Kutapura Kwebumbiro Remitemo Pakodzero Dzevasungwa Nedzavasungwa

United States Constitution mutemo mukurusa wenyika yacho, asi kushandiswa kwayo kukuva vanhu vakasungwa kwave kuri manyuko enyasha dzapamutemo nedzenzanga chifo chokuvamba. Nepo nyika yacho nenzira isingarambiki ine simba rokubatira nokuranga, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisawo ganhuriro pasimba iroro, richivimbisa kuti kunyange vaya vasina rusununguko runochengeta kodzero dzinokosha dzavanhu. Dzikamo pakati pekotsekano yavose, chirango, uye chiremera zvinoedzwa nguva dzose mumatare nezvivako zvokururamisa. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti purogiramu dzemitemo yemitemo yeChisere neChikamu Chisere cheMiteshi yaVasungwa neNhevedzero, inohwirudzura zvisarudzo zvinokosha zvakaumba Dare gurusa dziviriro izvozvo, uye zvinokurukura denho dzinopfuurira uye nhamburiko dzokuvandudza munhambo yazvino uno.

Nenzira yorumano, kutaura kwokuti “vasungwa navasungwa” kunofukidza zvikamu zvakawanda: vasungwa vane mhaka vanobatira mitongo, vasungwa vapamberi vedare vakaiswa mumajeri, vanhu vamwe navamwe vari muusungwa hwokupinda munyika, uye avo vari munzvimbo dzokuzvipira kwehurumende. Bumbiro reMitemo harishandi zvakafanana kumapoka ose; somuenzaniso, vasungwa vane mhaka vanogona kurangwa, nepo vasungwa vasati vatongwa vasingagoni kurangwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, vose vanogoverana dziviriro dzakati huru mukurwisana nehurumende inodenhwa. Kunzwisisa idzi dziviriro kunokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzapamutemo, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanoitira hanya pamusoro peruramisiro nechiremera chavanhu vari munyika.

Kudzivirirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nokuda Kwevasungwa Nevakadzi Vejeri

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwechisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reReah Amendment rinopa kuti “bhedha remipimo risati richizodikanwa, kana kuti faindi yakanyanyisa inoiswa, kana kuti chirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose chinopiwa.” Kuvasungwa, iyi ndiyo nhoo yakananga zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo mukurwisana nemigariro yokubatwa zvisina kufanira. Matare akadudzira “kupesana neyechienzi” sechinoguma nokuratidzira mipimo yetsika yazvino uno. Ikoku kunoreva kuti miitiro yakambogamuchirwa sechibharo, kushandiswa kweketani, kana kuti kusakendenga namaune kuzvinodikanwa zvakakomba zvokurapa zvino angaputsa zvino Diviti yeChisere.

Mu Estelle v. Gamble [1976], Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kusakendenga kwamaune kuzvinodikanwa zvakakomba zvokurapa kwomusungwa kunoumba chirango choutsinye uye chechienzi. Mhaka iyoyo yakatanga apo musungwa akapomera kuti vakuru vakuru vetorongo vakatadza kugovera kurapa kwakakwana nokuda kwekuvadziko yomusana yaipfuurira kushanda. Dare rakaziva kuti hurumende ine basa rokugovera tarisiro youtano nemhaka yokuti vasungwa havagoni kutsvaka tarisiro yavo vamene. Mupimo chifo chenguva iyeyo wakashandiswa muzviuru zvenhau dzinobatanidza chinhu chiri chose nokurapwa kwemazino kuti varapwe.

Nenzira yakafanana, Dare reRendement reHereth rinodzora migariro yokupfigirwa. Rhodes v. Chapman (1911], Dare rakatonga kuti kutakura varwere vaviri musero rimwe chete) kwakanga kusiri kusiri kwokusada kuiswa. Zvisinei, migariro inonyima vasungwa “mwero mudukusa wezvinodikanwa zvoupenyu,” soutsanana, zvokudya zvakakwana, kana kuti chengeteko pamasimba masimba, inoputsawo kubviswa kwegwenga. Kuvharwa kwakaregwa kwakaregwa kwakaregwa kwakakwirira kunogona kuparira kuvadziko yakakomba mundangariro uye, mumigariro yakati, yakawanwa kuputsa kumativi masere emisi yemitemo yakaderera.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Muitiro Wakafanira Nedziviriro Yakaenzana

Iroro rinonzi Account Process Claus rinorambidza hurumende kunyima munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina miitiro yakanaka.

  • Zviitiko zvokurangarira: Mu Wolff v. McDonnell [1774], Dare rairangarira kuti apo vakuru vakuru vakuru vetorongo vairanga vasungwa munzira dzinovanyima chikwereti chenguva yakanaka kana kuti kuisa mutongo uri woga, vanofanira kugovera inenge muitiro muduku wakafanira(chiziviso) chokunyora, kutonga, uye kutaura kwezvikonzero.
  • Vatapi vemhosva: Nemhaka yokuti havasati vawanwa vane mhaka, vatapi vemhosva havagoni kurangwa. Mu Bell v.Wolfish [1997], migariro neganhuriro zvinova zvebumbiro remitemo bedzi kana zvichiwirirana nedonzo rehurumende rapamutemo, zvakadai sechengeteko kana kuti nhevedzano.* (*) uye kwete zvakanyanyisa mukuwirirana nedonzo iroro. Izvi zvinoisa mutoro unorema pahurumende kupfuura vasungwa vane mhaka.
  • DZIDZIVIRIRO: [Folect Protection imarobha rusaruro rwakavakirwa parudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti mamwe mapoka anonyumwira. Vasungwa vakarikumbira kudenha miitiro yokusatendeseka pamusoro peshanyo, zvirongwa, uye chirango. Mu Johnson v. California [200] [2005], Dare rakashandisa kunzvera kwakakomba kumuitiro wetorongo uyo unodzorwa nenhangemubato kusvikira kumazuva 60 mukati mechipo, achitonga kuti muitiro unofanira kuva “wnakirwa zvikuru" kubatira fariro inogombedzeka. [[FLT] [200]

Kuchinja Kwokutanga: Kutaura Kwakasununguka uye Rudzidziso

Vasungwa vanochengeta kodzero dzeFirst Amendment, kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa nefariro dzapamutemo dzekunyora. Vangawirirana namagweta, mhuri, uye zvinobudisa nhau, uye vane maruramiro okushandisa rudzidziso rwavo(kubatanidza kusvika kumagwaro erudzidziso, pokugara, uye kunamata mikana. Mhaka yechiratidzo pembedzo yapabumbiro rejeri ne. Safley (1987) yakagadza mupimo: kusateerera mutemo pakodzero dzemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yetorongo kunokosha kana kuti kukuva nefariro dzapamutemo. Iyi mitemo inononotsa inovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vetorongo vapedzei, asi haibvumiri ganhuriro yakazviito zvokuzvinyirira.

Somuenzaniso, mu O’LO v. Kuisa zvirongwa zveShabazz (1987), Dare rakatsigira muitiro waidzivisa vasungwa vechiMuslim kupinda basa revhiki nevhiki nemhaka yokuti rairwisana nepurogiramu dzebasa retorongo, kuwana mutemo une chokuita nenzira ine mufungo nechengeteko nokugadziridzwa. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti “mupimo” kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji unobvumira maruramiro kutsikwa, asi unoramba uri muedzo unodzora.

Mutezo Wechina: Kunzvera Kwoupenzi

Vanhu vakasarirwa vakaderedza dziviriro pakunzvera kweChina. Chinoparirwa ndechokuti kudikanwa kwetorongo kwechengeteko nenhevedzano kunopfuura kariro dzenguva dzose dzechivande. Mu Hudson v. Palmer[ [19984], Dare raidavira kuti vasungwa havatarisiri kuvandika zvine mufungo mumasero avo, vachibvumira kuti sero ritsvake zvisina pamutemo uye masero enguva dzose pasina pamutemo. Zvisinei, kunzvera kwomuviri nemimwe mipimo mikuru inofanira kunofanira kuitiswa nenzira ino mufungo uye kwete yokusasarura. Prebrication ingava nedziviriro huru zvikuru, asi kuva vasungwa vakapomerwa mhaka, varegirwe, vanobvumira masero maduku.

Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Kwechishanu Nekwechitanhatu: Muitiro Wemitemo Nezano

Shanduro yeFindrefur inopa kuti pasava nomunhu “achamanikidzwa mumhaka ipi neipi yetsotsi kuti azvipomere.” Iyi dziviriro inotambanudzwa kuvasungwa vanotarisana nepomero itsva kana kuti zviito zvokuranga izvo zvingatungamirira kukutongwazve kwoutsotsi.

Dare reSikisi reSingth Amendment rinovimbisa kodzero yezano. Kuvasungwa, izvi zvakadudzirwa kuti zvibatanidze kodzero yokukurukura negweta zvakavanzika, uye kuva neraibhurari yomutemo kana kuti rubatsiro rwepamutemo kugadzirira zvikumbiro zvokukumbira kana kuti zvehabeas corpus, sezvakagadzwa mu Boands v. Smith [77] [77]). Dare rave richinangidzira kuendesa kuidzwa kwakati kuti kukumbira kana kuti kukumbira, sekwakasimbiswa mu (196]), richiganhurira chinodikanwa kumamiriro ezvinhu apo vasungwa vanotarisana nekuvadziko chaiyoiyo yapamutemo mukushaiwa.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzapamuzinda Wepamusorosoro Dzakapesvedzera Kodzero Dzevasungwa

Graham v. Connor (1998): Kuva nomufungo mukushandiswa kweMasimba

Mu Graham v. Connor, Dare raidavira kuti kutaura kwakanyanyisa kunoitwa naavo vasingabatwi kunonzverwa mu “mupimo wekunzwisisa kweChinai kwechinjo”. Zvisinei, kuvasungwa vane mhaka, vanotaura kuti vane simba rakanyanyisa rinowira pasi peSendmenter. Nhau: murwi wePremitemperation anoshandisa mupimo weDrefective yeChina (kunangidzira pakunzwisisa panguva ino), apo kutaura kwomutongi anoshandisa kusakendenga kwamaune kweSendment kana kuti mupimo woutsinye, kuchitsamira pasimba. Chinoitika chacho chinoratidzira kuti dziviriro chemitemo inosimuteveripo chinosiana sei nomugariro.

Estelle v. Gamble[[FLT]] [7976]: Kurapwa sekodzero yeBumbiro remitemo

Sezvataurwa, nyaya iyi yakaratidza kuti kusakendenga kwemaune zvinodiwa pakurapa zvakakomba kunopesana neSendment. Dare rakarangarira kuti pashure pokusungwa, hurumende inova nomutoro woutano nekotsekano zvomusungwa. Kubvira ipapo, matare akarwisana ne “chinoumba kusakendenga kwenhando” (jekiseni rinoda zvinopfuura kuregeredza, asi donzo risingarevi. Mhaka yacho inoramba iri giramu rokurapa mumatorongo.

[[FULT:0] Wolff v. McDonnell (1974): Kufambira mberi kwakafanira muChirango

Pamberi pa Wolff, vasungwa vakanga vasina kodzero dzebasa dzakafanira mukuranga. Dare rairangarira kuti apo chirango chinoguma nokurasikirwa nechikwereti chenguva yakanaka kana kuti kuvharwa, musungwa ane kodzero yokufambisira chiziviso chakanyorwa, kunzwa nekodzero yokudana zvapupu (kana zvisina ngozi), uye kutaura kwakanyorwa kwezviwanwa.

trander v. Safley (1987): Kuedza Kunzwisisa

? [[FLT: 1] yakatanga “mupimo” wokurangarira mirau yetorongo inoganhurira maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Dare rakaronga zvinhu zvina: (1) kana pane batano ine mufungo pakati pomurairo nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende; (2) kana dzimwe nzira dzokushandisa rudyi dzichiripo; (3) tapuro iyo kuisa rudyi kwaizova nayo kuvarindi, vamwe vasungwa, uye majeri; uye (4) kusavapo kwezvipfuudzo zvakagadzirirwa. Kuedza uku kunokudzwa kwakatsoropodzwa zvikuru navareri vekodzero dzehurumende, asi kunoramba kuri ikona yejeri rokutanga neredhineti re14551.

Johnson v. California (2005): Ruhare naScrutiny

Mu Johnson, Dare rakaramba chibvumikiso chokuti nzvero yeTurner inofanira kushanda kumapoka edzinza mumajeri. Panzvimbo pezvo, yaidavira kuti kutsaura kwedzinza kwose, kunyange navatarisiri vetorongo, kunofanira kugutsa kunzvera kwakakomba kwakakwana kwejeri. Chisarudzo chakakwirira zvikurusa chedare reCalifornia chokuva vasungwa nenhangemutange yenhangemutange kusvikira kumazuva 60. Dare rakataura kuti muitiro wacho wakanga usina kufanira uye waida ruramisiro inogombedzera, iyo hurumende yakakundikana kugovera. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisazve kuti musengwariro mukuru wemitemo yedzinza kurumwero kunyange shure kwamasvingo etorongo.

Zvinetso uye Nhau Dziri Kungoramba Dzichimuka

Kuganhurirwa Pasina Mugariro Noutano Hwendangariro

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, kuvharwa kwoga kunoramba kwakapararira mumajeri eUnited States. Vavakidzani vanogona kupedza makore vari mumasero maduku kwemaawa 23 pazuva, kazhinji kacho vasingaonani nevanhu. Kuongorora kwakabatanidza kuzviparadzanisa kwenguva refu nokuderera kweutano hwepfungwa, kuzviuraya, uye kunetseka mupfungwa pashure pekuora mwoyo. Mitemo inorambidza mamiriro ezvinhu anotambudza ndangariro, asi matare ave achizengurira kuzivisa kuvharwa kwega sechimiro chokutambudza.

Kurapwa Kwakakwana Neutano Hwepfungwa

Pasinei zvapo ne Estelle v. Gamble, gadziriro zhinji dzokururamisa dzinorwisa kusvitsa kunyange mipimo inopesana yetarisiro. Kunonoka mukurapwa, mapoka ezvokurapa asina vashandi, uye kundikano yokugona kubata zvirwere zvisingaperi zvakadai seshuga neHIV. Nhando dzoutano hwendangariro dzakashaikwa zvikuru; nhamba yavasungwa vane chirwere chendangariro chakakomba yawedzera, bva zvivako zvakawanda zvisina varapi vemiepurry kana kuti vapinduri vezano vakakwana. Muna 2023, mutongi wehurumende muAlabama akawana kuti gadziriro yamajeri yakapunzwa nomutoo wakaoma kugovera mibato youtano yendangariro yakakwana. Pasi pokutarisira kwakakwana nezvipfumitengo, zvipikirwa zvemitemo zvinoramba zvisina maturo.

Kuziva Kutama

Vatapi vokupinda munyika vakasiyana nevagari vemo. Havanzi vanorangwa asi vanotongerwa kubviswa. Kunyange zvakadaro kazhinji vanotarisana nemamiriro ezvinhu akafanana nemajeri ne(8) kusungwa kwemapoka akati, kuganhurirwa kwokumiririra pamutemo, uye kuiswa mujeri kwenguva refu. Dare rakaziva kuti Dare reFindmer’s Respremendition’s Accolas rinoshanda kuvatapi vatapi vokupinda munyika, uye mamwe matare echiduku anodavira kuti kuchengetwa kwevatami pasina chisungo chinodzorwa chinoputsa muitiro wakafanira. Zvisinei, hurumende inopfuurira kukwikwidza kuchiremera chiremera chekuchengetedzwa kwakafara pasi pemitemo yokubuda munyika, zvichitungamirira kukuva vasungwa vanoramba vasungwa.

Kusiyana Kwemadzinza Nemadzinza

VaAmerica veAfrica navaHispanic vanoiswa mutorongo nenzira isingaenzaniswi. Nepo Kudzivirira Kunowirirana kweBumbiro reMitemo kuchirambidza rusaruro rwamaune, paradzano yegadziriro inomuka mumubatanidzwa wezvinhu kubatanidza kusaenzana kwemagariro enhau, miitiro yokudzikamisa mitemo inosarura, uye miitiro yokuisa mutemo inopesana. Matare ave achizengurira kuwana kuputswa kwetsika kwapasi pose pasina chibvumikiso chedonzo rokusasarura. Kunyange zvakadaro, kusasarura kunomutsa mibvunzo huru yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro peruramisiro yakaenzana nechiremera chokuvakwa kwavazhinji.

Kunyengera uye Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu

Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo . akadai se American Libersion Union, [[FLT]] Chirongwa chokudzosa[, uye American Bar Association[[FLT]][FLT]]

Mumutemo, Congress yapfuura Prison Rape Relified Act (2003) kuti igadzirise masimba masimba evatano, uye misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, First Step Act (208) yakaitirwa kuderedza kubvisazve mitsetse mizhinji yezvechidhinanwa.

Ukoshi hunopfuuridzirwa hwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo hahugoni kunyanyopfuudzirwa. Matare anobatira somupinyi wokupedzisira apo masangano anotungamirira anodarika nhano, asi kurongeka kunodzorwa uye kunopa mari. Pakupedzisira, nzanga yakarurama inofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti kubatwa kwavasungwa navatapi kunoratidzira mipimo yakakwirira zvikurusa yebumbiro remitemo: chiremera chomunhu, kuvimbika, uye rusununguko muutsinye husiri madikanwa. Idzi tsika hadzisi dzidziso dzomutemo; iwo mwero wokuzvipira kwedu kumutemo.