Kunzwisisa Basa Repamutemo Rokuongorora Zvinhu Zvakasiyiwa

Kana vanhu vakapiwa chibvumirano chemitemo chichiita sechisiri kubvumirwa, mubvunzo wokuti kodzero yacho inofanira kuoma kunzwisisa.Gadziro Yechina kuBumbiro Remitemo reU.S. inodzivirira vanhu pakutsvaka kusina mufungo uye kubatwa nepfari, asi kudzivirira ikoko hakusi kwakakwana kana zvinhu zvasiyiwa nokuzvidira.

Zvisinei, apo zvinhu zvinosiyiwa zvechokwadi, kutarisira kuva zvakavanzika kunonyangarika, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungatsvakisisa kana kuti kutora pamutemo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina uye Tariro Ine Mwero Yokuva Woga

Gefection yeChina inoti: “Kodzero yavanhu yokuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, haisati ichizoputswa, uye hapana vaWarrant vachaparirwa, asi pazvikonzero zvinobvira, zvinotsigirwa neOath kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa, uye vanhu kana kuti zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Mutauro uyu unosimbisa chinodikanwa chakavanzika nokuda kwemitemo mukunzvera kwakawanda, asi Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva kusawirirana kunoverengeka.

Nokuda kwechinhu chakasiiwa, pfungwa huru ikariro ine mufungo yakavanzika, yakatangwa mu[FLT]] KATH v. United States (1967)[FLT]. Munyange Katz, kunzvera kudzivirira kana munhu ane kariro yezvakavanzika zvinozivikanwa nenzanga sezvine mufungo. Kana zvinhu zvikasiyiwa, kukarira ikoko kunoraswa.

Kuedzwa kwaKatz Kwakaitirwa Kusiya

Mune imwe nzira, munhu wacho anotarisira kuti vanhu vagare vari voga vakagadzirira kuziva kuti zvinhu zviri nani here, asi zvinhu zvakasiyiwa zvinowanzova zvaasingawanzopinduri.

Kusiiwa Semutongi Wekodzero Dzechina

Kurambwa kwapamutemo kunoshanda sedziviriro yeFreeter of Four Amendment. Tsigiro ndeyokuti muridzi akarega nokuzvidira fariro ipi neipi yakavanzika munzvimbo yacho, naizvozvo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungainzvera pasina rugwaro. Uyu murambi haadi kutaura kwapamutemo kana kuti chibvumirano chakanyorwa. Panzvimbo pezvo, inobviswa pamufambiro wamuridziyo nemigariro yakapoteredza nzvimbo. Matare anonzvera zvisakiso zvakadai sepakawanwa nzvimbo yacho, kuti yakasiiwa sei, uye kana muridzi akaita nhano dzipi nedzipi dzokuiwana.

Zvinokosha kuziva kuti kurega nokuda kwezvinangwa zveChina zveEndment kwakasiyana nemirangariro yemitemo yezvinhu yokuraswa.

Chinosiyiwa Neupfambi Mumutemo

Kuziva kana nzvimbo ichisiyiwa pamutemo kunoda kunzvera kwakananga. Dare rakatanga mipimo inoverengeka kutungamirira iyi nzvero, kunanga pavavariro yomuridzi nemigariro yenyama yenzvimbo.

Zvokudya Zvinozvidira

Kana nzvimbo yacho yakatorwa kubva kuna mwene wavo mukurwisana nechido chavo kana kuti kusiiwa shure nemhaka yokumanikidzwa namapurisa, ingasakwanirisa seyakasiyiwa.

Kuratidza Chinangwa Chokusiyiwa

Matare anovimba noufakazi hune revo kuti aone kuti wasiyiwa. Zviratidzo zvinozivikanwa navose zvinosanganisira:

  • Nzvimbo yacho inosiiwa munharaunda yavose yakadai senzira, mugwagwa, kana kuti paki
  • Nzvimbo yacho inoiswa mugaba remarara kana kuti muparadzi wezvitoro
  • Zvinhu zvacho zviri mumamiriro ezvinhu okushaikwa kwenzvimbo kana kuti zvinoratidzika kuva zvakaraswa
  • Muridzi haana kuedza kutora nzvimbo yacho kwenguva yakareba
  • Nzvimbo yacho iri munharaunda umo kusiya kunozivikanwa navose, zvakadai senzvimbo inozadza nzvimbo kana kuti nzvimbo inogadziridzwazve

Matare anoyera mamiriro ezvinhu ose pamwe chete kuti asarudze kana munhu ane mufungo aizodavira kuti muridzi akanga asiya nzvimbo yacho.

Marara Nezvinhu Zviri Parutivi Pebumbiro

Imwe yenhevedzo dzinozivikanwa navose zvikuru nedzinosanopfuudzwa dzedzidziso yokurashwa inobatanidza marara akasiiwa nokuda kwemuunganidzwa. [FLT]] California v. Greenwood (1988), Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti Gamende reD5 Remendement hairambidzi kutsvakwa kwemarara yakasiyiwa pamucheto wemuunganidzwa. Dare rakarangarira kuti marara anosiiwa mumugwagwa anosvikirika kumhuka, vana, mishonga, uye mimwe mitezo yavose, naizvozvo hakuna kariro ine mufungo yechivande. Chisarudzo ichi hachishairwiswiswiswi uye chiri chinhu chenhuru.

Nhevedzo Dzakanyanya Dzakaitwa neDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunokosha kuti munhu ashandise mutemo wacho zvakarurama.

Greenwood (188)

Mu Greakwood, mapurisa aibvira kuva nechisakiso chokudavira kuti mukwiridzirirwi akanga akabatikana mukutengesa mirimo. Pasina kuwana pamutemo, vakakumbira mutengi wemarara kutora mabhegi omukwirirwi ndokuadzorera kuti atsvake. Kutsvaka kwakagovera ufakazi hwakatungamirira kupwiswa. Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti kunzvera kusina pamutemo kwakanga kuri pamutemo nemhaka yokuti mukwirirwi akanga asina kariro ine mufungo yezvakavanzika mumarara zvakasiiwa nokuda kwokuunganidzwa mumugwagwa. Dare rakasimbisa kuti tsvina yakanga ichizarukira nyore nyore kuvanhu uye kuti mukwiriri akanga azviratidzira kuvanhu kupfurikidza nokusiya panzvimbo inotemwa.

Zvimwe Zvisakiso Zvinoshanda

Mu United States v. Jones (202), Dare rakanangidzira GPS kunyorwa kwemotokari asi rakakurukurawo kuraswa mudicta, ichicherekedza kuti kuvhozhokera kwomuviri kwehurumende kwakaumbwa nokutsvaka. Nepo Dare risati riri rakananga pamusoro pokurega, mhaka yacho inosimbisa kuti kunzvera kwechina kwePraimende yeChinesenzi kunotsamira zvikuru pachimiro chezvinhu uye zviito zvehurumende. United States v. Nzvimbo (13), Dare rakarangarira kubvumwa kwemikoro yemitoro ndokucherekedza kuti munhu anosiya zvinhu anorasikirwa nefaro ipi neipi. Izvi pamwe chete izvo zvinotanga kusava dandadzisa: kana zvinhu zvikasiyiwa, asi zvisati zvichidikanwa, kana zvichiri zvikadikanwa, zvidikako.

Nokuda kwetsananguro ine udzame zvikuru yedziviriro dzeGadziro yeChina, [[FLT]][1] Cornell Legal Information Institute'Speedment yechina inogovera nongedzero yakakwana.

Apo Nhengo Dzinenge Dzichiri Kudikanwa

Pasinei zvapo nomutemo unozivikanwa navose wokuti zvinhu zvakasiyiwa zvinganzverwa pasina maruramiro, pane ganhuriro dzinokosha. Dare rakaziva kuti hachisati chiri chinhu chiri chose chinoratidzika kuva chakasiiwa chiri kunze kwedziviriro yeNyechina yeFindment.

Kufunga Nezvezvinhu Zvemunhu Oga

Kana nzvimbo yakasiyiwa iri panzvimbo yapachivande iyo muridzi asina kuzarurira vanhu, kunzvera kungave kwakasiana. Somuenzaniso, kana munhu akasiya fanicha munzvimbo yokuchengetera yakarendwa, boka racho rimene ringava richiri zvinhu zvakavanzika. Kuchengetwa kwemitemo kungada maruramiro okupinda munzvimbo yacho ndokunzvera, kunyange kana zvinhu zviri mukati zvisiiwa nenzira yezvokuziva. Chinokosha ndechokuti nzvimbo apo nzvimbo yacho inowanika ndimo imene inowanika kuvoruzhinji kana kuti purofiti yemhindu yakavanzika.

Kupiwa Mutoro Kwakakanganidzwa

Kana zvinhu zvikasakurukurwa kana kuti zvisina kujeka, matare angada mvumo asati aita nzvero. Kana vanhu vakawanda vakataura fariro muchinhu chacho, kana kuti kana nzvimbo yacho ichiratidzika kuva yakarasika panzvimbo pokuraswa namaune, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunofanira kupfuurira nokungwarira. Kutsvaka nzvimbo inovapo kuva yemumwe munhu asina kuisiya kungagona kuputsa Gadziriro yechina ndokuguma nokubviswa kwoufakazi.

Kusiiwa Kunovaka

Mamwe matare akaziva pfungwa yokurashwa kunovaka, uko zvinhu zvinobatwa sezvisiiwa pamigariro kunyange zvazvo muridzi asina kuzvirasa zvakajeka. Ikoku kunowanzomuka mumigariro umo munhu anotiza kuchengetwa kwomutemo ndokusiya zvinhu shure. Munhau dzakadaro, matare anoyera kana mufambiro womunhu uchiratidza vavariro yokusiya zvinhu. Kurasha kunovaka chinhu ibvunzo chaiyoiyo uye kunogona kudenhwa navakwirirwi avo vasina kurangarira kusiya zvinhu zvechigarire.

Vakasiyana Nevanhu Vanofanira Kuteerera Mutemo Usingarambidzwi

Kunyange apo nzvimbo inenge isina kusiyiwa zvirokwazvo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungangoitsvaka pasina bviro mudzimwe nzvimbo dzakasanorongwa.

Murangariro Wakajeka

Mune chiono chakajeka chedzidziso, vakuru vakuru vangabata zvinhu zvinooneka pachena kana zviripo nenzira yapamutemo panzvimbo yacho. Kana zvinhu zvakasiyiwa zvikaoneka munzvimbo yavose kana kuti panzvimbo apo mukuru mukuru ane maruramiro apamutemo kuva, hapana murairo unodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, kana bhegi rakagara pabhenji romupaka uye zviri mukati zvinooneka, vakuru vakuru vangatarira ndokutora bhegi pasina maruramiro. Chiono chakajeka chinoshanda pasinei zvapo nokuti chinhu chacho chinosiiwa here kana kuti chasiyiwa, asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji chinopinda mumitambo munzvimbo dzavose.

Migariro Yakaoma

Migariro yakakomba ingaruramisa kunzvera kusina kukodzera kunyange kana nzvimbo yacho isina kusiyiwa. Kana pane tyisidziro yekare kuchengeteko yavose, ngozi yoruparadziko rwoufakazi, kana kuti mugariro wokutsvaka kukuru, vakuru vakuru vangapinda nokutsvaka nzvimbo pasina mvumo. Kunzvera zvinhu zvakasiyiwa kazhinji kazhinji kunowirirana nemigariro yakaoma, zvakadai seapo anofungidzirwa anorasa mirimo apo anenge achidzingwa nemapurisa. Mumigariro iyi, kunzvera kusina maruramiro kunoruramiswa zvose zviri zviviri nokuraswa uye nokusashandiswa kwemitemo.

Kunzvera Kuchibvumirwa

Kana muridzi akabvuma kunzvera, hapana rugwaro runodikanwa. zvisinei, kubvumirana kunofanira kupiwa nokuzvidira, uye munhu anopa bvumirano anofanira kuva nechiremera panzvimbo yacho.

Mabhuku Anoshanda Okumanikidza Mutemo

Kunzwisisa misiyano yomutemo wezvinhu wakasiyiwa kunokosha kuvakuru vakuru vanoongorora zvinhu.

Kurovedza uye Kutarisira Miitiro

Madhipatimendi emapurisa anofanira kugovera rovedzo pamipimo yapamutemo nokuda kwokunzvera zvinhu zvakasiyiwa. Vakuru vakuru vanofanira kuziva nzira yokunyora nayo migariro inotsigira kuwana kurashwa, kubatanidza mapikicha enzvimbo nemugariro, kutaura kwouchapupu, uye ufakazi hwevavariro yomuridzi. Mitemo yakanyorwa inofanira kutungamirira vakuru vakuru painodikanwa uye apo kusiiwa kunoshanda. Kurovedza kwenguva dzose kunokosha semuteo wemitemo.

Uchapupu Husingabvumiki

Kana ufakazi hukawanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusina maruramiro kwenzvimbo iyo gare gare yakatsunga kusasiyiwa, mutemo wokubvisa ungashanda. Ikoku kunoreva ufakazi husingagoni kushandiswa mudare. Vatongi vanofanira kunzvera migariro yokunzvera zvinhu kupi nokupi kwakasiyiwa kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti inowirirana nemupimo wapamutemo. Magweta edziviri achanzvera kana kurashwa kwakanga kuri kwokuzvidira uye kana nzvimbo yacho yakanga ichisvikwa zvirokwazvo kuvanhu. Varevereri vemitemo vanofanira kugadzirira mishumo ine udzame hwezvavara zvokudavira kuti zvinhu zvacho zvakasiyiwa.

Mashoko Anoshanda Nokuda Kwevagari Vacho

Nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe, kunzwisisa apo zvinhu zvinorangarirwa kuva zvakaraswa kunogona kubetsera kudzivirira kuva voga ndokudzivisa kurambwa kwekodzero dzeGadziro Yechina.

Kudzivirira Zvinhu Zvakaraswa

Kana uchida kurasa zvinhu zvinotapurika uchiri kuchengeta zvakavanzika zvakati, funga matanho okuita kuti zvinhu zvisazivikanwa kana kuti zvisazivikanwa usati wazvirasa. Kuisa magwaro, kuputsa midziyo yemagetsi, uye kuisa zvinhu mumidziyo misingashandisiwi zvikajeka kunogona kuderedza ngozi yokuti kudzikamisa mutemo kana kuti vamwe vachawana mashoko ako emunhu oga. Zvisinei, matanho aya haaiti kuti zvinhu zvive zvakavanzika zvapamutemo muzvinhu zvakasiyiwa. Kana chinhu chacho chikangoiswa mumarara kana kuti kusiiwa munzvimbo yavose, Dare Rapamusorosoro harina kutarisirwa kuva voga.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Mukati Mezvisanganwa

Pamunenge muchisangana nemapurisa, vanhu vanofanira kuziva kuti kurasa kana kusiya zvinhu kunganzi kwati kwati kwati kushaikwa. Kana ukasvikwa nemapurisa omutemo wobva warasa kana kuti kurasa chinhu, ungawanwa uine kodzero yokuchirega, uchipa vakuru vakuru kodzero yokuchitsvaka pasina mvumo. Izvi zvinoshanda kunyange kana usina kuronga kurasa chinhu chacho zvechigarire. Muitiro wakanakisisa ndeyokuramba wakadzikama, uchiita kuti kodzero yako irambe yakanyarara, uye usarasa chinhu chipi nechipi kunze kwokuti unoda kupa purofiti ipi neipi yakavanzika machiri.

Kuchinja - chinja Kwomutemo Wehurumende

Nepo Firstment yeChina ichiisa uriri hwehurumende nokuda kwedziviriro dzakavanzika, Hurumende dzingagovera dziviriro huru zvikuru mubumbiro radzo dzimene nemirairo. Dzimwe nyika dzakaramba kurangarira kwe California v. Greenwood uye dzinoda judha nokuda kwokunzvera marara mumutemo wehurumende. Somuenzaniso, New Jersey Supreme Court yakarangarira kuti mutemo unodzivirira murairo panzvimbo inonzvera marara mumigariro yakati.

Dare rehurumende ringadudzira kusiyiwa nenzira yakasiyana, uye dzimwe nyika dzine mitemo inodzora kuti zvinhu zvakasiyiwa zvinogona kuongororwa kana kuti kutorwa nevanomiririra hurumende. Kuongorora mutemo wemhosva dzehurumende nenhungamiro yepamutemo kunokosha usati waita kunzvera kungadenhwa.

mhedziso

Kutsvakwa kwezvinhu zvakasiiwa kune nzvimbo inokosha muGavhuramisime yeChina. Murayiro wavose wakajeka: apo zvinhu zvinosiyiwa nokuzvidira ndokusiyiwa munharaunda yavose, hapana murairo unodikanwa kuti kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutsvake kana kuti kutora. Uyu mutemo unovakirwa mukukarira kune mufungo kwedzidziso yakavanzika uye wakasimbiswa nemienzaniso yeDare Rapamusorosande yakadai se California v. Greenwood[FL:1].

Zvisinei, kushandiswa kwouyu mutemo hakusati kuri kwakananga nguva dzose. Nhau dzorumano, kuraswa kunovaka, zvinhu zvakavanzika, uye mitemo yehurumende zvinogona kuomesa kunzvera. Vakuru vakuru vanotarisira mutemo vanofanira kushandisa chisarudzo chokungwarira ndokunyora hwaro hwechokwadi hwekunzvera zvinhu kupi nokupi kwakasiiwa. Vagari vanofanira kunzwisisa kuti kurasa zvinhu munzvimbo dzavose kunokanganisa fariro ipi neipi yavanhu, uye vanofanira kuita ngwariro dzakakodzera pakurasa zvinhu zvinotapurwa.

Pakupedzisira, chinodikanwa chinobatira kudzikamisa fariro yehurumende mukuita kuti mutemo ushande nekodzero yomunhu yokuva oga. Mumashoko akapoteredza enzvimbo yakasiyiwa, kumira padivi rekuchengetwa kwomutemo, asi apo bedzi zvinhu zvinoraswa zvirokwazvo uye nokuzvidira. Kushandisa nheyo idzi nenzira yakafanira kunovimbisa kuti kunzvera kwapamutemo, ufakazi hunokosha, uye kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo dzinoremekedzwa.