Kunzwisisa Ngozi Huviri: Nheyo Dzapamutemo Nedzemari

Nheyo yenjodzi mbiri dzinomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogarisa mumutemo weutsotsi, ichidzivisa mugariro wacho kutongwa kana kuti kuranga munhu kanopfuura kamwe nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Nepo midzi yawo ichienda shure kumagamuchidzanwa ekare echiGiriki neRoma, yakasimbiswa muAnglo-American jurisprudence kupfurikidza nomutemo unonzwika zvikuru debet bis varir [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [8]] hapana anofanira kushatiswa kaviri nokuda kwechikonzero chimwe chetecho. MuUnited States, Pestemplement Refectrition inogovera pamutemo zvakajeka: [[FLT:]] inova munhu upi noupi achava munhu upi noupi nokuda kwechipfumo kuti aitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti adzivirirwe.[FFOL]] [3]

Ngozi mbiri dzinobatanidzwa panguva apo vatongi vatongi vanopika mukutonga nedare rinobetsera vatongi, kana kuti apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa mukutonga kwebhenji. Pakangobatanidzwa njodzi uye kupfuurira kunoguma nokuregeredzwa kana kuti kupwiswa, hurumende haigoni kuunza kukwidziridza kwechipiri mhaka imwe cheteyo nokuda kwemhosva yacho, isina kunyorwa zvakanaka. Idzi dzinobatanidza kutongwa zvisina kururama kuziviswa (zvakadai sedare rinosungirwa), kukumbira nomukwirirwi kunoguma nokudzorwa kwapamutemo, uye [[FLT:]] uchangamire husingapinzwa nedzidziso yakamanikidzwa yedare , hunobvumidza kutongwa kwakaparadzanwa namachinda akasiyana (g., mamiriro ehurumende) nokuda kwemufambiro mumwe cheteyo. uchangamire hunova zvaparirwa mumitengo yakakwirira, uye [[FLT]] dzidziso yomutemo wehurumende pashure pokubvumira mufambiro.

Nheyo iri seri kwenjodzi mbiri dzinodzorwa nemativi akawanda. Inodzivisa hurumende kuedza yaedzazve kuisa musungo mumwe munhu, uyo aizoisa mutoro mukuru wemirangariro nemari. Inochengetawo kutendeseka kwechisarudzo chedare rinobetsera vatongi uye inovimbisa kuti varegeredzi vanoramba vari vokupedzisira. Munhau dzakakwirira, umo murangariro wavose unowanzoda kupwiswa, njodzi mbiri dzinoitika secherekedzo inokosha pasimba romuchuchi, ichigombedzera nyika kuiita kuti ive yakarurama nguva yokutanga.

Mavambo Enhau

Mufungo wengozi dzakapetwa kaviri une dzinza rekare. Muzivi wechiGiriki Demosthenes akajekesa nheyo yokuti munhu haafaniri kuedzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Mutemo weRoma wakadzivirirwa zvakafanana pamhosva dzinodzokororwa. Zvisinei, kuumbwa kwazvino uno kwakabva kumutemo weEngland, apo pakasvika zana ramakore rechi 17, kukumbira autrefois Confict [ Conquence] Constitution [[FLT]]] Constivetion [[FT:2]] (autis mutongo wakaitwa kuti udzoripo) waizivikanwa sezvisungo zvakakwana zvokuuraya. Varwisipo veU. Vadziridziridziro yekodzero dzehurumende yeU.

Zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zveDare rapamberisoro, zvakadai se United States v. Ball (1996), yakasimbisa kuti mukwiridziridzirwi akasunungurwa haagoni kupiwazve, kunyange kana kusunungurwa kwakavakirwa pachisarudzo chenhema. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswazve nguva nenguva, kugadzira bhawa reabserte particlection pashure pokusunungurwa(a bridge)

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu Nokududzira Kutonga

Chikamu cheFindre Confelment chengozi dzakapetwa kaviri chakadudzirwa zvikuru neDare Rapamusoro. Chisarudzo chikuru chinojekesa kuti njodzi inobatana mukutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi apo vatongi vanopikirwa, uye mubhenji kutonga apo chapupu chokutanga chinopikirwa. Chikamu chinoshanda kuzvose zviri zviviri zviya zvehurumende nehurumende kupfurikidza neKinneth Amendment’s Resmendition’s Claus, sezvinochengetwa mu [[FLT:] Benton. Maryland[[[FLT:] v] [FLT]] [1969] [1] [1] [1] [1] Dare rakarondedzerawo icho chibvumikiso chacho hachii chaita chimwe nechimwe nokuda kwezvimwe tsororo.

Dzidziso yacho yakashanduka - chinja kuti ipedze mamiriro ezvinhu akaoma. Somuenzaniso, mu Hudson v. United States (1997), Dare rakaramba kuti zvirango zvevagari vemo hazvirambidzwi nenjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri kunyange kana zvikamuka mumufambiro mumwe chetewo somuroveri wemhaka, kana zvisati zviri zvokuranga muchisiko zvokuti zvinzi utsotsi. Uku kutsauranisa nhau muzvinoitika zvikuru umo vachuchishushi vangaronda kurasikirwa nemhosva kana kuti dzimwe mishonga yavagari vemo mukuwedzera kumhosva. Kunzwisisa izvi kunokosha nokuda kwokuvamba kwevachuridziridza nzira huru.

Zvisipo: Kutonga Kwenhema, Kukwirira, uye Kutonga Kwouviri

Nepo ngozi yakapetwa kaviri iri nhoo ine simba, haisati iri yakakwana. Mitongo inoziviswa nemhaka yokuratidzirwa kuva madikanwa / yakadai sedare rinobetsera vatongi risingagoni kusvika chisarudzo(*kasaita kuti dare riparadzirwezve. Muenzaniso wakatanhamara idare ramatare rakaturikwa, apo mukwirirwi angaedzwa zvakare. Nenzira yakafanana, mukwirirwi uyo anokumbira kupwiswa ndokuwana chidzoreso angatarisana necherekedzo, nemhaka yokuti njodzi yokutanga haina kupedzwa munyashavo yavo pakupedzisira. Chinosiyaniso chikurusa nokuda kwenhau dzevhiri, zvisinei, idzidziso youchangamire hwepamusorosoro, .

Muuchangamire huviri, zviremera zvakasiana (mutoo, hurumende nehurumende) mumwe nomumwe angapomera munhu nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe chetewo kana mufambiro iwoyo ukaputsa mitemo yemativi ose ari maviri enyika. Uku kusiiwa kwakashandiswa kwaitwazve kukurira hurumende yahesvurwa. Mhaka yaMambo Rodney imuenzaniso wakatanhamara: pashure pokunge vakuru vakuru vehurumende vasunungurwa mudare reCalifornia, vachuchisi vehurumende vakaunza pomero dzamaruramiro avagari vemo mudare renyika uye vakawana zvitendero. Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira muitiro uyu, nguva pfupi yapfuura zvikurusa mu [[FLT:] Griggg. United States[FL:] (20). nokuda kwomuchuchirevererisi mumia mukuru wedare, apo uchangamire hunogona kugovera mhaka yechipiri paaputeji.

Kupa Tsamba Munzira Yokupa Mutongo Wakapetwa Kaviri

Chokwadi chokuti kukundikana kumwe chete kunogona kugumisa kurovererwa kwemhosva nokusingaperi kumanikidza magweta eruwa navachuchisi vehurumende kusvika nhau dzedare nokushingaira kukuru. Chisarudzo chiri chose, kubva mukusarudza kwokupomera kupupurira gadziriro, chinoitwa mukuziva kuti kusunungurwa ndokwokupedzisira uye hakuonekwi. Uku kurongeka kwemuchuchisi nenzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

Kugadzirira Nokuongorora Kutanga

Nemhaka yokupedzisa kwokuvanza mhaka, kuongorora kwakakwana kusati kwanyanya. Vachuchisi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hwose huripo hunounganidzwa, hunoongororwa, uye hunochengetwa dare risati ratanga. Munyaya dzakakwirira, izvi zvinowanzoreva kuisa zvinhu zvakawanda: zvikwata zvemari, vaongorori vezvemari, uye masangano ezvokudzika mutemo akawanda. Kuvimbwa kwouchapupu kunoedzwa nokuongororwa zvikuru kwapachena, uye kusava nesimba kungashandiswa nedziviriro youtsinye. Kutsigira kweMutongi Manual kunosimbisa kukosha kwe "Masangano emitemo, uye apo uchapupu hunongova hwakakwana kubvumikisa kuva nemhaka isinganzwisisiki kwazvo, uye kunyevera nguva isingagoni kutungamirira kuzvidzivirira nechiito chinoitwa nechisimba chinotyisa.

Vatongi vanoshandisawo nzvero dzamakurusa dzedare dare revatongi sechishandiso chedare. Vatongi vakuru vanogona kupa ufakazi huduku ndokumanikidza chipupuriro, vachibetsera kuvaka chinyorwa chakasimba pamberi pokunge pomero dzachengetwa. Zvisinei, kuvanzwa kwenhau huru dzedare redare redare kunogona kuva munondo wakacherwa nekaviri munhau dzakakwirira, sezvo zano rokuzvidzivirira gare gare gare ringataura kuti kukwirira kunotsamira paufakazi husingabvumiki. Kutarisirwa kwokungwarira kwedariro kwenhambo yeChecryberg kunokosha kudzivisa mhoshoro isingachinjiki inogona kuguma nemhoshoro inoramba kudzokororwa.

Kuvhima Mabharaki Sechishandiso Chokuderedza Kurwara

Plea procences dzakaita sedzinopa mhaka mugadziriro yedare retsotsi reAmerica, dzichipedza dzinopfuura 90 muzana dzenhau dzose. Mumatare makuru, dzvinyiriro yokuwana kupwiswa kazhinji kazhinji kunoparira vachuchisi kupa vaparidzi kukumbira zvikumbiro panzvimbo pokuisa njodzi yokutonga kungagona kuguma nokuregeredzwa. Chikumbiro chine mhaka, kunyange kupomero duku, chinovimbisa kuti mukwiridzirirwi haagoni kutaura ngozi yakapetwa kaviri gare gare nokuda kwomufambiro mumwe, sezvo kukumbira kwacho pachamene kuchiumba kupwisa. Zvisinei, kukumbira mumikwidziro munhau dzakakwirira dzedare kunozadzwa nenhau dzinofungwa navose.[1] Kurevererwa pasi kunogona kuratidzika seripotezo yapa, nepo kutongwa kwakakundikana kunogona kuonekwa semuchuchishushi.

Nenzira inowirirana, vachuchisi vanoyera simba roufakazi hwavo mukurwisana nebviro yekutendeudzirwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Muzvinoitika umo ufakazi huri hwakananga kana kuti mukwirirwi anofarikanya tsitsi dzavose, chikumbiro chingava nzira yakachengeteka zvikurusa yokuzvidavirira nayo.

Basa Rokusarudza Chirango Chouchi

Munhau dzakakwirira, kusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi kuzova hondo. Vatongi vanofanira kuziva ndokubvisa vatongi vanobvira avo vangava vanosarura nemhaka yepamberi pedare, batano dzomunhu oga, kana kuti chishoro chepfungwa kunhau yehurumende. Nheyo yengozi yakapetwa kaviri inoreva kuti mutongi mumwe anoturika anogona kutungamirira kurusanhuro. Kunyange zvazvo mutongi akaturikwa achibvumidza kutongwazve, zvinopawo nguva yokuzvidzivirira kuvhoterazve ndokuwanazve ufakazi hutsva kana kuti kuwana tsigiro yavose. Naizvozvo vatambudziki vanoisa mari yakakomba [[FLT:] [FLT:]], vachishandisa nyanzvi uye mibvunzo mizhinji kuvimbisa ruramisiro uye dare rinotonga.

matare edzisarudzo anodikanwa anogovera gadziriro, asi vatongi vamwe navamwe vane uchenjeri hukuru. Vatongi vanofanira kugadzirira kudenha vatongi nokuda kwechisakiso uye kushandisa denho dzinoshanda zvakanaka. Muzvinoitika apo kuzivisa kwapamberi pedare kunenge kwakura, kunyange chinjo yenzvimbo ingava iri madikanwa, chisarudzo icho vachuchisi vanofanira kuyera mudhuri mukubvisa muedzo nokurasikirwa kunobvira kwemifungo yomunharaunda.

Dzvinyiriro Dzechienzi Dzenhau Dzakakura

Nemhaka dzoutsotsi huru - huru − idzo dzinobatanidza vakakurumbira, vanhu vezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti zvikurukuru mhaka dzinokatyamadza — zviripo denho dzinopfuura zvikuru nhau dzapamutemo. Njodzi mbiri dzinobatana neiyi dzvinyiriro kuti dzivake nzvimbo yechienzi yavachuchisi.

Kuongorora Zvinobudisa Nhau uye Tariro Yavose

Pesvedzero yenhevedzo dzenhau dzamaawa 24 nenhepfenyuro dzenzanga zvinoreva kuti nhano iri yose yokutonga kukuru inorangarirwa munguva chaiyoiyo. Vashushi vanofanira kutarisira kwete bedzi ufakazi asiwo nhoroondo. Kuregwa mumhaka yakadaro kunogona kuparira hasha dzavose uye kuraira kuti vamutsidziridzire, sezvinoonekwa pashure pokubviswa kwaGeorge Zimmerman mukupfurwa kwaRetovn Martin. ] Kariro dzekutendiswa [ dzinogona kutungamirira vachuridzi kupfuudza kana kuti vadzoreri, zvichiwedzera ngozi yokuva negwehedzero isingagoni kubviswa. Njodzikakaka kaviri dzinorumbidza mugumisiro yezvikanganiso zvakadaro.

Kuwanwa kwenhau kunotapurawo boka redare rinobetsera vatongi. Kuziviswa kukuru kwedare kungaita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuwana vatongi vasingasaruri, uye vachuchisi vangatarisana nekariro yedare rinosarudzwa navose. Mune dzimwe nharaunda, matare akaedza kuganhurira kusvika kwezvinobudisa nhau mukati mokuedza kuti ideredze kuva netsvina, asi First Amendment kazhinji kazhinji inovimbisa kusvika. Vashushi vanofanira kubatirana navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vemashoko kuti vakurukure nhau yacho pasina kunyora muitiro wacho. Dare reAmerican Bar Association panhauro nematare rinogovera miganhuro yemipimo yemipimo nokuda kwetsinhiro dzomuchuridziridziri mukati mokutonga.

Zvinetso Zvezvamatongerwe Enyika Nezvebasa Zvavachuchisi

Magweta omuruwa anowanzosarudzwa vakuru vakuru, uye vachuchisi vehurumende vangava nevavariro dzezvematongerwe enyika. Kurasikirwa kwenzvimbo huru kunogona kuva chitambudzo chinoparira basa, nepo kupwiswa kunogona kuva mavambo kunzvimbo yakakwirira. Iri danda romunhu oga rinogona kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvakanaka, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira varovereri vemhosva kuronda mhaka dzisina kusimba pazvikonzero zvacho, nemhaka bedzi yokuti kudiwa kwavanhu kwakakwirira. Chikamu chenjodzi chapashure pekubhejera chinova nechokwadi chokuti muuyo wokubhejera hauchinjiki, uye mukwirirwi anofamba akasununguka nokusingaperi.

Nenzira yakapesana, vachuchisi vangasarudza kuramba kurovererwa mhaka mumhaka umo ufakazi husingakwani, pasinei zvapo nedzvinyiriro yavose. Kudaidza ikoko kunoda ushingi hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo chokusapa mhaka chinogona kuva sepokanidzano sepomero yakakundikana, asi chinodzivirira perero yehofisi ndokudzivisa ganhuriro yechigarire yemhosva. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, mienzaniso yakakwirira yakadai sechisarudzo chokusaraira mapurisa mumiitiro yakati yenhau dzakaita kuti inyandure gakava pamusoro pebasa rakafanira rekupa mhaka.

Kutarisira Uchapupu uye Uchenjeri Hwokuchengetwa Kwevabereki Vari Voga

Muzvinoitika zvakakwirira, ufakazi hunowanzova huzhinji uye hunonzverwa zvikuru. Vashushi vanofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi huri hwose hunounganidzwa zvakanaka, hunonyorwa, uye hunochengetwa kuti hutsungirire zvinetso. Nhanho dzakatevedzana dzekodzero yokuchengeta mwana dzinogona kutungamirira kuufakazi hunonzi hunonzi, mumhaka yemuganhu hungagona kuguma nokuregwa. Chivako chenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri chinoreva kuti kusunungurwa kwakadaro ndokwokupedzisira, pasinei zvapo nesimba renhau yacho yaigona kuva yapiwa. Somuuyo, vachuchishuchi vanoshandisa zvikuru mitemo yokutarisira ufakazi, kazhinji kazhinji vanobatanidza marabhuro akawanda akazvimirira uye zvinyorwa zvine udzame.

Ufakazi hwemichina hunopa denho dzokuwedzera. Nokupararira kwamafoni, manyuko anoshandira ruzhinji, uye vhidhiyo inonzvera, upamhi hwemashoko hukuru. Vashushi vanofanira kushanda nenyanzvi dzemajeni kuti vapedze ufakazi hwemitengo, kuva nechokwadi chokuti inoshanda pasi pemiraudzo yakadai se Faceral Real Reals of Evice [ Ravero 803] (zvinyorwa zvebhizimisi) uye Kutonga 902 (Umene). Kukundikana kupi nokupi nokupi nokupindwa kwapakwa kwenjodzi kuno kunogona kuva kusingakuvakwa nengozi, uye hakuna urevo.

Kuongorora Nyaya Mungozi Kaviri

Mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika inoratidzira kuti nheyo yengozi mbiri yakaumba sei miuyo yenhau dzakakwirira uye nzira dzokushandisa dzavachuchisi.

Rodney King Verct and Federal Recurement

Muna 1992, vakuru vakuru vamapurisa vana vokuLos Angeles vakasunungurwa mudare reruwa reCalifornia rokudenha uye kushandisa simba rakawanda mukurwisana naRodney King. Chisarudzo chacho chakaparira mhirizhonga yakapararira. Nemhaka yokuti mufambiro wavakuru vakuru vakaputsawo mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende, kusiiwa kwouchangamire kwakabvumira vachuchisi vehurumende kuunza pomero mu 18 U.S.C. . . . . . . . . mukutonga kwechipiri kwavakuru vakuru vakuru vaviri vakapomerwa ndokutongerwa mutorongo uye vakatongerwa kutongerwa kutongerwa kutongerwa. Mhaka iyi inoratidza kukosha kwehuhurumbiso: kunyange pashure pokuva nehurumende inova nemhosva yeSangano yehurumende inogona kupinda. Zvisinei, inosimbisawo ganhuridzo dzinokosha kuputsa kwamaumbirwe nemaune, mutoro mukuru kupfuura popomero dzehurumende. Vatapurudzi vanofanira kusano kana kuti mubatanidzwa mudare rehurumende ririrwe seripotengwe seripotetete pagadziriro.

Kurevererwa Uye Kurevererwa Nehurumende

Kutongwa kwokuponda kwaO.J. Simpson kwakaguma nokurevererwa muna 1995, pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakasimba. Chikamu chenjodzi yakapetwa kaviri chakadzivisa kutongwazve kwokuponda. Zvisinei, mhuri dzavanyajambwa dzakaisa dare remhosva remhosva remomo, iro Simpson rakarasika, richiguma nokutonga rutongeso rwamadhora mamiriyoni $3,5. Mhaka yavagari vemo haina kupara mhosva, naizvozvo njodzi yakapetwa kaviri. Iyi inoratidzira musiyano pakati poutsotsi nemishonga yavagari vemo. Nokuda kwevachuchishuchi, zvinorevawo kuti kunyange pashure pomutadzi wemhosva, vangakwanisa kubetsera vanyajambwa mukuronda chiito chavagari vemo. Ivo havagoni kuunza zvakananga chiito ichocho. Ne [FLD:] mari inobhadharo yemari inodzorwa.[FFFK:1]

Kuregwa Kwedare Rakakwirira Razvino Uno

Nguva pfupi yapfuura, kuregwa kwaKyle Rittenhouse muna 2021 pakuuraya vanhu kwakaparira kuita kukuru. dare rehurumende reWisconsin raipomerwa mhaka, rakaitwa pashure pokutonga kwakavakirwa pakutaura kwokuzvitonga kwehurumende, kwakadzivisazve kutongwa kwehurumende kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Zvisinei, kuongorora kodzero dzehurumende kwakaramba kuchibvira muuchangamire hwehurumende huviri. DOJ akaramba kuunza pomero dzehurumende, kududza uchapupu husina kukwana. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuoma kwezvematongerwe enyika nomutemo uko vachuchinochuchiswa: kunyange kana uchangamire huviri huchibvira pamutemo, kungava kusachenjera kana kuti kusabvumirana. Chisarumbidzo chokutonga chechipiri chinogona kuva chisarumbidzo sechisarudzo chokuedza mhaka yacho munzvimbo yokutanga.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa Pangozi Huviri

Nepo njodzi yeU.S. yakapetwa kaviri yakaoma mukudzivirira varegeredzi, dzimwe zviremera zvomutemo zvinozivikanwa zvakagamuchira mitoo inochinjika zvikuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba.

Kubatana kweUmambo uye Kuchinja Kwakaitika Muna 2005

MuEngland neWales, Paramende yakagadza Mutemo weChirevo 2003 , uyo wakabatanidza gadziriro dzinobvumira kutongwazve kwemhosva dzakakomba dzakati kuti. Zvakadai sokuponda, kubata chibharo, uye arson( kana ufakazi hutsva uye hunonzwika huchibuda pashure pokuva nemhosva. Iyi chinjo yakatevera kuurawa kwakakwirira kwaStephen Lawrence, umo vaparishoni vokutanga vakasunungurwa pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakasimba. Kodzero yeDare rePronesa inogona kushanda kuDare rokukwirira kupfura, kudzosa nokurongazve kana ufakazi hwakanga husati hwavapo pakutongwa kwokutanga uye huchiitwa zvikuru. Sezvo 20222, vaparirwi vanoverengeka vakanzi vakawanwazve uye pasi pomutemo uyu. Uku kusvika Dare kwapamheneidzo yokupedzisira mumiuyo migumisiro mitsva. US inosharongeri yakaitwa pamutemo nokuda kwekudzo yakadaro.

Canada: Chata Neyakasiyana - siyana

Canada’s Charter of Rights and Freedoms inobatanidza dziviriro yakamanikana yakafanana nengozi pasi peChikamu 11(h), iyo inotaura kuti munhu haagoni kuidzwazve nokuda kwemhosva yaakasunungurwa pakupedzisira. Kunyange zvakadaro, Dare Rapamusoro reCanada rakaziva kubviswa kwakamanikana kwokukwirira kunoitwa neHurumende panhau dzomutemo dzoga, iyo kana inobudirira inogona kutungamirira kumuedzo mutsva. Kusafanana neU.S., Canada haina nheyo mbiri inobvumira kutongwa nemwero yehurumende yakasiana yomufambiro mumwe. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kerobhoti imwe chete inorevesa inoteswa, pasinei hayo mwero wehurumende. Muchuronge munofanira kuva inotoko.

Vatongi Vematsotsi Venyika Yose

Nheyo yengozi mbiri inozivikanwawo mumutemo wamarudzi ose. Mutemo weRome weDare reInternational Criminal [ICC] unogovera muChikamu 20 kuti hakuna munhu achaedzwa nomufambiro uyo wakatova hwaro hwekutenderwa kana kuti kukanganwirwa neICC. Zvisinei, gadziriro imwe cheteyo inobvumira ICCC kuedza munhu kana kuitirwa mudare renyika yose kudzivirira munhu pamutoro woutsotsi kana kuti kusaitwa nenzira yakazvimirira. Iyi nheyo "Tenderero" inobvumira ruramisiro yamarudzi ose kubvisa kusarura rudzi mumiedzo. Nokuda kwomuchuchitongerwe nokuparadza rudzi kana kuti utsotsi. Iyi inopa mubatanidzwa bedzi wemitengo wenyika yose.

Kurangarira Kunokosha Nekudzorwa

Chitsama chengozi mbiri chinomutsa mibvunzo huru pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pokupedzisira noururami. Pane rumwe rutivi, chitsama chinodzivirira vanhu pakunetswa kwekudzokororwa kwadzokororwa uye chinotsigira chiremera chokuva asina mhaka. Kune rumwe rutivi, apo ufakazi hutsva hunooneka (kwechidimbu DNA kana kuti kureurura) kunoramba kuti chikamu chinodzivisa ruramisiro. Kukakavadzana kwacho kwakakomba zvikuru muzvinoitika zvakakwirira nezvinodikanwa zvavose nokuda kwokuzvidavirira.

Vachuchisi vanofanira kungwarira kufamba muidzi mvura dzetsika. FAXAModel Misles of Professional Apple inoda vachuchisi kutsvaka ruramisiro, kwete kungodavira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange apo njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri dzinoitwa, varovereri vanofanira kurangarira dzimwe nzira dzokuvhara nokutsiva vanyajambwa. Vanofanirawo kudzivisa kungoita zvokungogadzirira kuisa chikumbiro, vachiziva kuti kana mhaka yacho ikatongwa ndokukundikana, mukwiridziridzi akasununguka nokusingaperi.

Dzimwe nyanzvi dzepamutemo dzinotsigira nokuda kwechinjo dzakaganhurirwa, zvakadai sokubvumira kutongwazve kwemhosva dzakakomba apo ufakazi hutsva hunosvika kujeka. Vamwe vanotaura kuti dziviriro yengozi yakapetwa kaviri yeU.S. inokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokudzivisa kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende. Senhau inoshanda, chinjo ipi neipi kudare rengozi yakapetwa kaviri ingada kugadziriswa kwemitemo, uko kwakaoma zvikuru. Zvisinei, masangano anogona kugadzirisa mabumbiro emitemo awo amene kana kuti mirau yemitemo, somuenzaniso, kubvumira kutongwazve apo kusarura kwakawanwa nemhoshoro. Varegi vanofanira kuziva uku kuchinja kwehurumende.

mhedziso

Dzidziso yengozi mbiri inoramba iri fandesheni yemiitiro youtsotsi, inopesvedzera zvikuru nzira yokutonga nayo mumhaka iri yose, asi zvikurukuru muiyo inoraira ngwariro yenyika. Inosunda vachuchisi kugadzirira chose chose, kuyera ngozi nokungwarira, uye kudzivisa miedzo yedzvinyiriro yavose. Nepo kutsiva kwouchangamire kunogovera kupukunyuka kwakatetena mudzimwe nhau dzakakwirira, haisati iri mutsivi wokuwana mhaka yokutanga yakarurama. Kuguma kwomuregi wokupedzisira kunosimbisa muganhu uri wose unoitwa mukati mokupondwa, kupfurikidza nokutonga. Vatapurwa vanonzwisisa nzvimbo yakazara yenjodzi vanokwanisa zviri nani kufamba mumvura dzinonyengera dzeripo yedare rakakwirira, vachivimbisa kuti ruramisiro inobatira pachinhu chokutanga uye bedzi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Cornell Information Institute yengozi yakapetwa kaviri yeULT inopa kunzvera kwapamutemo kwakakwana, nepo DOJ Justice Manual[ inopa nhungamiro inoshanda kuvachuchisi vehurumende. BBC] kufukidzwa kweUK kupetwa kaviri kwechinjo [ inopa nzwisiso mukuenzanisa kwenyika dzose.