibvumirano zvebasa, mapoka emhoteredzo, uye vagadziri vezvokurima vakapupurira, kazhinji kazhinji nemashoko anopesana pamusoro pemabasa netapuro yemari. Minzwa yakaziviswa chishongo chakakura mukati meDemocratic Party, uye kutarisirwa kwezvokugadzirwa kwemari kungavandudza kushambadza; vatsorongi vakamanikidzwa kusimbisa zvibvumirano zvokuwedzera pakubatira pamwe chete nokudzivirira mhoteredzo. Zvibvumirano izvi, zvakaberekwa zvakananga nokunzwa, zvakaiswa muNaFTA Ilgament Act. Vanotsigira vateereri kuidzidzo dzokunzwa semuenzaniso wekufambira mberi kwezvo kushambadzo; vatsoropoteshi vanobvuma kudzivirira vashandi veAmerica, asi vanobvumirana kumativi ose.

U.S.-China Trade War Views (208-2019)

Majenya akaiswa nedare reTrump panhumbi dzeChina akatanga kuiswa kupfurikidza nechiremera chikuru pasi peChikamu 301 cheTrade Act ya 1974. Asi kugarira mhaka kwedare kwakakurumidza kuva nzvimbo yekurukurirano pamusoro pemigumisiro yavo yemari. Muna July 2018, Dare reMari yeMitengo rakava nezita rinokosha "Itako reMarifitime Yemitengo paMabasa eAmerica nebhizimisi. Varimi, vatengesi, vatengesi, uye vatengesi vakapupurira pamusoro pezvikepeyi zvinoiswa uye kudzorwa kwemifungo. Izvo zvakagovera nzvimbo nokuda kwetsoropo yedaro yedavi, uye mukupindura, bhiripo yakaita chiwiro chemari chakaitwa mabhiriyoni $2. Nhafudzi dzinovanzi dzakavakwa pabumbiro dzemabhiritiki. Zvikurukuru, vaparidzi vamabhiridzi vanofanira kubvumira kudzoromendero yezvibvumirano kuti zvii 30 zvechikamu. Nenguva apo anenge anenge anenge anenge anenge anenge anenge kuti anenge anenge [20]

TPP NeUSMCA: Kubva Pakushorwa Kukudzokororwa

Trans - Pacpanel international yakataurwa pachivande pakati pa2010 na 2015, asi kana mashoko angobudiswa bedzi, Congress yakaita kutongwa kukuru kwakafumura chishoro chakapararira. Vatsoropodzi vose vari vaviri kuruboshwe nerudyi vakadudza gadziriro dzisina kukwana pakushandisa mari, kodzero dzebasa, uye mishonga. Kunzwa kwakabudisa bvumirano yebipartis panzvimbo inobvumiranwa nokukurumidza, uye muna 2016 chibvumirano chakaitwa muCongress. Apo Purezidenti Trump akabvisa kuTPP, kunzwa kwakachinjirwa kugadziriro yezve yesimba renyika yeUSCA. Kunzwa paUSMACA muna 2019 kwakaparira kuzivikanwa nokuda kwebasa ramasangano eDhemocratic , achitungamirira kuiswa muzvirongwa zvokukurumidza zvemasangano muMexico. UCA yakatenderwa neboka rimwe pamutemo nemhaka yokunzwa kweboka ramashoko ose ari maviri.

Miganhu Yezvamatongerwe Enyika Nemapoka

Kuchinja kunoita kunzwa kwemabhizimisi kunorevererwa nevanotonga vanotsigira hurumende, vatungamiriri vematare, uye simba revatambi vemabhizimisi.

Vatungamiriri veDare Negadziriro

Zvigaro zvedare zvine simba guru rokuronga kunzwa, kukoka zvapupu, uye kugadza ukuru hwebvunzo. Chigaro chinopesana nebvumirano yebhizimisi chinogona kunonozesa kunzwa kana kuti kuisa pamativi akaipa, nepo chigaro chinotsigira chinogona kupfuudza muitiro wacho ndokudana zvapupu zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, mukati ma 2007-2008-2008 kunzwa paColumbia Free Trade Active Active, ipapo Mutengi weDare reIndaneti reMages neMagest anogona kubvumira uchapupu hukuru kubva kumapoka ebasa aisimbisa masimba masimba anorwisana navatungamiriri vomubatanidzwa muColombia, achidzosera mberi nokubudirira kusvikira zvibvumirano zvepadiso zvakasvikwa. Musiano, mukudzorwa kwedare reRepublican Republicant rakaval zvakasimbisa betsero dzemari, zvichitungamirira kuiswa nokukurumidza. Uku kudzorwa kwemazano kudzorwa kudzorwa kwemitezo yemari muhondo kusimbisa kuti kusava kutsigira zviitiko zvehondo.

Basa Reboka Nemapoka Anofarira

Congress caioneal caucuses . yakadai seCongregational Trade Working Group kana kuti Congregal Steel Caucus . Kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa kunzwa kufambisira mberi mamiriro emitezo yemiteo yemibato, somuenzaniso, yave iri nguva dzenhau dzokuraira mabasa anorwisana kana kuti zvirango zvinodzorwa pakupinza zvinhu. Muna 2002, kunzwa kwakaitwa neDare reChester Cael Caucus kutangira kuva dziviriro kwevatungamiriri veBush pasimbi, iyo yakazorohwa neWTO asi yakava netapuswo netaro yenhanha. Mapoka anokoshawo anonzwa nokurongedzerwa kwe “vagari vemori." kuti apupurire, kushambadza dzvinyiriro dzemifungo yemifungo yavanhu.

Mirangariro Yakaenzaniswa: Nzira Iyo Mamwe Masimba Anoita Nayo Kutengesa

Gadziriro yeUnited States haisati iri muenzaniso bedzi wokutarisira kwomutemo wezvokutengeserana, uye kuienzanisa nedzimwe nyika kunosimbisa simba rechienzi rokunzwa kwemisangano.

Matare Ezvokutengeserana eParamende yeEurope

MuEuropean Union, muitiro wezvokutengeserana unodzorwa zvikurukuru nedare rinotonga panzvimbo pekubvunzurudza Europe, asi Committee yeEuropean Paramende on International Trade (Inta) inova nemhindu dzayo yokutengeserana uye vvumo pabvumirano dzezvokutengeserana. Kusafanana neU.S., marusando eInta haanyanyi kunetsa uye matemisitiki akawanda, anobatanidza kupfupikisa kwenyanzvi pane kubvunzurudza. Zvisinei, Paramende yeEurope inogona kupfupikisa bhizimisi, sezvayakaita neAntiferititing Trace Arective Arective Admentmentment Admentive Arectivementation kana kuti bvumirano zvinongooneka muna 2012. ZVIito zvekudzorwa kwedare rehurumende zvakaratidzwa kuti kunyange mugadziriro yeparamende, kutarisira mutemo unogona kupiwa pachena apo vanhu vanonzwa nouchapupu hwehurumende.

Miitiro yeWestminster Nenyanzvi Yeparamende

MuUnited Kingdom, Canada, uye Australia, muitiro wezvokutengeserana unotarisirwa nematare anosarudza eparamende. Matare aya anoramba achitonga pashure pokunge agumiswa, panzvimbo paapo, achiganhurira pesvedzero yawo parugwaro rwokupedzisira. Somuenzaniso, dare reInternational Trade rasarudza dare rakaita kuti ritongerwe pamusoro pekutengesa kwepashure peBrtit kubata neAustralia, asi rumbidzo dzaro hadzishandi. MuCanada, Dare riSigname paInternational Trade rinobata pre - studys, asi simba raro rinodzorwa nesimba nomutemo wokumwe mamiriro ezvinhu okunze. U.S.

Nguva Yemberi Yedare Rinotonga Riri Kuchinja Muupfumi Hwenyika Yose

Kuda kuongorora zvinhu zvakadai semaminutary, kufambirana nemamiriro okunze, uye kutsigira kugadzirwa kwenzvimbo yepasi pose kuchada kuti pave nemidziyo yokutarisira yazvino uno uye mafomu.

Kuchinja Kwemichina uye Kunzwa Chaiko

COVID-19 denda rakamanikidzira Congress kuti ive nezvikamu zvinongoda kunzwa, kuchinja kwakaenderera mberi nokuda kwouchapupu. Kutora rutivi kure kwakawedzera mhatsa yezvapupu, kubatanidza izvo zvinobva munzvimbo dzakasiyana- siyana kana kuti bhajeti yemari yezvokufamba yakaganhurirwa. Zvisinei, kunzwa kunotogona kushaiwa kusagadzikana kukuru kunosunda kufurira kwenhau, kungaderedza pesvedzero yavo yavose. Matare zvino ari kuedza nemifananidzo yemivhesi inochengetedza munzvenga ichishanda nepo achibvumira kuti isvike. Iyi mhindumupinduro yezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ingaita kuti kunzwa kubudirire zvikuru asi kusinganyanyi kugona kudzora kutarisirwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhau Dzinoitika: Kutengeserana Kwemadhigitaneti, Mamiriro Okunze, uye Zvokurarama nazvo

Kunzwa kwenguva yemberi sezvingabvira kuchanangidzira ngwariro panzvimbo nhatu dzinobatanidzwa. DALT] nhau dzechiNgezi dzechidimbu. `data rekodition-modendime system, kudzorwa kwemikoto yemikoto yenzvimbo, uye miraudzo yemitengi yenzvimbo inoyera kuti matare achiri kuvaka. Kunzwa pamusoro peEUVH.. Kudaidzwa kwemitengo yakatoo yakatovhura kare kwakatoratidza kusawirirana pakati peverete yezvakavanzika namakambani ezvoruzivo rwemitengi. [[FLT:]] kudzo dzokunzwa dzecarbon muganhu, mari yemhoteredzo, uye mativi okushanda kwemitengo. Ganhuro rehurumende rakava neyamuro yemitengo dzinoshandiswa kupfurikidza namano makuru avanhu.

mhedziso

Kunzwa kweCongress hakusi kutevedzana kwemiitiro yetsika. Idzo inzvimbo yesimba remitemo pamiitiro yezvokutengeserana yamarudzi ose, dzinobatira secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, chirongwa chezvokuisa zvinhu mumigumisiro yekongiri. Kubva pabvumirano dzeNaFTA kuenda kubvumirano yeUSMCA, chinyorwa chinoratidza kuti kunzwa kunochinja zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi munzira dzinogadzirika. Chirongwa chacho chinoumba matare ezvokutengeserana, chipupuriro chavose, ufakazi hwapachena, varedhisitirisi, kuti kunyange apo Congresssions isati idzosa chibvumirano chapamutemo, dzvinyiriro inoshanda muimba yokunzwa inoumba mashoko. Sezvimo yokuchinja mamiriro okunze, kuchinja kwemitezo, uye kukwikwikwidzana kwebasa, kudzorwa kwemibato, kudzorwa kwemitezo yedare rehurumende, kudzorwa kwoudzodzodzodzo yedare rezvero. Vadzidzi venhau vanoteerera nhau yenhau vanotongerwa kutongedzedzese. Vadzidzisi vanoteerera zvikuru uye vamatongo vanofanira kuziva kuti vasa kunzi vasa, vanoto