Ukama pakati pamasangano enzanga nekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo muitiro unoshamisa uye unochinja wakaumba nyika yeAmerica yepamutemo kwemazana amakore. Apo Bumbiro remitemo rinogovera gadziriro yenheyo yerusununguko rwomunhu oga, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nechiito chakabatana chakadai sezviito, kukwidziridza, kuzivisa, uye midzi youswa inoronga kuti kusvikwa kwechokwadi nerevo yekodzero idzodzo zvinoedzwa uye zvinokudzwa. Nyaya ino inonzvera kuti masangano enzanga akapesvedzera sei kududzira, kugadziridzwa, uye kuteverwa kwekodzero dzemitemo yemitemo yehurumende muUnited States, mienzaniso mikuru neyainopfuurira.

Nhoroondo Yemasangano Enzanga

Masangano enzanga ave ari simba rinosunda mukukura kwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo chifo chokutangwa kwenyika. Kuvambira pasangano rokuparadza kusangano ravashandi, vagari vemo vakaunganidza kudenha gadziriro dzapamutemo nedzenzanga idzo dzinoramba rusununguko rukuru. aya masangano anowanzoshanda kunze kwemikoto yezvamatongerwe enyika yakarongeka, bva akaumba zvikuru nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokusunda nokuda kwegadziridzo itsva, kupesvedzera kududzirwa kwedare, uye kuchinja kwemipimo yavose.

Sangano Rokusarudza Chirango Nekugadziridza Kuitwazve Kwemitemo

Sangano rokubvisa rezana ramakore rechi19 rakatungamirira zvakananga kukugamuchirwa kweReconstructations (Nhevedzo yechi13, 14, uye 15 Amendments) iyo yakabvisa uranda, yakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana mumutemo, uye yakarambidza sarura dzinza mukuvhota. Uku kuchinja kwakachinja Bumbiro remitemo ndokuisa hwaro hwekodzero dzevagari vemo dzakazotevera. Kuedza kwevatsigiri vakaita saFrederick Douglas, Harriet Tubman, uye vamwe vasingaverengeki kwakachinja mipimo yokubvisa dzinza muvhoshopi.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960 inoramba iri muenzaniso une simba zvikurusa wesangano razvino uno rokuchinja mutemo wenzanga. Kupfurikidza nokuramba kwakapfuuridzirwa kusina masimba masimba, gadziriro yapamutemo, uye dzvinyiriro yavose, vashingairi vakaputsa gadziriro yapamutemo yeJim Crow Confusion. Zviitwa zvesangano racho zvakabatanidza zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa uye mutemo wehurumende uyo wakakudza dziviriro yakaenzana nekodzero dzokuvhota.

  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose isina kuwirirana, kuputsa “dzidziso yakaparadzana asi yakaenzana” nokusimbisa chipikirwa chePramendment yechi 14.
  • Chibvumirano cheChibvumirano cheKodzero cha 1964 chinorambidza rusaruro mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende.
  • Murayiro weKodzero wa 1965 wakarambidza miitiro yokuvhota norusaruro, uchirangarira kusarura kwakapararira kwevaAmerica veAfrica.

Kuvimba kwesangano racho nezviito zvakananga (kufamba nerusununguko, kufamba, kufora) uye kuongorora kunoratidza kuti masangano enzanga anoshandisa sei zvishandiso zvakawanda kuti agadzirise mutemo. Kukunda kwepamutemo kwaiperekedzwa nokuchinja - chinja vanhu, izvo zvakaita kuti zvisarudzo izvozvo zvitsigirwe.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwourombo

Sangano ravakadzi raidenha rairwa kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore kuti richengetedze maruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavakadzi, richiguma nokusimbiswa kwePendement yechi 19 muna 1920. Sangano racho rakadenha dzvinyiriro dzechirume nedudziro dzebumbiro remitemo dzakakurira idzo dzakadzivisa vakadzi mukutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Zviitiko zvikuru zvinobatanidza Seneca Falls Convention (11848), chiito chokuvhotera chaSusan B. Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stantonton, uye nhimberidzo dzehurumende dzakavaka dzvinyiriro yebasa rehurumende nehurumende. Rendementation rechi 19 rinoramba iri testamendero kunzira iyo masangano enzanga anogona kugadziridza nayo Bumbiro remitemo zvakananga apo matare kana kuti zvigaro zvemitemo zvinovharwa.

Sangano Revashandi Nekodzero Dzemari

Kunyange zvazvo raiwanzofuratirwa munhoroondo dzebumbiro remitemo, sangano ravashandi romugumo wezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba rechi20 rakarwira kodzero dzavashandi kuronga, kudyidzana, uye kurovanya (zvikwaniriso zvakazozivikanwa sezvinokosha muFirst Amendment nenheyo dzinofanira kuitwa. Musangano wacho wakatungamirira kuNational Labor Relations Act ya1935 uye wakapesvedzera zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro se [[FLL:0] NLB v. Jones & Laughlin Stel Corp. [1977]), izvo zvakatsigira kudzivirirwa kwemitemo yedziviriro yebasa rehurumende pasi peCoommaclation Claus.

Masangano Enzanga Azvino Uno Netapuro Yawo Yebumbiro Remitemo

Masangano epanguva ino ari kuramba achimanikidza kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo, achinyanya kutaura nezvenyaya dzaisatarisirwa nevaiongorora urudzi, kuzivikanwa kwevanhukadzi, urema, uye zvinhu zvepakombiyuta.

Upenyu Hwevatema Hunokosha Nokudzorerwa Kwamaruramiro Avagari Vemo

Black Lives Matter sangano, iro rakawana utanhamari hwenyika pashure pokuuraya kwa2014 Michael Brown muForson, Missouri, uye rakatowedzera pashure pokuponda kwa2020 kwaGeorge Floyd, rakabatanidzazve kukumbira kwamapurisa kuti achinje uye kuti aruramisire dzinza. Musangano wacho wakapesvedzera chinjo dzemitemo pahurumende uye mwero yomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza kurambidzwa kwemitezo, zvinodikanwa zvekamera zvemuviri, uye masangano ehurumende ehurumende. Nepo pesvedzero yayo yakananga yemitemo ichiri kufutunura, sangano racho rakaparira zvinetso zvepamutemo pasi pesimba rechina nerechisere rekudzivirira nokukwanisisa, uye rakanyandura mutemo wehurumende wakadai seGeorge Flody Mutongi muPolicilcilcing Act. Kufambawo kusimbisawo basa rePrimendement mukudzivirira kodzero, sokuratidzira kwakawanda kwakatungamirira kupfurikidza nokuzvidzosera kwapachena kwapachena.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero: Kubva kuStonewall kusvikira kuObergefell uye Kure

Kutanga nokuchinja kwemakwikwi emabwe egore ra1969 uye kupfuurira munjodzi yeAIDS uye kukwikwidza kuenzana kwevakaroorana, sangano racho rakachinja kunzwisisa kunoita matare rusununguko, kuenzana, uye maitiro akakodzera pasi pePendement yechi14.

  • LAWREnce v. Texas [2003] yakaputsa mitemo yesodoma, ichiziva kuti mufambiro wapedyo unodzivirirwa neChiitiko chapabonde Claus.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015) yakatanga maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuroorano youtere munyika yose, achimisa chisarudzo muzvose zviri zviviri mumiitiro yakafanira nenheyo dzedziviriro dzakaenzana.
  • Chiratidzo Chokuenzana[[FLT: 1], chinopfuura neImba kanoverengeka asi chisati chava mutemo, chaizogovera dziviriro huru dzehurumende parusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano uye kuzivikanwa kwavanhukadzi.

Sangano racho rakabudirirawo mukuwana dziviriro pasi peTitle VII muchisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Bostock v. Clayton County [2020]), iyo yairangarira kuti rusaruro runobva pachimiro chevatano kana kuti chimiro chechinjo irusaruro rwevatano. Iyi chisarudzo chinoratidzira kuti masangano avanhu anogona sei kuwana tapuro yemitemo kunyange mukushayikwa kwomutemo, kupfurikidza nokuumbwa kwetsanano yemitemo iripo.

Kushata Kwekodzero NeADA

Sangano rekodzero dzohurema rakatanga muma1970 na 1980, richiguma muAmerican neUlimimetic Act (ADA) ya1990, inorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema mumabasa, mabasa avose, uye pokugara. Kunyange zvazvo isiri muganhu webumbiro remitemo, ADA yakadzikwa muIntemplite ye14 yePremendment and Sect Programme Claus, uye ADCOSCIAS yakatungamirira matare kuzivisa rusaruro rwevapunzi vevapunzi vanoremarira sorveurema runotsigirwa nokuputswa kwekodzero dzinokosha. Nhau dzenyika dzakadai se Olstemstem v.[C. [1999]) yakadudzira ADAD kukumbira mabasa anodzorwa munzanga kuti vanhu vasarudzi rwendangariro, kusimbisa pamutemo yerusununguko rwemitemo yemitemo yehurumende.

Ruramisiro Yemhoteredzo Namaruramiro Okumhoteredzo Ine Utano

Rimwe sangano renzanga riri kutanga rinonangidzira ngwariro paruramisiro yemhoteredzo, kushata kwemhoteredzo kukodzero dzavagari vemo. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kushatisa mhoteredzo, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, uye kubvisa zvinhu zvomusikirwo zvinokuvadza zvisingaenzaniswi nzanga dzakaderedzwa, zvichiisa dziviriro yakaenzana nechakafanira. Kunyange zvazvo matare ave achizengurira kuziva kodzero yemitemo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo ine mamiriro ezvinhu akanaka, sangano rakapesvedzera kukanganisa mabumbiro ehurumende ne(anenge 10 ehurumende zvino dzine kodzero dzezvakatipoteredza dzinova nedzinochinjika. Kutonga kukuru, Julia v. United States [file] [mu 2015]], rakatsvaka kutanga kuti kundikane maruramiro ehurumende kugadziridza mamiriro ezvinhu enzvimbo dzemhoteredzo kuupenyu, uye zvinhu. Kunyange zvazvo zvichibviswa panhau yokuchinja kwemitevedzero yemagano yenzanga.

Basa Reimba Yevafundisi

Mabasa edare semurevereri anokosha pakati pemasangano enzanga nechinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Matare anodudzira Bumbiro remitemo mukupindura denho dzapamutemo dzinounzwa navatsigiri, uye vatongi vanowanzorangarira kubvisa mirau yenzanga. Zvisinei, muitiro wacho uri kure nezvisarudzo zvemitemo yemitemo ($judia) zvinogona kukurumidzisa kana kuti kudzongonyedza nharidzano, uye kuumbwa kwematare kunogona kuchinja zvikuru nokufamba kwenguva.

Zviratidzo Zvepasi Zvinosundwa Neboka

Zvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakakonzerwa nemasangano evanhu ainyatsotonga nyaya dzemhosva.

  • .Roe v. [773]) wakanga uri muuyo wechibvumirano chesangano ravakadzi nokuda kwokuzvidzora kwokubereka, kuziva maruramiro emitemo kukuva woga muPramende ye14. Chisarudzo chazvino uno mu Dobs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization [2022], iyo inodzongonyedza Roe, inoratidzira kuti masangano enzanga anogonawo kuparira kubviswa kwekodzero dzekodzero nekodzero dzechiPutuko.] Anti-abration anoshandisa chiito chetsika namabasa okusarira.
  • Gideon v. Wainwright (63) yakatanga maruramiro okupa zano mumhaka dzemhosva, pashure pamakore okuva pamutemo kunoitwa namapoka seAmerican Civil Liberties Union uye vadziviriri vavanhu vose avo vakataura kuti Fimende yetanhatu yaida magweta kugovera vakwiridziridziri.
  • Citamizens United v. FEC (2010) yakaumbwa nokuraira kwesangano retsika kupedza nhimbe yakadzorwa, kupa masangano namasangano maruramiro okushandisa zvitsama zvisina muganhu pahurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika pasi peFirst Amendment.

Basa redare harisi rokungotonga chete; ruramisiro inopesvedzerwa nezvinopesvedzera zvenzanga, maamicu mapfupi anochengetwa namasangano, uye murangariro wavose. Zvisinei, chimiro chokutsiva chinoreva kuti masangano pane dzimwe nguva anokunda rumbidzo kunyange apo anenge asina tsigiro yemitemo.

Zvinetso Nokudzivisa Kunokonzerwa Nevarwi Vacho

Masangano enzanga anowanzotarisana nokudzivisa kwedare. Somuenzaniso, pakuvamba kwemitemo ye 20 yechi20 yebasa yakaparadzwa sechikanganiso chemitemo parusununguko rwechibvumirano (g., Lechochner v. New York, 1905]). Mitemo yemitemo yetsika yakabudirira mukuganhura kusvika kwaMaruramidzo ekodzero (g., Shelby County , 2013, iyo yakabatanidza nhevedzano yetsika dzemitemo) uye kubvumira chiito ([FLT:] miganhuro yeSangano yeSangano yemitemo [F].[FLT]

Kuwiriraniswa Kwemasangano Nemitemo

Kunyange zvazvo masangano enzanga achiwanzoenda kumatare, anomanikidzawo kuchinja kwemitemo kunoshanda kwemitemo.Ukama huri pakati pemasangano neCongress hwakaoma, asi masangano anobudirira anowanzobatanidza kukwikwidza, kuvhotera zvamatongerwe enyika, uye dzidzo yavose.

Kukunda Kwomutemo Kwakabva Mumasangano

  • Chibvumirano cheRegions Act cha 1965 chakanga chiri muuyo wakananga waSelma kuMontgomery uye kuratidzira kwaMartin Luther King Jr. navamwe.
  • American neUlimial Act (1990) yakapfuudzwa pashure pokunge vashingairi vekodzero dzeurema vapamhidzi, kubatanidza kunyunyuta kwaCapitol Crawl uko vamiriri vemadhimoni vakasiya mawiricheya avo kuti vazvikwevere pamatanho eCapitol.
  • masimba masimba Arwisana Navakadzi (1994) akaumbwa nesangano ravakadzi rinopesvedzera nokuda kwokuziva masimba masimba omumba uye denho yevatano sokupunzwa kwamaruramiro avagari vemo.

Mitemo iyi inonyatsoratidza kuti mitemo inonyatsoshanda, ichiratidza kuti masangano enzanga anokosha pakushandura kodzero dzokushandura kubva kumarudzi okunyama kuti ashande.

Kurwisana Kwepanguva Yedu Yemberi Nezvekodzero Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Sezvo tyisidziro itsva nekusaenzana zvichavapo, masangano enzanga achapfuurira kuedza miganhu yeBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Kukura kwemichina uye kuunganidzwa kwemashoko kwakamutsa kufambiswa kwekodzero dzemhiko dzemunhu oga. Carpeent v. United States (2017), Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti hurumende inofanira kuwana mvumo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserura, kutambanudzira Hurumende inodzivirira kunzvimbo yemakombiyuta. Grasroots mativi akafanana neElectronic Foundation inopfuurira kutsigira kudzivirira zvakasimba zvikuru kuvandikano, kubatanidza mutemo wakadai seAmerican Dataal Accounction and Protection Act, iyo ingabatanidza mitemo yemitemo pamusoro pemitengo nerongedzero yemiteo.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Pashure Peruwa rweShelby

Chisarudzo cha2013 Dare Gurusa mu Shelby County v. Horer yakabvisa chinodikanwa chapamberi pekurongwa chehurumende nenhau yemitemo yokuvhota inodzorwa, zvichitungamirira kumuranisa mutemo wokuvhota unoganhurira. Mumhinduro, sangano idzva rekodzero dzokuvhota rakatanga, richisunda kudzorerwa kwehurumende kweGauriro reVoting Rights kupfurikidza naJohn Lewis Voting Rights Act and the Free to Vote Too Act. Iri sangano rinonangidzirawo pahurumende-pase, zviito zvokuvhotera, uye kuvhotera pasi pemitemo yehurumende.

Kusaenzana Kwezvemari Nebumbiro Remitemo

Kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo risingatauri zvakananga nezvekusaenzana kwemari, masangano anotsigira mari yokurarama, mitero yemari, uye kutarisirwa kweutano hwepasi pose achipikisa kuti kusaenzana kukuru kunoderedza kutora rutivi kwehurumende uye kudzivirira kwakaenzana. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti chinangwa che14 chePramendement chaibatanidza kudzivirira kodzero dzemari, kunyange zvazvo matare aramba zvikuru kuziva kodzero dzakanaka dzegarikano.

Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Okunze uye Kururamisira Kwemarudzi

Vashingairi vaduku vakaunza kukwirira mhaka kunotaura kuti kukundikana kwehurumende kuita chiito pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kunoputsa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo pasi peGated Procession Claus nedzidziso yavanhu vose. Nepo mhaka yaJuliana yakadzingwa, kupiwa kwakaenzana kunopfuurira pamwero wenyika. Sangano racho pakupedzisira ringabudirira mukusimbisa kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinoreva kodzero kumugariro wokunze wakatsiga, zvikurukuru sezvo ufakazi hwesayenzi hunowedzera nokuziva vanhu vose.

mhedziso

Masangano enzanga ave ari simba rinokosha nguva dzose mukushanduka - shanduka kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo nerusununguko muUnited States. Kuvambira pavadzori kusvikira kuvarevereri vemiitiro yazvino uno vezvokuzvimirira, aya masangano akadenha mugariro, akanyandura zvisarudzo zvemitemo, uye akasundira nokuda kwechinjo dzemitemo dzinopa upenyu kuzvipikirwa zveBumbiro remitemo. Muitiro wacho hausati uchipfuurira nguva dzose. Nhevedzo dzinogonawo kutungamirira kukudzoresa mamiriro ezvinhu echiito chazvinoshanda nerondedzero zvemitemo zvinovimbisa kuti gwaro rokuvamba rirambe riripo, rinokwikwidza denho itsva. Sezvinomuka denho itsva dzemagariro dzenzanga mukudzivirira uye kukura kodzero dzemitemo dzinorambawo dzakaoma senguva dzose.