Bumbiro Remitemo: Kunyengera uye Kunyengera

Ukama pakati pemitemo yehurumende neyehurumende rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yemitemo yeUnited States. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inotapura sei udzori hwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi zvakafanana. Iyi nyaya ichanzvera migariro yakasiana - siana youpenyu chaihwoihwo inoratidzira tapuro yemitemo yehurumende pamiitiro nemiitiro, ichigovera nzwisiso huru zvikuru yetsinhirano ine simba pakati pemwero dzakasiyana - siyana dzehurumende.

Pachikamu chikuru cheukama hwehurumende nehurumende pane Supremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., chiwanwa muChikamu VI, Claus 2. Iyi gadziriro inosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, mitemo yehurumende yakaitwa kuti ive yakabatana nayo, uye zvibvumirano zvakaitwa pasi pechiremera chayo zvinoumba mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unowanzovapo, nheyo inozivikanwa sekusunungurwa. Purongero inogona kuratidzira zvimwe `nongecho Congress Congress inozivisa zvakajeka vavariro yayo yokubvisa mutemo wenyika, apo mutemo wehurumende unorevesa unoregwa zvikuru zvokuti haisiyi nzvimbo nokuda kwemitemo.

Federalism, gadziriro yesimba rinogoverwa pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende, inoparira zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nedzvinyiriro. Tenth Amendment inochengetera kuhurumende masimba ose asingagoverwi kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende, ichipa hurumende chiremera chakafara panzvimbo dzakadai sedzidzo, chengeteko yavose, uye kutengeserana kwomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, apo mitemo yehurumende inobatana neidzi nharaunda, hurumende inofanira kugadziridza zvivako zvadzo zvokutonga kuti zviwirirane nemipimo yenyika, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvichitungamirira kudenho dzomutemo nedzomuitiro. Dzikamo pakati pehurumende nechiremera chehurumende dzinogadzikiswa nguva dzose kupfurikidza nomutemo, zvisarudzo zvedare, uye kugadzira mitemo.

Mitemo Mikuru Yehurumende Inopesvedzera Kutonga

Mitemo yehurumende inoverengeka yezvinoitika yakagadziridza zvikuru kudzora kwehurumende munzvimbo dzemiitiro. Iyi mitemo inoratidzira kuti mirairo yehurumende inogona sei kufambisa mipimo yakafanana yenyika nepo ichibvumira nokuda kwetsika yehurumende kuchinjika nokushandiswa. Mitemo inotevera inomirira dzimwe dzetapuro hurusa dzehurumende munharaunda dzinotarisirwa namaruwa.

Vanhu vokuAmerica Vane Chirango Chourema (ADA)

MaAmerica ane Dictable Act ya1990 anorambidza rusaruro runobva pakuremara kwebasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, zvirongwa zvehurumende, uye zvomunzvimbomo. Nyika dzinofanira kuva nechokwadi kuti nzvimbo dzawo, mapurogiramu, uye mabasa zvinowanika kuvanhu vakaremara. Iyi mvumo yehurumende yada kuti zvivako zvehurumende zvigadziriswe, uye kugadziridza miitiro yebasa. Somuenzaniso, dzimba dzedare dzinofanira kuisa mazambuko nezvimbudzi zvinowanika, uye mayunivhesiti avose anofanira kugovera pokugara savaturikiridzi vomutauro kana kuti ruzivo rwokubatsira. Kusvika kwakafara kwezvirongwa zveADA's kwakachinja zvikuru kuti zviiteverevedzere kuoma, kubvisa mabasa okuyamura, kunobva pamutezo unoitirwa vanhu vanobatsira pakodzero dzevagari vemo uye kukwanisa kuwana maruramiro ehurumende.

Mutemo wa1946 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheRevoitswords cha1946 imutemo wehurumende unorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo enyika. Umutwe II unorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, Umutwe VI unorambidza rusaruro kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzinogamuchira mari yehurumende, uye Thit VII inopa mari yokurongera basa. Manyika anogamuchira mari yehurumende inobatanidza masangano ose ehurumende (apokano adzo kana kuti njodzi yokurasikirwa nemari. Rondero dzinodzorwa nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo yemitemo yetsika yetsika dzehurumende mudzidzo, basa, uye mabasa avose. Somuenzaniso, mayunivhesiti ehurumende anofanira kuchengeta kunyoresa nokuro kwemhosva dzemhosva, uye matare ehurumende anofanira kuvimbisa kubatwa kwakaenzana pasineidzorudzi kana kuti ive vatano. Kodzero dzapamutemo dzechipo dzinotonga dzechipo.

Afritan Act (ACA)

Affordible Care Act ya2010 yakavavarira kuwedzera kubhadharwa kwezvoutano, kuderedza ndyiko, uye kunatsiridza kunaka. Hurumende dzinoda kuti dzitange kutsinhana kweinishuwarenzi youtano, kufutunura Medicaid, uye kuwirirana nemisika yeinishuwarenzi. Zvisinei, chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa 2012 mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius[[FLT]] yakaita kuti Mdhicaid iwedzere pasina kurongwa nokuda kwemitengo, inotungamirira kukuvara kwakatanhamara muhurumende. Sezvinosvika 2024, zvikamu 40 zveProgirati neRepa reFiliti yeColuvia , nepo dzinoita kuti zvisave zvakabudirira. Zvingaratidza kusafanana nokuchinja kwemitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kushandiswa Kwemhepo Yakachena

Clean Air Act, yakaitwa pakuvamba muna 1970 uye yakagadziridzwa zvikuru muna 1990, inogadza mipimo yehurumende inofanira kuwanikwa kupfurikidza neHurumende Itting Ipps Programmes Agency. Nzvimbo inodzivirira Nhungamiro yeMouse Agency (EPA) inosimbisa shambiso dzeNational Air Ser Service (NAAQS) nokuda kwezvinosvibisa zvakadai seozone, nharaunda inokandwa, uye sulfur dioxide. Manyika anofanira kutanga masiki anoratidzira kuti vachasvika sei nokuchengeta mipimo iyi, ichivakirwa paEPA. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende inopa ganhuriro huru mukusarudza mitoo yokudzora mamiriro ezvinhu okudzora zvinhu (5), kubvumira purogiramu, kana kuti mitoo inovakwa nemusika pamutemo kunzvimbo yemusika. Pamuteve udzoro mukuru wehurumende inoparira njodzi dzemitemo yokushamba. Kunyange zvazvo njodzi dzemitemo dzinoramba dzichiva nedzorwa muhurumende.

Vanhu Vane Urema Hwokudzidzisa (IDEA)

VaExpand Frame Act yeDzidzo yakare inonzi Educade for All Handicad Children Act ya1975, inoda nyika kugovera dzidzo yavose yapachena yapachena neyakafanira kuvana vane urema. Nyika dzinofanira kuyera, kuyera, uye kubatira vadzidzi vakakodzera, kutanga gadziriro dzedzidzo dzakarongeka (IEP) dzinogadzirirwa zvinodikanwa zvomwana mumwe nomumwe. ITEA inogovera mari yehurumende kuti ibetsere zvinodikanwa izvi, asi ndyiko dzinopfuura mipiro yehurumende, kuisa mitoro yemari pamari pamari yehurumende uye dzidzo yomunzvimbomo. Mitengo inofanirawo kuwirirana nedziviriro dzemitengo yemitengo, kubatanidza kutora rutivi rukuru rwokunzwa, uye kupesana kwemitemo yehurumende. IDA inochinja gadziriro yedzidzo yedzidzo yehurumende, inochinja miitiro yetsikano kubva kumasangano anoitwa nemabasa anoitwa nomunhu oga oga oga oga. Zvisinei, kupfuudzo dzinobatanidza kupfupikisa dzidzo, uye kupfuudzodzodzo dzomutemo dzinodzorwa.

Kugamuchira Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa 1965

Voting Rights Act ya1965 inorambidza saruraganda mukuvhota uye yakapesvedzera zvikuru kutarisirwa kwehurumende. Chikamu 5 chakada nyika dzakati nenharaunda dzine nhau dzorusaruro kuti uwane tendero yehurumende (kana kuti precrenade preplacentince(pamberi peji inochinja miitiro yokuvhota). Zvisinei, Dare Gurusa re 2013 chisarudzo che [[FLLT:0] Shelby County v. Rakaderedza nzira inoshandiswa kutema mitemo yainoshandiswa kusarudza, inogumisa nenzira inobudirira muganhu weProgiramu. Mumhinduro, zvikamu zvinoverengeka kare zvakaisa ganhuriro zvitsva zvokuvhotera, kubatanidza mitemo yeidzo yapamutemo, kubatanidza nhambo yapakuvamba yokuvhotera, uye kuvhotera nzvimbo. Chikamu chomubatanidzwa chakagadzwa neVoLD, zvinogara chinoitwa neSarudzo huru zvikuru kuti chigadzirise mutemo wokutonga. Chikamu chitsa kudzo chehurumende chidzo chehurumende chishatsa kudzo pakati pehurumende.

Zvinyorwa Zvoupenyu ZveFederal-State Interaction

Kuongorora mienzaniso chaiyo yerwisano yenyika yomubatanidzwa uye kushandira pamwe kunoratidza kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoshanda sei.Nzvero idzi dzinoratidza kuoma kwokutonga nyika huru, yakasiyana - siyana uko hurumende inowanzorambidza kudzora zvinhu uye mamiriro ezvinhu omunzvimbomo.

Kuongorora: Kuroorana kwevanhu vane mitezo yakafanana yevatano

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa re 2015 chisati chaitwa kuti dare gurusa risarudze kuti kuroorana kwetenzi imwe chete ikodzero huru pasi pe Obergefell v. Hodges, nyika dzakawanda dzaiva nemitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kurambidza kuroorana kwomubatanidzwa wetengi. Chiratidzo chakasimbiswa kuti roorano imwe cheteyo ikodzero huru pasi peGrandmentinginginginginging’Oct neFractives, inoda kuti nyika dzose dzinodenha maraise maraise emvumo kuroorano kuroorano kuroorano imwe cheteyo uye dzinoziva roorano dzinoitwa mune dzimwe nyika. Iri murairo rinotonge riri kumanikidzirwa kutsika kutsika mitemo inodzorwa nokukurumidza, kunyange kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwomutemo wemitemo wemitemo inodzorwa mudare rinotonga mutemo mukurusa. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanoto vanodzosa kutoto vanoramba kubvumira kudzorongedzero yomutemo wehurumende.

Fundo Yenhau: Kubviswa Kwomunyika

Mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika unosimbisa kudzorwa kwegadziriro yokutonga kwapamutemo, kuvapo, uye kubviswa kwevasingagari. Mitemo kazhinji kazhinji haina chiremera chokudzora kutama, asi yakaedza kupesvedzera kuchengetwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yayo imene. S.B. 1070 (1070) yaidikanwa kudzika mutemo wehurumende kutema mugariro wokupinda munyika mukati mokumira kwapamutemo, kusungwa, kana kuti kuvharwa apo kunyumwa kune mufungo kwakanga kuripo. Dare repamusoro rehurumende raipa kuti mumwe munhu avapo nenzira isiri pamutemo. Arizora v. United States [20] yakarova gadziriro huru dzomutemo mukati me, kutonga kuti mutemo wokutama unobvisa nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokuva nokupinda munyika. Dare rakawana kuti Hurumende yehurumende inopa chiremera chidzoresa mamiriro ezvinhu anodzo ehurumende pamusoro pokutama, uye haagoni kuparira kuti zvitevedzereteve. Zvisinei, kuraira kuti mamiriro ezvinhu anoto ashake mamiriro ezvinhu anodzo anoitwa muhurumende anotonga mamwe makuru anogona kutsigira.

Kuongorora Vatambi: Mitemo Yokudzora pfuti

Mitemo yokudzora pfuti inodzorwa neFourcel Court, kubatanidza Gun Control Act ya1968 neBrady Handgun Violence Act ya1993, inogadza mipimo yenyika nokuda kwokutengeswa kwepfuti, kunzvera, uye kurambidza vanhu. Zvisinei, Chinjo Yechipiri, sezvinotsanangurwa neDare Gurusa, ] Nhengetedzo yeCountry [Grount]. Heller[[FLT] [2001] [200] [2008] [200] [[200]] [Mcnild v. City of Chicagown [[FLT] [[FLT] [20], sezvinodzivirirwa nemibvunzo yezvombo, inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga oga oga kuchengeta zvombo, zvose zviri mubatanidzwa nemitemo yehurumende yapachena yapamutemo, zvichingogona kuparira pamutemo wapachena, zvichiitwa namasimba ose.[4]

Fundo Yenhau: Kunyoreswa Pamutemo kweMarjuana

Gakava pakati pemitemo yehurumende nehurumende yembanje rinopa mumwe wemienzaniso yakajeka zvikurusa yenharo yehurumende. Pasi peGuefed Substances Act ya1970, mbanje iSamende I idzora tsvina, kureva kugadzira kwayo, kuparadzira, uye kuva nayo imhosva dzehurumende. Zvisinei, kutanga neSangano reCalifornia reSalference Under Service ye 1996, hurumende dzakawanda dzakataura nezvembanje inobvumirwa nomutemo nokuda kwokurapa uye kuva nevaraidzo. Sangano reColle Menal Menassss, 38 dzinobvumira marijuana dzezvokurapa, uye 24 dzinobatanidza Ruward of Columbia zvakanyoresa zvinoshandisa varaidzo. Ikoku kunoparira rwisano pakati pekurambidza kwehurumende nerective regiontio. Vatungamiriri vehurumende vanopa marimari naBhoshoro vanoshandisa murairo wemitemo wokudzorwa kwemitemo, zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nechibvumirano chemitemo, pasina kuraira murairo wemitemo, apo nyika inobvumira mutemo unopfuudzorwa nokuda kwehurumende inopfuungira kudzora.

Fundo Yenhau: Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo Negadziriro Yakachena Yesimba

Mitemo yemhoteredzo inowanzoda kuti zviite zviito zvinokosha kuti zviwirirane nenharidzano dzorudzi dzokushatisa. Clean Power Plan, yakabudiswa neEPA muna 2015 pasi paPurezidhendi Obama, yakarongedzerwa kuderedza kubudiswa kwecarbon dioxide kubva kunzvimbo dzesimba kupfurikidza nokugadza kuderedza kwehurumende kuderera kwemipimo yehurumende uye kuraira kuti nyika dzikudziridze gadziriro dzokuita. Dare guru raimirira chikamu 111(d) cheEace Air Act, icho chinobvumira EPA kudzora zvinoshatisa manyuko azvinovapo. Mitemo yakasiyana nemibato yamabasa yamabasa ebhizimisi inodenha kutonga, ichiramba ichipfuudza kuti yapfuura chiremera cheEPA pasi pechino yeChirevorevo uye yaidzorwa zvikuru kudzorwa kwehurumende kuti idzivirire sei mamiriro ezvinhu ose ari maviri makuru.

Kunetsa Vadzidzisi Nevadzidzi

Kunzwisisa batano iri pakati pemitemo yehurumende nehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi.Kunovabetsera kunzwisisa hukukutu hwokutonga noukoshi hwebvumirano yehurumende. iyi mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inogovera mikana yekirasi yokufunga kwokutsoropodza nokutora rutivi kwehurumende.

Kutanga, nharaunda yehurumende inokurudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza pamusoro pomutemo nomuitiro. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera kuti nheyo dzimwe chetedzo dzebumbiro remitemo dzinobereka sei miuyo yakasiana munyika dzose, vachiyera kupesana kwemibato pakati pekubatana nokuchinjika kwomunzvimbomo. Vanogona kukurukura kana murairo wehurumende uchidzivirira maruramiro makuru kana kuti chiremera chenyika chinonyengera, vachishandisa fundo dzakadai seACA nembanje. Iyi gadziriro yemitemo inogadziridza purogiramu inogadzirira vadzidzi kupinda mumiitiro muupenyu hwavo hwose.

Chechipiri, kunzwisisa hurumende kunosimudzira kuziva kodzero dzavagari vemo nemitoro. Vadzidzi vanodzidza kuti kodzero dzinovimbiswa nomutemo wehurumende − zvakadai sedzisiri dzorusarura mutemo wehurumende pasi peChiteshi cheChibvumirano chekodzero dzavanhu kana kuti kusvika kwedzidzo pasi peIDEA(H) kungasagona kumanikidzwa zvizere pasina batira pamwe yehurumende. Vanoonawo kuti mitemo yehurumende inogona kuwedzera dziviriro kupfuura zvikamu zvehurumende, sezvakangoita neLGBTQ inorwisana nemitemo, mitengo inobhadhara mari shoma, kana kuti mirando yokuvhotera. Iyi zivo inopa vadzidzi simba rokutsigira chinjo dzemitemo pamitengo mizhinji yehurumende.

Chechitatu, aya mabasa anosimbisa ukoshi hwokuva mubati ushe negoverano yavagari vemo. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, vagari vemo vanogona kusunda chinjo kupfurikidza nesarudzo, mirau, mutemo, uye chiito chakananga. Sangano rekuenzana kweroorano, somuenzaniso, rakabudirira kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwenzvimbo yehurumende, denho dzedare rehurumende, uye kuiswa kwehurumende muhurumende kweaposesando makumi maviri amakore. Vadzidzi vanogona kudzidza kubva mumienzaniso iyi kuti kubatanidzwa kwehurumende mugadziriro yehurumende kunoda kunzwisisa mweroi une chiremera pamusoro penhau uye apo kunoshandisa dzvinyiriro nenzira inobudirira.

Pakupedzisira, kufunda batano dzehurumende dzinosimudzira kurukurirano pamusoro pedzikamo yesimba muhurumende. Vadzidzi vanogona kunzvera kuti chimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo remasimba akagoverwa neakakamuka chinoparira sei zvose zviri zviviri dzikamo nerwisano. Vanogona kunzvera nharo dzazvino uno . Dzakadai senhamburiko dzehurumende kudzora kubudiswa kwecarbon, kudzivirira maruramiro okubereka, kana kuti kuganhurira kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika nokudzikamiswa kwenheyo dzehurumende. Idzi kurukurirano dzinovaka unyanzvi hunodikanwa nokuda kworuzivo rwevagari vemo mugadziriro yehurumende yedemocraticratic.

mhedziso

Mitemo yehurumende inodzora zvikuru, migariro nemitoo inodzorwa nemitemo yehurumende, inoratidzira kuti ukama hwehurumende nemhesano dzapamutemo nemhesano dzavagari vemo, dzidzo, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzisingaverengeki. Supremacy Claus inosimbisa mutemo wehurumende sowakakwirira, asi hurumende dzinochengeta chiremera nokuchinjika mumitemo yehurumende. Zvimiro zvoupenyu zvapamwe kubva kuroorano imwe cheteyo yemba yokupinda marijudha zvinoratidzira kuti ukama hwehurumende hahusi hwakananga asi hunopfuurira kukurukurwa nokupfurikidza nemitemo, kuisa dzvinyiriro, kumanikidza, uye kudzora dzvinyiriro yavose. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera uku kuyamuranisa, vadzidzi vanogona kugovera kunzwisisa zvikuru simba remitemo remitemo nerevomhoshonga dzinodzora upenyu hwavo. Ruzivo urwu runosimbisa vadzidzi kuti vapinde nokushingaira munzanga dzavo, kunzwisisa kuchinja kwegadziriro kwemitengogano yehurumende yehurumende.