Basa raRaje Sabha muMutemo Wesimba

Gadziriro yeparamende yeIndia ibhigaral, ine Lok Sabhaha seimba yakaderera uye Raja Sabba saimba yokumusoro. Nepo dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzichitora rutivi mukugadzira mitemo, Raje Sabha ane nzvimbo yakasiana sekamuri rinogadziridza, zvikurukuru apo inouya kumitemo yenzanga yakasiyana kufanana nemitemo yebasa namaruramiro avashandi. Nemhaka yokuti mitezo yeRajiya Sabhaha inosarudzwa nemitemo yehurumende (nenhamba yakaganhurirwa yakaiswa naPrezidhendi nokuda kwounyanzvi), imba inounza murangariro wehurumende nenzvimbo huru yezivo kugadziriro yemitemo. Iyi rondedzero inoreva kuti kushanda kwemitengo inochinja kazhinji kazhinji kuva nemiuyo yakasiana munyika namaindasitiri.[1]

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinopa simba rokuita mitemo panhau dzinowirirana neNhevedzo, kureva zvose zviri zviviri vapari vehurumende vagona kuita mitemo. Zvisinei, apo mutemo mukuru unokarakadzwa, unofanira kupfuura zvose zviri zviviri Lok Sabhaha naRajiya Sabbaha. Rajiya Sabha haisati iri basa retsikawo zvayo; inogona kunonozeka, kunonozeka, kana kuti kunyange kuramba zvikwereti, kumanikidza Lok Sabha kurangarirazve. Uku kunzvera nokudzikama kwebasa kunofanira kuvimbisa kuti kugadziridza basa pasina kufungwa kwakafanira. Somuenzaniso, kubatana kwazvino unovakwa kwebasa pakati pe 29 ne 29 kuiswa mumitemo mina inodzivirira, muganhu weWelces, Conculcial Codecial Security, Concurence, Oucial Secuty, uye Oupalces, Savement Memotences Ault, uye Trances Aults, Sarcean Sygatence

Kupfuura kurukurirano dzapauriri, matare eRaje Sabha akamira, akadai seDare rinoona nezvemafaro eParlema paLabour and Accounting, anonzvera mabhiri. Matare aya anokoka uchapupu kubva kumasangano ezvokutengeserana, makambani ebhizimisi, nyanzvi dzemitemo, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Mishumo yawo inowanzova gadziriro yokurongazve mutemo. Somuenzaniso, kurumbidza kwedare paMutemo weWages 2019 kwakatungamirira kuchinjo mukuverenga mari shomanene uye kubatanidzwa kwemibairo yenyika. Nenzira yakafanana, dare paOccumental Sacuty Safety, Health and Work Codement Relagement Relagements rinosimudzira nokuda kwegadziriro yakasimba yegadziriro yamabasa, nguva inobhadharwa, uye kuchengeteka. dare iri rino rinowedzera basa kuti vaoreki vawane ruzivo rwekuwanano yeSaha, uye nguva yarongerino.

Mipiro Yakakomba Kukodzero Dzavashandi Kupfurikidza Nemitemo Yezviratidzo

Kunyange zvazvo Lok Sabha anowanzowana mbiri yokutanga mutemo unofambira mberi, imba yepamusoro yakanatsiridza yagara ichinatsiridza mitemo iyi kuti iiite kuti ive yakabatana uye inoshandisirwa.

Kabasa Kaduku - duku, 1948

Kunyange zvazvo yapfuudzwa Bumbiro reMitemo risati ratanga kushanda, Moffai Wages Act yakagadziridzwa gare gare kanoverengeka nemiuyo inokosha inobva kuRaje Sabha. Mukati mekurukurirano muma 1950 nama 1960, Raje Sabha Sabha mitezo inobva kunyika dzokurima yakakwidziridza kubhadharo kubasa, vashandi vepamba, uye vashandi vari mumakamu asina kurongwa. Imba yakasundwawo nokuda kwekugadziridzwa kwenhambo nenhambo kwakasungirwa kubhadharwa kumutengo wezviteshi. Somuuyo, Mutengo zvino unodikaidza nyika nehurumende dzapakati kuti dzihwirudzudzure mari shomanene makore mashanu ari ose, negadziriro yemiganhuro inodiwa. Pasina kukumbira kwaRapya Sabba pa [FL:] [FLT], vashandi vazhinji vaizoona kukwira nokukwira nokukwira kwamabasa avo chaiwo.

Factorial Act, 1948

Factores Act inogadza mipimo nokuda kwekotsekano, utano, chiverengero chavanhu, uye maawa okushanda mumarongedzero. Apo kugadziridzwa kwakakarakadzwa muma 1980 kudzoresa mitemo yomuraudzo ndokuwedzera mukana wokuita “rondedzero”, Rajiya Sabha yakasundira shure. Mitezo yakadudza kokorodzano dzeILO nemhedziso dzinobva kuvashandi vefekitari pamusoro pemigariro isina njodzi. Imba yapamusoro yakaomerera pakuchengeta ganhuriro yemaawa 48 evhiki neyakadhiro yekotsekano yemafekitari inoshandisa vashandi vanopfuura 100. Yakawedzerawo gadziriro dzecreche nedzimba dzokugezera dzavakadzi, ichiziva kuti chengeteko yebasa inobatanidza [FLD: 0] nechiremera. Iyi matare aidzo dzakaitwa nemitezo yemibato yezvipataramwa namabasa enzanga.

Murayiro Wemari Yevashandi Nemaault Act, 1952

Uyu Murayiro wakavamba chibvumirano chemari yezvirongwa zvemari yebasa yaibhadharwa. Raje Sabha akaita basa rakakomba mukufutunura kuvambira pavashandi venzvimbo dzamabasa kusvikira kuvashandi venzvimbo dzine 20 kana kuti kupfuura. Mukati mema1960 na 1970, imba yakaitirana nharo kana ichifanira kubatanidza “vashandi vose matenga etafurini, uye pakupedzisira yakasundirwa nokuda kwokubviswa kwekepisi yePFigha (iyo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira gare gare gare). Imba yapamusoro yakaumbawo [[FLT: 0] Emploeeeeation Creage, 1995 [[FLPF:1], ichivimbisa kuti PFF igogodzwa nokuda kwemidya yemidyandi. Nhasi, vashandi vanopfuura 60 vakafukidzwa pasi pemiteji yeEPya, uye vaSha yakana dziviriro nokuda kwedzimwe nyika yenzanga dzinobudirira.

Mutambo wekugadzira zvinhu, 1947

Zvichida hakuna mutemo wavashandi wakarangarira kuva nenharo huru seIndustrial Disputes Act. Act inodzora kubviswa, kuvharwa, uye kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa. Muma 1970, apo hurumende yakaedza kuderedza Dare V-B (inoda mvumo yehurumende nokuda kwekuiswa mufekitari nevashandi vanopfuura 100), Raja Sabha mitezo mizhinji yemibatanidzwa yebhizimisi (((kubatanidza vatungamiriri vebhizimisi) yakabatanidza chishoro chakakomba. Vakataura kuti pasina dziviriro dzakadaro, vashandi vomumafekitari huru vaizotarisana nokubudiswa. Gare gare gare gare gare, 20, Raji Syahaha yakapikisana muganhu nhevedzano yeIPronesitionstions, iyo yakatsiva nouyu Mutengo. Imba yacho yakabatanidza nenzira inobudirira gadziriro inoda kuzivisa mazuva 14 kuti vashandirwirirwe. [FFoct:]

Kudzikamisa uye Kupokanidzana: Kunyatsoongorora Tsika Dzokuchengeta Vana Dzazvino Uno

Mapepa mana avashandi akapfuudzwa pakati pa 2019 na 2020 anomirira kushaikwa kukurusa kwemitemo yevashandi muIndia. Rajiya Sabhaha yapakuvamba mukuita kuti mabumbiro emitemo aya ave anorayiridza. Apo Tragio on Wages Bill yakatangwa, Rajiya Sabbaha yaSinki paLabour Committee, yakadzivisa kushayikwa kwechikamu chakarondedzerwa “mari inotarwa namari inotarwa. Mutengo wegore unopfuudzwa kuti mari yaizova yakaderera kupfuura“ mubhadharo wepeyiro” wakasarudzwa nehurumende yepakati. Dare, rinodudza chinodikanwa chechikamu chiduku chemitemo, chinomanikidzirwa kudzorwa zvino zvino inoda kuti mubhadharo wegore uri wose, mumipimo yokurarama. Mushonga yegore, inoiswa murutsigiriro runobudirira [Foctal:]

Social Security Code yakatarisana nenzvero huru. Pakutanga, yakabatanidza vashandi vomunharaunda vakarongwa bedzi. Raje Sabha mitezo yakaonesa kuti 93% yavashandi veIndia vari muboka risina kurongwa(kubatanidza vashandi vamagig, vashandi vokuvaka, vabatsiriri, uye vatengesi vomumugwagwa. Imba yakaraira ganhuro yakatsaurirwa vashandi vasina kurongwa, iyo hurumende inogamuchira. Mazano anorayira kuti zvirongwa zvehurumende zve upenyu neurema hwemishuwaregere, mibayiro yezve, dziviriro yezera rakwegura, uye miuyo yemitengo yebasa. Kuwedzera, mutemo unoda kuti vatengi vashaki vashanyi [gro.], Uzmato) vagoveri vapfumi vapfumi vadzo vadzori vadzorwi vadzorwi vamagadziri vadzori vadzore kuRugare rwechipo. Iiyi yaSy yaSyha yakaparira kuti varwirirwe nokuda kwenharo yebasa.

Occupational Safety, Health and Working Mode (OSH Code) yakanatswa zvakafanana. Gwaro rapakuvamba rakabvumira mafekitari kupinza vashandi vavakadzi usiku, chero mushandirwi akangoita kuti chengeteko ive nechokwadi. Rajiya Sabhaha yakawedzera chinodikanwa nokuda kwe “dare rekwaidzori" rinorwisana nokunetswa kwevatano uye rakapiwa murairo wokushandisa zvimbudzi zvakaparadzana. Yakawedzerawo rondedzero dze“ basa rechibharo” kubatanidza vashandi vakapinzwa kupfurikidza nesangano ripi neripi neripi, kudzivirira makambani kuti asashandisa mutoro kupfurikidza nokushandisa mibatanidzwa mibato mizhinji yebasa. Imba yakaramba kuedza kuwedzera nhambo yevhiki yokushanda yevhiki nenhambo yevhiki yevatano kusvika ku 60, kududza itiro dzoutano neko. Panzvimbo pezvo, yakaraira kuti [FLD]

Tapuro Pakodzero Dzavashandi: Muuyo Usingabviri

Muuyo unowedzerwa wokupindira kwaRaje Sabha iboka remitemo yavashandi yakadzikama zvikuru, yapakati pomusha, uye inotapurika kumapoka asina kudzivirirwa. Ngatinzverei mativi makuru mashanu akarongwa munyaya yapakuvamba noufakazi hwakakura.

  • Mitemo yekotsekano yakajeka: Kupfuura Factories Act, Rajiya Sabha yakasimbisa Chivako uye Mamwe Masangano Okuvaka, 1996, kupfurikidza nokusimbisa rovedzo yekotsekano, uye inishuwarenzi yavashandi vokuvaka. Yakasundawo kuvakwa kwe “zvirwere zvekoseroriyoni" muOSH Code, ichida vashandirwi kushuma zvinoitika zvechiwirirano, chiwiriranwa, uye chechepfu. National Safety Council, yakagadzwa muna 1966, ine midzi yayo muRayya Sabbaha pashure petsaona huru yenzvimbo yebhizimisi.
  • Mibhadharo nebetsero: Chinodikanwa chiduku chekudzokororwa kwenhambo nenhambo cheWages, gadziriro dzakaenzana muBumbiro remitemo paWages, uye kubviswa kwesiringi kwePF zvose zvakabva muRajiya Sabba. Kuwedzera, imba yacho yakasimbisa kuti bhonous mari ibhadharwe [[[ pasi pomutengo wechiteko cheBace Act, 1965, inorangarirwa pagadziriro inowirirana nemibairo yakakwirira zvikuru, kwete chete.
  • Kudzivirirwa pakudzingwa kwakaipa: Industrial Disputes Act yeChikamu 25-F (kutsvakazve chiziviso nemubhadharo pamberi pekudzorwa) kwakachengetwa zvikurukuru nemhaka yechishoro chaRapya Sabbaha kukuvadziko yayo muna 2014. Kode yaMaindasitiria Relations yakasumawo chinyorwa chemariko yokuisira [[ nokuda kwavashandi vakapinzwa, mufungo wakatanga kukarakadzwa mudare reRajiya Sabbaha.
  • Mipimo yechengeteko yehurumende[FLT: 1]: Gwendeets’s State Inishuwarensi Act (ESI) rakakudzwa kufukidza zvitoro, hotera, uye masangano edzidzo pashure paRaje Sabha yakataura kuti vashandi vebhizimisi nenzvimbo dzebasa vanodawo kutarisirwa kwezvokurapa nebetsero dzechirwere. Kopi yeSocial Security yevashandi nebetsero dzechiidzoro che [[FLT:]] miuyo yevashandi vose (kubatanidza kupfuudza nokupfuudza) miuyo yakananga yerongedzero yeimba yakakwirira.
  • Kumirira kwavashandi nenzwi[[FLT: 1]: Raje Sabha nguva dzose akasimbisa maruramiro okuumba mubatanidzwa webhizimisi nokuisa pamwe chete. Yakadzivisa kuedza kukumbira 50% yemitezo nokuda kwokuzivikanwa kwomubatanidzwa, kuchengeta sutuko . Yakaomererawo kuti Trades Union Act, 1926 itenderedzei kubvumira mabatanidzwa kupinda mumibato yezvamatongerwe enyika pasina kurasikirwa namaruramiro avo okumirira vashandi mugakava.

Matambudziko Nemikana Mubasa Rokuzvifadza raRaje Sabha

Pasinei zvapo netapuro yayo yakanaka, Raje Sabha anotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka mukuumba mitemo yevashandi nenzira inobudirira. Chokutanga, kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwawedzera, zvikurukuru pashure pa2014, apo voruzhinji vehurumende muLok Sabbaha vanopesana nechishoro chakasimba zvikuru muRaje Sabhaha. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukudzokororwa kwakawanda uye kuderedzwa kwenguva. Somuenzaniso, mapepa mana ebasa akapfuudzwa muRajiya Sabbaha bedzi pashure peboka revhoti, uye manyuko anoverengeka akarambwa pamitsetse yebato. Mano eimba anoshanda seboka rinoderedza kuderera nguva. Mitengo yezvamatongerwe enyika inoshorwa apo mitezo inoronga kukwidza pamusoro pezvikamu zvezvamatongerwe enyika pamusoro pezvikamu.

Chechipiri, dare reRaje Sabra, nepo rakasimba, rinowanzononoka. Mushumo wedare rakamira pamusoro pemitemo yeWages wakatora mwedzi 18 kuti upedzise, panguva apo nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakanga yachinja. Dzimwe rumbidzo dzakafuratirwa pakupedzisira nemhaka yokuti dzakanyanyononoka. Nguva dzokukurumidza dzemishumo yedare dzaizowedzera kushanda kweimba.

Chechitatu, pane musiyano wezivo: Kunyange zvazvo nhengo dzakasarudzwa dzichiunza unyanzvi, nhengo dzakawanda hadzinzwisisi zvikuru nezvemari yevashandi, maindasitiri, kana kuti tsika dzevashandi vemarudzi akawanda. Zvirongwa zvokurovedza uye kuwana rubatsiro rwokutsvakurudza zviri nani zvinogona kuvandudza kupindira. Rajiya Sabha akatanga sero rokutsvakurudza rakatsaurirwa, asi simba raro rinoramba richiganhurirwa pane vamwe vanhu vari muUnited States kana kuti UK.

Kunyanguvezvo, mabanza azvino uno akawanda. Kuda [[FLT: 0] chengeteko yenzanga yose] (kubatanidza shopu yerudzi yavashandi vasina kurongwa. Indaneti yakawedzerwa nekurukurirano dzezvemari nerokufambisa). Imba inogona kupfuurira kutsigira nokuda kwekokorodzano dzeILO, dzakadai seC190 pamasimba masimba nenhamo, izvo India akatodzika zvizere. Kupfuurirazve, sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchishaidzika basa rokushambadza, namazakwatirano okuisa ungwaru, basa rokunze, basa, uye gig platifomumu yeSabha rekudzoro inogona kuvimbisa kuti mitemo mitsva [[FL:], ikodzero yamabasa, yamabasa ebasa, uye mibato inotakugadzirwa nokudzorwa kwebasa.[FFoctive]

Rimwe banza riri mubatira pamwe yehurumende [. Sezvo kuchengetwa kwomutemo wevashandi kuchiitika pamwero wehurumende, Rajiya Sabha /reating zvezvematongerwo(anogona kupfavisa kubatira pamwe kwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, ingagona kukarakadza bumbiro remitemo remitemo yehurumende pamibayiro mishomanene uye migariro inoshanda kuderedza nhangemutange kuenda kupasi pakati penyika dzinotsvaka mutengo. Kupfurikidza nokubvunza vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, mibatanidzwa yezvokutengeserana, uye makambani enyika dzakawanda, Rajiya Sabha inogona kushanda sebhiriji pakati pomutemo mukuru uye kuitwa kwomunzvimbomo.

Mugumo: Raje Sabha seNhengedzo Yechiremera Chevashandi

Mugadziriro yeparamende yeIndia, Raje Sabha inowanzonzi “Council of States” uye yakagadzirirwa kugovera dzikamo nemutengi mukuru kumutemo. Kana yava mitemo yevashandi nekodzero dzavo, iyi gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva inokosha. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera zvikwereti, kuraira kugadziriswa, uye kumirira manzwi akasiana - siana avashandi vari muAssam kuve vokuvaka muBengaruru uye mutengi mukuru wedzimba dzinovakisa kuti kodzero dzavashandi hadzina kuiswa mungozi nokuda kwemigumisiro mipfupi nenhambo pfupi yemari.

Zvisinei, chirongwa chacho chinofanira kushanduka. Kuramba chakakodzera, Raje Sabha anoda miitiro yedare inokurumidza, kunzvera kusiri kwechikamu chenyika, uye tsika dzekurukurirano youfakazi. Chinofanirawo kuva nebasa guru namasangano evashandi nenzanga yavagari vemo, kubatanidza nzwisiso yavo yenhetembo mukugadzirwa kwomutemo. Sezvo India inoda kuva nzvimbo yemari yemari inokwana $55,000 yemari, kunaka kwemitemo yayo ichaita kuti kukura kwacho kuve kunochinjikira mu basa rebasa neruramisiro yenzanga nokuda kwavose. Rayyaha, nechitendero chayo chebumbiro remitemo nechinyorwa chayo chenhau, zvive zvakasiana nechinzvimbo chayo kuti itungamirire kushandurwa kwaro kugona kuva vanhu vadzokorore.

Pakupedzisira, Raje Sabra yakava nesimba pamitemo yevashandi inoratidza kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoda kutariswa kechipiri. Kana imba yepasi ichidzorwa nokukurumidza kwevakasarudzwa, imba yepamusoro inogovera nzvimbo yokurangarira nokunatsiridza. Kodzero dzavashandi muIndia dzakasimba zvikuru nhasi nemhaka yeiyi dzikamo yesangano. Denho iri mberi ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti Rajiya Sabba anopfuurira kuita basa iri munguva yokuchinja kwemitemo nokukurumidza uye kusaenzana kunowedzera.