Kurongwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nokuda Kwoutongi Hwemari

United States Constitution haisati ichingova hayo dhipatimendi rezvamatongerwe enyika; inzvimbo inogarwa pairi gadziriro yose yemari yenyika. Kupfurikidza nokuisa masimba ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, kurondedzera miganhu yechiremera chehurumende, uye kuisa maruramiro makuru, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadzira gadziriro dzapamutemo dzezvokutengeserana, kutengeserana, uye muitiro wetsika kuti ifambe. Kubva pakurukurirano dzekare paGungano reFiladelphia kusvikira kuzuva rakakwirira reDare pamusoro pemisikata yemichina, gadziriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo pamusoro pezvokutengeserana nemitemo yemari yakaramba ichiumba upfumi hweAmerica. Kunzwisisa ichi chirongwa chinokosha kunzwisisa kuti United States yakashandura sei kubva parumano okuzvibvumirano zvemari munyika yose.

Kutengeserana kwaClaus: Injini Yechiremera Chehurumende

Commerce Claus, inowanwa muChikamu I, Chikamu 8, Classicas 3, inopa Congress simba "rokudzora Kutengeserana naMarudzi okumwe, uye pakati peNyika dzinoverengeka, uye neIndiyan Traviko". Uyu mutongo unoratidzika kuva wakajeka wakaparira kupiwa kwakawanda uye kukudzwa kwesimba rehurumende kupfuura chinenge chirongwa chipi nechipi chebumbiro remitemo. Panguva inodzorwa pamutemo. Chikamu chakarongwa kubvisa hondo dzebhizimisi nemhinganidzo izvo zvakanga zvakanganisa Zvikamu zveChoswo zveConfederation. Maturo ave ari mabasa makuru pamusoro pezvinhu zvokuyambuka miganho yawo, kukura kwoupfumi nenzira inobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokupa Dare remitemo kudzora bhizimisi renyika, Bumbiro remitemo rakaumba bhizimisi rakabatana renyika yose.

Kududzira Kwapakuvamba uye Dare reMarshall

Mutongi mukuru John Marshall akabatanidza kusvika kwapanosvika Claus weChommerce munhau yechiratidzo Gibbons v. Ogden (1824), iyo yakarova chikepe chejenasi cheNew York icho chakadzongonyedza kufamba kwenyika. Marshall akadavira kuti "commece" yakabatanidza kwete bedzi kutsinhana zvinhu asiwo zvimiro zvose zvebhizimisi. Ichi chisarudzo chakagadza simba renyika pamusoro pokutengeserana kwenyika yenyika itsororororo apo Congress inosarudza kuita chiito. Chiratiso chakaisa nheyo nokuda kwemitemo yenjanji, mapaipi, ndege, ndege, uye pakupedzisira zvimiro zvemichina zvebhizimisi.

Kwerizhinjisa rezana ramakore rechi 19, Commerce Claus yakashandiswawo kubvisa mhinganidzo kushambadza kwenyika. Mu United States v. C. Nhengo ye (1995], Dare guru rakaita musiano mukuru pakati pokutengeserana nokugadzira, kutonga kuti Sherman Anti-Screance Act irege kushandiswa kurumbidzika kweshuga nemhaka yokuti kugadzira chinhu chaiva basa romunzvimbomo. Uyu murangariro muduku wakapararira kutozosvikira kuKuderera kukuru kwoKuderera kwomugariro wapasi kwakadzika nokushandura pamutemo.

Mubato Mutsva Nokukura Kwesimba Renyika

Njodzi yemari ya1930 yakasunda Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt mapurogiramu aNew Deal, ayo akakudza zvikuru mirau yehurumende yezvemari. Pakutanga, Dare rapamusoro rakaputsa mutemo mukuru, zvakadai seNational Industrial Recoveration Act Schechter Poult. v. United States[FLT] [1935] [1935] [1935]), inotonga kuti mutemo udzoredze kutengeserana kwapasi. Zvisinei, pashure pekutyisidzira kwe "Court-packing", Dare rakachinja nzira muzviitiko se [FLT:]. Jones & Laugglin Sound Spelte. [197] [FLT] [193], rinotsigira mativi eGene National Actal Acts Act panhautionssssss passssss at Actives arlectritiveritiveritiveritiveritive" yebasa reroritiveritiroupt "

Iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi iyi miuyo isingachinjiki" yakava mupimo mutsva, ichibvumira Congress kudzora mubato upi noupi uyo, muAggreat, wakava netapuro yezvepfuma paupfumi hwenyika. Dare gare gare rakatambanudzira iyi mufungo kukurima ( Wickard v. Filburn[, 1942), uko yakatonga kuti murimi wegorosi akura nokuda kwehuku dzake amene agone kudzorwa nemhaka yokushandisa kwake kwomunhu oga, apo aidzorwa navamwe, akatapura mugove nomutengo wegorosi munyika yose. Ichi chisarudzo chakaratidzira chiratidzo chakakwirira chechiremera cheGodhaka yeClauslee, chichiita mutezo yemitemo yezvose kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo kuti adzivirirwe pasi pemari yemari.

Miganhu Yezvokutengeserana Yazvino Uno yaClaus: Lopez, Morrison, uye NFIB

Kuvambira muma 1990, Dare Rapamusoro retsika dzakakomba zvikuru rakavamba kuisa miganhu yokunze paChommerce Claus. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995], Dare rakakurira Gun-Free School Zone Act nemhaka yokuti kuva nepfuti pedyo nechikoro kwakanga kusati kuri mubato wezvokutengeserana uye hakuna kutapura zvikuru kutengeserana. Iyi yakanga iri nguva yokutanga mumakore 60 yokuti Dare rakanga raita kuti mutemo wehurumende ushayise chiremera chapamusoro cheClauslaus. Nenzira yakafanana, United States.[[FLT]][FFFLT:3] [20000])

Muganhu wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa wakauya mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012), umo Dare rakarangarira kuva kwebumbiro remitemo reAffordcable Care Act rechiremera. Mutongi John Roberts, achinyorera voruzhinji, akadavira kuti Communice haabvumidzi kuti Commission amanikidze vanhu kutenga inishuware youtano. Simba rokudzora kutengeserana iripo haribatani simba rokuita kuti vanhu vashande nokumanikidzira kutengesa musika. Chisarudzo ichi chakagadzwa muganhu chakasimba: Chibvumirano hachigoni kushandisa bhizimisi Claus kuraira mubato weClaus kuti chizivike zvemariro chisati chichitongovapo.

Kushanda Muchishandirapamwe uye Kudzikamiswa Kwesimba Roupfumi

Gadziriro yeBumbiro reMitemo yeHurumende inopa chiremera chikuru pamusoro penhau dzemari dzomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kutengeserana kwomunzvimbomo, mitero, kushandiswa kwevhu, uye kuchengeterwa basa. Tsimendi yeTenth Amendment kumasimba ose asina kupiwa kuUnited States. Kwamakore anopfuura mazana maviri, iyi boka rakaparira kusagadzikana kukuru kunoumba muitiro wemari pamwero uri wose.

Kutengeserana Kwakaipa kwaClaus

Kunyange apo Congress isati yaita chiito, Commerce Claus anogona kuva netapuro inoganhurira mitemo yehurumende inosarura kana kuti isingadi kuremerwa mukutengeserana kwenyika. Iyi dzidziso yakaitwa nomutongi inorambidza kuita mutemo wedziviriro unotsigira mumabhizimisi enyika inorevesa mabhizimisi ezvokukwikwikwidzana. Muguta rePhiladelphia v. New Jersey[FLT] [[FLD] [10] [17]), Dare gurusa rakaputsa mutemo weNew Jersey unorambidza kushambadzwa kwakawanda zvikurusa kwetsvina, richiita kuti nyika irege kusarura pamusoro pezvo bhizimisi renyika kuti igadzise zvinetso zvayo zvemhoteredzo. Nenzira yakafanana, Dare redare rakatonze rakaipa raipira mutemo waNew York riri rose rinotenga reze reze reze, rikawana reze rinoremabhadharo rakarema.

Dorment Commerce Claus ichiri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwemirau yenyika inodenha inoputsa mirau yenyika. Zviitiko zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakabatanidza zvinodikanwa zvezvinhu zvomukaka, ganhuriro panzvimbo dzemitero dzemikoto yekombiyuta paIndaneti dzokushambadzira. Sezvo e-commerce inopfuurira kukura, Dorment Commerce Claus ichava nzvimbo huru yokutema kana masangano anogona kuisa mitemo yakasiana - siana pamakambani anoshanda mumitsetse yenyika.

Kubhadhara Mitero uye Kurambidza Kubhadhara Mari

Bumbiro reMitemo rinoisawo ganhuriro dzinokosha pamasimba ose ari maviri ehurumende nemitero yehurumende. Mitero yeFederal inofanira kuva yakafanana munyika yose (Chikamu 8, Clause 1), uye mitero yakananga inofanira kugoverwa pakati penyika mukuwirirana navanhu), chinodikanwa chakatungamirira kukugamuchirwa kweSweeteth Amendment muna 1913, iyo yakabvumira mutero wemari inotambirwa nehurumende. Miterowo, inorambidzwa kubva mukutengiswa kwemitero kana kuti kutengeswa kunze kwenzvimbo isiri yebvumirano yehurumende (Atecle I, Chikamu 10, Claus 2) uye kubva mumitoro yechiShona pangarava dzinopinda muzviteshi zvayo zvayo.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. [2017]) (208) yakachinjwa zvikuru mutero wehurumende. Kwemakumi amakore, Dare rakanga rataura kuti hurumende yaigona bedzi kumanikidza mabhizimisi ane kuvapo chaiko kwehurumende kuunganidza mutero. Asi Wayfair[, Dare rakabvisa mupimo iwoyo, richiziva kuti kutonga kwomuviri kwapa vashambadzi vepa betsero isina kururama panzvimbo yezvidhina namamo. Zvino nyika inoda kuti vatengesi vokutengeserana vatengesi voruwa vaunzi voru, vanogoverwa nyika, nzira yakapfava, ino inotongazve upfumi.

Kodzero Dzenzvimbo, Zvibvumirano, uye Muitiro Wakafanira

Mitemo inodzivirira zvinhu uye zvibvumirano zvinoita kuti mhoteredzo yakatsiga nokuda kwemari nezvokutengeserana. Findtext inorambidza kutora zvinhu zvomunhu oga kuti zvishandiswe navanhu pasina muripo. Iwenati Amendment inotambanudza iyi dziviriro pamabasa ehurumende uyewo inovimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana uye muitiro wakafanira. Pamwe chete, iyi gadziriro dzinovimbisa kuti mabhizimisi anogona kuvimba nokuchengeteka kwepfuma yavo uye kuchengetwa kwezvibvumirano zvavo.

Mutsigiri waClaus

Chikamu I, Chikamu 10, Claus 1 chinorambidza kukuvadza musengwa wezvibvumirano. MuRepublic yapakuvamba, ichi chitsama chaikosha nokuda kwokudzivirira vakweretesi pamitemo yehurumende yaiedza kusunungura vane mhaka. Zvisinei, sezvo Dare rezvemari rakabvumira kupfuudza mitemo iyo yakaremara pakudzivirira utano hwavanhu vose, chengeteko, kana kuti garikano. Mu [[FLT: 0] Muchikamu chapakuvamba cheImba yeImba neLoan Asn. v. Blaisell [1934]), Dare rakatsigira mutemo wemariko weMinneso yenhaka panguva yeKuderera Kuderera Kwokudya, rinorangarira kuti simba rehurumende rokudzivirira fariro ravose ringagona kukunda kubatira bvumirano. Iyi muganhuno inochengeta zvibvumirano zvavanhu vogaro zvapachena, asi inodzivisa kudzora nokuda kwezvinangwa zvapamutemo.

Kutora Mazano uye Kugadzirisa Zvemari

Kutora mutero kunoda kuti hurumende ibhadhare apo inoda zvinhu zvakavanzika. Asi mirau inoderedza ukoshi hwezvinhu inogonawo kuva "kutorazve zvinhu" kana zvikanyanya. Mu Pennsylvania Coal. v. Mahon [1922] [192], Mutongi Holmes akazivisa nenzira yakakurumbira kuti kana mutemo ukaparadza ukoshi hwezvinhu, unofanira kuripirwa. [[FLT:] nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi] Vaucas v. South Caroline Coaral [FLT:] [1992] [1992] .[1992]

Nheyo Dzebumbiro reMitemo Mumutemo Wezvemari Wazvino Uno

Nhasi, mutemo webumbiro remitemo unoramba uchibatana neanenge mativi ose egadziriro yezvemari, kubva pamipimo yevashandi kusvikira kudziviriro yemhoteredzo kusvikira kukutengeserana kwemichina.

Kushanda uye Mutemo Webasa

Mitemo yebasa yeFomatil Commission Claus. Dare reProfessillation Act, kubatanidza Fair Labor Standard Act (mari shomanene neomuraudzo), National Labor Relations Act (kubatanidza maruramiro echibvumirano), uye Thiti VII yeChibvumirano cheKodzero yeKomboni yeKompasi yeBasa, zvose zvinosara paChomark Claus. Dare Gurusa reSangano reSangano reChikata rakaramba richitsigira mitemo iyi sekushandiswa kwesimba reHurumende kuti idzore basa remari rinodzosa zvikuru bhizimisi rinodzorwa nebhizimisi. Zvisinei, nyika dzinochengetawo chiremera chinokosha pamusoro penhau dzebasa, semipimo yevashandi, yamabasa, uye kuchengeteka kwamabasa nokuda kwavashandi vehurumende. Hondo dzemisi isati yapfuura iyi ikomubatanidzwa mugadziriro yeGig-econgo (g.g., kana vatyari vashandi vari vashandi kana kuti vari vashandi vazvirongwa zvehurumende, sezvaitwa nemitemo yehurumende yehurumende yeCalifornia yeCalifornia yeCalifornia inosiyana.

Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo

Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inowana ganhuriro dzayo hurusa dzechiremera chayo choudzori kubva kuCendery Claus, sezvo kushatisa kazhinji kazhinji kunopaza mitsetse yehurumende. Cease Air Act, Cleenaity Water, neEsted Species Act yose yakatsigirwa mumiedzo chaiyo. Bva Dare Gurusa redare rakaisa miganhu: mu [[FLT: 0] Virginia v. EPA[FLT][FLT] [202] [202]), Dare rakaderedza mano eEPA okuisa mipimo yesimba nokuda kwemibvunzo ye "joor padzidziso," inoda kutaura zvakajeka kana kuchida kugovera zvisarudzo zvemari kana kuti zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo ichi chokuti apo Shemedzo yaClaus ibvumidza jiro, masangano haagoni kuidzo dzakaita pachena pasina chiremera.

Kutengeserana NeInternet

Internet ichishandiswa chemitengo yezvokutengeserana yenyika, uye Commercional Claus inopa chiremera chokuidzora. TeNCOMENTIAT ya1996, iyo yakabatanidza Chikamu 230 (kudzivirira zvikuva panzvimbo dzechitatu dziripo), zvinogara panheyo ino. Manyika akaedza kudzora mativi ezvemari yetsika dzemari, zvakadai semwero wenzanga nemhikano yemakombiyuta, asi anotarisana nezvinetso pasi peDorment Clausce kana mitemo yawo inozvidza mabhizimisi okunze. Commercial Act (CPA), somuenzaniso, inoshanda kumakambanichi anounganidza mashoko kubva kuvagari veCalifornia, pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo iripo. Sezvicho mumitoro yemitoro yayo, pabhizimisi, kana mitemo yakabatana nebhizimisi.

Kutarisira Utano uye Kuvhiya Kunoitwa Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe

NFIB v. Seberius chisarudzo hachina kungoganhurira bedzi Claus wedzero yeChemmerce Claus asiwo chakasimbisa kuti kukura kweAffordcaid Care Act kwaisagona kumanikidzirwa kuruwa kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kubvisa mari iripo yeMedicaid. Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni ku "tora musungwa" kuti ikudziridze kusvika kwayo. Ichi chisarudzo chakaumba mapurogiramu esangano anotevera esangano, kubatanidza Mitengo yezve youtano hwevana nenjo youtano yomunguva yemberi. Inosimbisawo nheyo yokuti muitiro wehurumende yehurumende haigoni kupesvedzera kutora rutivi muhurumende itsva isati ichipa zvisarudzo zvapachokwadi.

Nhau Dzakakosha dzeDare Rapamusoro Dzakapesvedzera Kudzorwa Kwokutengeserana

  • Gibbons v. Ogden (1824): simba rehurumende rakatangwa pamusoro pokutengeserana kwenyika nerwendo.
  • [FLT]Wickard v. Filburn (1942): Kuiswa murairo womubatanidzwa wemubatanidzwa wokushandiswa kwegorosi sokwakatapura kutengeserana kwenyika.
  • kunzwa kweAtlanta Motel, Inc. v. United States (1964): Mutezo II weChibvumirano chekodzero dzechinivil pasi peChemment Claus, unorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba dzavose.
  • [[FLT] United States v. Lopez (1995): Simba rokutengeserana rakaganhurirwa kupfurikidza nokuparadza chiBasa reGun-Free School Act.
  • [FLT] South Dakota v. Wayfair, Inc. (2017): yakadzosa mutemo wokuvapo kwechiito wemutero wehurumende.
  • [FLT]Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (2012): yakaganhura simba reChengetedzo Claus kuraira mubato wemari.

Mugumisiro: Kugamuchirwa Kusingaperi Kwebumbiro Remitemo Rokutengeserana

United States Constitution inoramba iri chinyorwa chehwaro hwekudzora kwezvemari. Commerce Claus, chirongwa chayo chehurumende, uye dziviriro nokuda kwenzvimbo nezvibvumirano zvakatungamirira kukura kwemari yenyika kubva pakufambiswa kwemari kubva kumari inoiswa panzvimbo yemari yapashure. Nharo dzehurumende dzakapfuura. Nharo dzesimba rehurumende, kodzero dzenyika, uye miganhu yemitemo.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi vezvemari, mutemo, uye mirau yavose, kunzwisisa iyi nheyo yebumbiro remitemo kunokosha. Bumbiro remitemo harisati richiraira miuyo yemari, asi rinosimbisa mitemo yomutambo umo vatambi vezvemari vanoshanda mauri. Sezvo unyanzvi hutsva nedenho dzenyika yose zvichabuda, gadziriro dzimwe chetedzo dzamagwaro dzichadudzirwazve kupfurikidza namalens matsva. Kukurukurirana kunopfuurira pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende − uye pakati peWashington nedzimbahwe rehurumende kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rirambe riri simba mhenyu mumitemo yezvokutengeserana uye kuumbwa kwemiitiro yemari.

Nokuda kwokuwedzera, bvunza Cornell Leagn Information Institute kupetwa kwaChommerce Claus, project yenhau yeDare gurusa [, uye [[FLT] Constitution Center yeNational Constitution yebugromation [].