Gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inheyo inokosha mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica. Yakagadzirirwa kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuunganidza simba risina kudzorwa, iyi gadziriro inogonesa kubatira pamwe ichiri kuchengeta rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Anopfuura mazana maviri amakore chifo chokuvamba kwayo, kunzvera nokudzikamiswa zvinoramba zviri rutivi runorondedzera rwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yenyika, kuumba miuyo yezuva nezuva yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye kupesvedzera miuyo. Kunzwisisa kuti iyi mibato yemibato inoshanda sei(* nemiuyo yayo chaiyoiyo yenyika (jere) inokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi vehurumende, nhau yenhau, uye sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nyaya ino inogovera nzvero yakajeka yetapuro dzecheki nedzikamo pahurumende yeAmerica. Tichanzvera midzi yayo yenhau, kunzvera mipimo yayo yapakuvamba, kunzvera tapuro dzayo pakuzvidavirira uye paruvara rwemitsetse, uye kurangarira denho dzazvino uno. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nemurangariro wakakwana we nei vagadziri vamapuraneti vanorangarira tsika ino sei ichikosha uye kuti inopfuurira sei kushanduka kuva.

Kunzwisisa Kunoshanda Uye Kudzikama

Nzvero nedzikamo zvinonongedzera kumiitiro yebumbiro remitemo inobvumira bazu rimwe nerimwe rehurumende($" mutungamiriri, whaudzo, uye mutongi(kuganhurira masimba avamwe.) Iyi tsika inoiswa muBumbiro reMitemo reU. inokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta mutemo nokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu. Kusafanana nokuparadzaniswa kwakachena kwamasimba, uko mapazu anoshanda ari oga, nzvero nedzikamo zvinoparira chiremera chinowirirana notarisiro.

Mufungo wacho unowanzosiana negadziriro dzechiremera umo simba rinonangidzirwa. Mumuenzaniso weAmerica, hakuna bazi rinogona kuita pasina chimiro chakati chetendero kana kuti utariri kubva kune mumwe.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuti tinzwisise nzvero nedzikamo, kuri madikanwa kutanga kujekesa mabasa ebazu rimwe nerimwe:

  • Bazu reBazu reBazi reBazi: Riri kutungamirirwa napurezidhendi, iri bazi rinomanikidzira mitemo yehurumende, rinoita muitiro wokumwe, rinoraira mauto ane zvombo, uye rinotarisira sangano rehurumende. Mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi neKirten rinotsigira purezidhendi.
  • Bheni reBazu: Congress, yakaumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri, ine simba rokuita mitemo, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudzira mari, uye kuisa vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Inosimbisawo kugadzwa kwedare nevakuru vakuru uye kunyoresa zvibvumirano.
  • [[FLT: 0] Jehodicial Bazu:[[FLT: 1] matare ehurumende, achitungamirirwa neDare Rapamusorosoro, achidudzira mitemo, achihwirudzura zviito zvavakuru vakuru, uye anosarudza kumira kwemitemo kupfurikidza nehwirudzuro yedare.

Mapazu aya haangoparadzani mumabasa chete asiwo anotsamirana kupfurikidza nokunzvera. Somuenzaniso, mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa mutemo weveto, mutemi wemitemo anogona kukurira mativi maviri ane mativi matatu, uye vatongi vanogona kurova mitemo seisina pamutemo.

Nhoroondo: Chiono Chevara

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo vakapesvedzerwa zvikuru navafungi vokuvhenekera, zvikurukuru Baron de Montesquieu, vane basa Mudzimu weMitemo [1748] wakataura kuti rusununguko rungagona kuchengetwa zvakanakisisa kupfurikidza nokuparadzana kwamasimba ehurumende. Makoroni eAmerica akanga awana zvakananga chiremera chechiremera chapamusoro chisingadzorwi pasi paMambo George III, icho chakanyandura chishuvo chawo chetsika yesimba rinoparadzirwa.

Mukati meConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo ra1787, nhume dzakaitirana nharo kuti igadzire kuvaka hurumende itsva. Denho yakanga iri yokuita hurumende yakasimba yapakati yakakwana kudzivisa utera hweMitemo yeConfederation nepo ichidzivisa udzvinyiriri. Chigadzikiso chakanga chisati chiri kuparadzana kwakachena kwemasimba asi gadziriro yakavhengana umo bazi rimwe nerimwe raizova necherekedzo pane rimwe. Sezvakanyorwa naJames Madison mu Fideralist Nhai. 51, "Kudavirwa kunofanira kuitwa kuti rikunde chinzvimbo."

Mapepa Anowirirana

Mu Munhevedzano Nhaka. 51, Madison akatsanangura dikanwo yecheki nedzikamo: chimiro chehurumende chinofanira kugovera "nefariro dzakapesana nedzikwikwidzana" ushati hwevavariro dziri nani. Iye akarangarira kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinofanira kuva rakazvimirira uye rine mitoo yebumbiro remitemo nevavariro dzomunhu oga kudzivisa kudzorwa nedzimwe. Iyi nheyo ichiri inodudzwa nhasi mukurukurirano dzamabumbiro emitemo.

Mapepa eFederal anoramba ari anokosha kurava kuti anzwisise chinangwa chapakuvamba chechekeso nedzikamo. Vanojekesa kuti republic hombe ingagona sei kudzora mapoka anokwikwidzana kudzivirira maruramiro mashomanene uye kuva nechokwadi cheteramo.

Michina Mikuru Yemaketi Nedzikamo

Zvimwe zvacho zvakanyatsonyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo, asi zvimwe zvakashanduka - shanduka. Pasi apa ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha:

  • Veto Simba: purezidhendi anogona kupfuudza mutongo upi noupi unopfuudzwa neCongress. Zvisinei, Congress inogona kudzora chiverengero namatatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Aya masimba anobvumiranisa ndokudzivisa purezidhendi kuita mutemo pasina nguva.
  • Judicial Review:[[FT:1] Yakaumbwa mu [FT:2] Marbury v. Madison (1803), matare anogona kuzivisa mitemo kana kuti zviito zvehurumende zvisina kubvumiranwa. Iyi ndiimwe yenzvero dzine simba zvikurusa, sezvo inobvumira judicariary kupedza chisarudzo chinoitwa namapazu akasarudzwa.
  • Kutendisa: Imba yavamiriri ine simba rimwe rokusapa mhaka (kuunza pomero pa) purezidhendi, mutevedzeri wapurezidhendi, uye vatongi vehurumende. Dare ipapo rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nevhoti mbiri nhatu. Uku kunzvera kunovimbisa kuti vakuru vakuru vanogona kupiwa mhaka nokuda kwe "mhosva huru nemhosho".
  • Simba rokusimbisa: Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi kuKabhinati, matare ehurumende, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzapamusoro. Uku kunzvera kunopa chirongwa chemitemo basa mukuumba mukuru nejaji.
  • ` purezidhendi anogona kutaurirana zvibvumirano, asi zvinoda vhoti yematatu maviri kuti ishande. Uku kunzvera kunodzivisa mukuru mukuru kuita misengwa yokumwe pasina mvumo huru yemitemo.
  • Simba rePuciro: Congress inodzora mari inoshandwa nemutero wehurumende. Hapana mari inogona kupedzwa pasina mutemo wokuranga. Ikoku kunopa chibvumirano chomutemo wedare pamusoro pemiitiro yemukuru wehurumende nenzvimbo yokutanga.
  • O kusaziva kweVetoes: Sezvacherekedzwa, Congress inogona kukurira purezidhendi wedaviti, inoda mibato mikuru mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Iyi nzira inochengeta dzikamo yesimba kunyange apo mukuru mukuru anoramba neCongress.

Kumwe kunzvera kwamasanga kunobatanidza basa rezvinobudisa nhau mukufumura kushatisa, murangariro wavose unoumba miuyo yevhoti, uye idi rokuti Dare Gurusa rinogona kukudzwa kana kuti kurongwazve neCongress (kunyange kusingawanzoitwi). Gadziriro yacho inoderedza noune mukana wokudzora rimwe bazi.

Tapuro Pahurumende yeAmerica

Tapuro yecheki nedzikamo pahurumende yeAmerica ihuru uye ine mativi akawanda. Pane rumwe rutivi, gadziriro inosimudzira kuzvidavirira, inodzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye inokurudzira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Kune rumwe rutivi, inogona kutungamirira kurumano nokusashanda zvakanaka, zvikurukuru munguva dzokuparadzana kwemativi ose. Kunzwisisa mativi ose anokosha nokuda kwokuyera kushanda kwegadziriro yose.

Kusimudzira Kuzvidavirira

Kana rimwe bazi rikadarika chiremera charo, vamwe vanogona kupindira. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi anoshandisa zvisina kufanira mirayiro yevakuru vakuru anogona kutarisana nemhosva mudare rehurumende, uye Congress anogona kuongorora ndokuchengeta kutonga. Muitiro wokusazvidavirira ndiwo muitiro wokupedzisira wokuzvidavirira nokuda kwavakuru vakuru.

Uku kuzvidavirira kunotambanukira kudare redare uyewo. vatongi veFederal vanobatira kwoupenyu hwose, asi vanogona kutevedzerwa nokuda kwomufambiro usina kururama.

Kudzivisa Kudzvinyirirwa

Kupfurikidza nokuparadzira simba mumapazu akawanda, gadziriro yecheki nedzikamo inobetsera kudzivisa bazu ripi neripi kuva rine simba zvikuru. Ikoku kunokosha mukudzivirira maruramiro nerusununguko zvavagari vemo. Vagadziri vaiziva zvikuru nezvengozi dzesimba rakamanikidzirwa, vachiva vakagara mukutonga kweBritain. Vakaronga gadziriro umo kunyange purezidhendi akakurumbira asingagoni kuchinja mutemo kana kuti kudzivisa kusabvumirana pasina kurwisana neDare kana kuti matare.

Mienzaniso yenhau inoenzanisira iyi. Mukati mokuzvidzwa kweWatergate, Dare Rapamusoro rakarayira Purezidhendi Nixon kubudisa makaseti akarekodhwa, uye House Judicary Committee yakabvuma nyaya dzokusatonga.Nixon akarega pamberi pokutongwa kweDare, achiratidza kuti kunzvera nedzikamo zvinogona kuchengeta hofisi ine simba zvikurusa munyika inozvidavirira.

Kukurudzira Kurukurirano Nokubvumirana Pane Zvisina Kufanira

Kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe pakati pamapazu kunogona kutungamirira kumitemo ine mufungo zvikuru nemitemo.Kurongeka kunokurudzira kurukurirano nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, uko kunogona kuguma nokudzora kunobudirira zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unopfuura zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare netsigiro yebhiparti uye unosainwa napurezidhendi sezvingabvira kuva une mukana mukuru wokutenga, uchideredza banza redenho yokukurumidza kana kuti yepamutemo.

Kusimbisa kwacho kunotsigirawo kushanda pamwe chete: Mapurezidhendi anowanzobvunza vamiririri vedare vose vasati vataura nezvedare reDare Repamusorosoro, uye vamirine vanowanzova nemwero wokutsigira.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzayo, gadziriro yokunzvera nedzikamo inotarisana netsoropodzo huru. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti inogona kutungamirira kukusakwaniriswa uye kudzorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru munguva dzehurumende yakakamukana. Apo mapoka akasiana - siana anodzora mapazu akasiana - siana, inogona kuguma nokusashanda uko zvishomanene zvinopedzwa. Uku kudzongonyedza kunogona kuparira kuvhiringidzika nehurumende.

Kurwisana Kwematongerwe Enyika

Gridlock zvichida ndiyo kutsoropodza kukurusa kwecheki nedzikamo. Somuenzaniso, kubva muna 2010 kusvika muna 2022, United States yakawana kuvharwa kunoverengeka kwehurumende nemhaka yemagakava emari pakati peRepublic neRepublic nedemocratic purezidhendi kana kuti madhipatimendi eDramac. Mabasa makuru akakanganiswa, uye vanhu vakashatirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, Serna Rebia Rebiabuster jecter , asi zvino chishandiso chikuru chechekedzo chajeko chakadai sechengedzodzo dzomugariro wokubuda uye kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze.

Nyanzvi dzinopikisana kuti magrock ibug kana kuti chinhu. Vamwe vanotaura kuti vagadziri vacho vakaita kuti kuchinja nemaune kuve kwakaoma kudzivirira mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti kusabatana kwenyika kwazvino uno kwakaita kuti gadziriro ishaye simba. Seizvo musayendisiti wezvamatongerwe enyika Frances Lee anotaura, "Sangano remitemo rekuongorora uye redzikamo rinoshanda zvakanaka bedzi apo mapoka ezvematongerwe enyika anoda kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

Zvinogona Kuitwa

Nepo kunzvera nokudzikama zvichiitirwa kudzivisa kubatwa zvisina kufanira, zvinogonawo kushandiswa nokuda kwemhindu inodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, kusatendeseka kwakashandiswa sechombo chezvamatongerwe enyika. Muna 1998, Purezidhendi Bill Clinton akapinzwa mudhurowa reRepublican House nokuda kwechikanganiso uye kudzorwa kweruramisiro zvine chokuita nemhosho yomunhu oga .Nhau inosunda vazhinji sevakunyandurwa nezvamatongerwe enyika. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, Donald Trump akasairwa kaviri neDhemocratic House, uye Republicans hedhecrates yezvokushopu yokupfura zvombo.

Kuhwirudzura dare kunogonawo kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti matare pane dzimwe nguva anodarika nokuputsa mitemo yakavakirwa parondedzero dzepfungwa panzvimbo pezvikonzero zvakajeka zvebumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Citizens United v. FEC [2010] muenzaniso wakatanhamara apo vatsoropodzi vanoti Dare rakakudza ndyiko yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfuura zvaida Dare reMitemo.

Zvinetso Zvamazuva Ano uye Kuchinja

Kumuka kwemirayiro yevakuru vakuru, kuwanda kwevamiririri vesimba kubva kuCongress kuenda kumasangano ehurumende, uye kupesvedzera kunowedzera kwemari mune zvematongerwe enyika zvose zvakaedza gadziriro yokutanga.

Kukura Kwesimba Rine Simba Rinodzora

Mapurezidhendi emativi ose ari maviri akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru, zviziviso, uye bhokisi rokufambisa panhau dzakadai sevatami, ganhuriro yemhoteredzo, uye kutarisirwa kwoutano. Nepo zvirairidzo zvavatungamiriri zviri pamutemo − izvo zvishandiso zvokutungamirira basa rebazu nejenaguru — vanogona kutatamura miganhu yechiremera chapurezidhendi. Madare pane dzimwe nguva akakunda nenzira inotendiswa, asi mwero mukuru wechiito chechiremera wakarerekera kudzika muganhu kubazu repaimba yapamusoro.

Congress yapindura zvishoma nezvishoma. Bazu remitemo kazhinji kazhinji harina chido chezvamatongerwe enyika chokutsiva mapurezidhendi kubva mubato ravo vamene, uye tyisidziro yemushonga inoita kuti kuve kwakaoma kukurira. Uku kusadzikama kwakatungamirira dzimwe nyanzvi kudana nokuda kwe "kudzosa" kwamasimba, zvichida kupfurikidza nokudzikamisa kwakasimba zvikuru kwe Conrogional Review Act[ kana kuti kupfurikidza nokuganhurira mano apurezidhendi okuzivisa migariro yorudzi.

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa

Dare Gurusa razova nzvimbo yehondo inonzvera nokudzikamisa. Nesimba rokuputsa mitemo, kurongeka kweDare kunoshorwa zvinotyisa. Kugadzwa kweruramisiro kwave kusingadzorwi zvikuru, uye boka rimwe nerimwe richitsvaka kuumba mutongi kwezvizvarwa. Kudzorwa kwa2016 kwemaperembudzi neCampricain Republican, kuchiteverwa nokusimbiswa kwokukurumidza kwaAmyey Barrett muna 2020, kwakasimbisa kuti kunzvera kunogona kugadzirwa sei.

Kupfuurirazve, Dare rimene razova ramasimba makuru zvikuru. Mumashoko achangobva kupfuura, rakatendeutsa mipimo mirefu yakare pamusoro pokubvisa mimba ( Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi 'Hweutano[), maruramiro epfuti ([[[FLT:]]]] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pistol Association v. Bruten[FLT]]), uye mutemo wokutarisira ([[FLT:]] Virginia v. EPA . [FLT:]]]

Kuchinja Muitiro Nokuderera KwevaNorm

Zvichida denho hurusa yokunzvera nokudzikamisa nhasi ndeyokuwedzera kubatana. Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anorangarirana setyisidziro dziripo, gadziriro yokuzvidzora inoputsika. Dare rinochengeta kudzorwa kwechiremera, kwaichimbova kusingawanzoitiki, zvino itsika; chikwata chinonzi filbuster chinoshandiswa kuvhara mirau yose yemitemo; uye tyisidziro dzokukudziridza Dare Rapamusorosoro kana kuti kuisa ruramisiro itsva kuderedza muitiro wokuzvimirira kwedare.

Vamwe vanotaura kuti gadziriro inoda chinjo. Zvibvumirano zvinobatanidza kubvisa chirevo chemonicbuster, miganhu inoisa pamitemo yeDare rapamusorosoro, kuraira zviito zvapamusoro nokuda kwezviito zvakati zvokutungamirira, uye kusimbisa masimba eDare kuti achengete purezidhendi ane mhaka. Vamwe vanonyevera kuti kudzorwa negadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo kungava nemigumisiro isingakanwi.

Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwemakero Nedzikamo

Gadziriro yecherekedzo nedzikamo inoramba iri fandesheni yehurumende ye Amereka inosarudzwa navanhu. Nepo ichipa denho($gricklock, kushatisa kworusarura, uye kusashanda zvakanaka kwedavidza) uye basa mukusimudzira kuzvidavirira nokudzivisa udzvinyiriri hunokosha. Vavaki vamafaro vaizova negadziriro yaizokurira zvose zviri zviviri muedzo wenguva nedzvinyiriro dzediationism. Kuti ichiri kushanda, kunyange zvazvo isina kukwana, makore anopfuura 230 gare gare itendi yourongwa hwayo.

Kunzwisisa nzvero nedzikamo zvinokosha nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi venhau, mutemo, uye sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika. Haisi nhevedzanowo zvayo yenheyo dzisina kujeka asi gadziriro mhenyu inoumba rwisano huru iri yose yezvamatongerwe enyika muUnited States. Kana uri kunzvera Dare Rapamusorosoro, kuvharwa, kana kuti kutongwa kwehurumende, mufungo wehwaro hwechekerero nedzikamo zviri kushanda.

Rudzi runopfuurira kushanduka - shanduka, saizvozvowo kududzira uye muitiro wehurumende yakaganhurirwa. Denho nokuda kwavagari vemo navaiti vemitemo ndeyokuchengetedza chinangwa chikuru chegadziriro yacho ($h) kuvamba udzvinyiriri nokudzivirira rusununguko (papo vachiruchinjira kuzvinhu chaizvoizvo zvazvino uno. Munhamburiko iyoyo, vanhu vakadzidza ichenjedzo hurusa.