Ukama pakati pemitemo yehurumende nemitoro yehurumende rutivi runorondedzera rwekudzora kweAmerica, runoumba chinhu chiri chose kubva pakodzero dzavagari vemo kusvikira kumuitiro wemhoteredzo. Nokuda kwavadzidzisi nesayenzi yenhau nezvamatongerwe enyika, vachinzwisisa kuti mitemo yehurumende inosunda sei chiito chehurumende (uye panhambo nenhambo inoparira kudzivisa) kunokosha kunzwisiswa kwezvinoshanda zvehurumende. Nyaya ino kuwedzera pamienzaniso mikuru, kunzvera kusawirirana kwemitemo yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika kunobatanidzwa, uye kunzvera mhindumupinduro youyu muteo wetsika.

Kunzwisisa Kushanda Kwehurumende: Basa Rakafanana Rokugoverana Simba

Ganhuriro inokamuranisa chiremera chinodzora pakati pehurumende yerudzi nehurumende. Hurumende yeU.S. inopa masimba ehurumende anorongwa nhevedzano yakadai sokutengeserana kwehurumende, kuumba mari, uye kuzivisa hondo (papo ichichengeta mamwe masimba ose kuhurumende muPetremement yegumi. Uku kupesana, zvisinei, hakuwirirani. Nokufamba kwenguva, mutemo wehurumende wave uchibatanidza nzvimbo dzegamuchidzanwa, uchiparira nhevedzano yakaoma neyakakakavadzana.

Chibvumirano chazvino uno cheAmerica chinowanzorondedzerwa se "cooperative university," umo hurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete kupedza zvinetso. Uyu muenzaniso wakabuda muma1930 nepurogiramu dzeNew Deal ndokusimbiswa mukati me 1960s Great Society nhambo ino. Muiyi gadziriro, hurumende yehurumende inowanzoshandisa mari inopa mari inopa mari inopa mari inopa mari inoparirwa nemamiriro ezvinhu ayo anotaura kuti anoshandisa miitiro chaiyo yetsika yehurumende. Iyi "simba rechikwama" yave chishandiso chikuru chokuwedzera kusvika munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, dzidzo, kuchengetera utano, uye chokufambisa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, inochengeta pembedzo inokosha, inoparira kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pezvikumbiro, kubviswa, uye dzikano yakafanira yesimba.

Mienzaniso Inokosha Yemitemo Yehurumende Inokanganisa Mitoro Yehurumende

Mitemo inotevera inoratidzira ukuru noukuru hwepesvedzero yehurumende pakudzora kwehurumende. Imwe neimwe inoratidzira muitiro wakasiana(kungava kurambidzwa kwakananga, mari inotsamira pamigariro, kana kuti kuisa mupimo) uko hurumende yehurumende inoshandisa kuumba chiito chehurumende.

Mutemo Wa 1964 Wekodzero Dzevanhu

Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act cha1946 chinomira sechibvumirano chekudzorwa kwomutemo weAmerica. Chakarambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye zvirongwa zvinotsigirwa nehurumende. Pamberi pokupfuura kwaro, nyika dzakawanda, zvikurukuru kumaodzanyemba, dzakachengeta kubvumirwa kwapamutemo. Act yakachinjwa zvikuru mitoro yehurumende munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Nzvimbo dzePublic: nyika dzaidikanwa kumanikidza kusasarura muhotera, maresitorendi, mahoro emitambo, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzokushandira vanhu vose. Zvivako zvapachivande izvo zvaimbobviswa muboka duku zvisati zvichigona kuita saizvozvo pamutemo.
  • Federal Funding Maratity: Musoro weChibvumirano unorambidza rusaruro mupurogiramu ipi neipi inogamuchira betsero yemari yehurumende. Mitengo yakaputsa iyi gadziriro yakaisa mungozi mabhiriyoni emadhora ehurumende nokuda kwezvikoro, zvipatara, migwagwa mikuru, uye yakawanda.
  • Employment Practices:[[FLT: 1] Umutwe VII wakatanga Ecult Opportounction Commission (EOC) ndokupa vashandi maruramiro okukwirira mhaka nokuda kworusaruro. Masangano ehurumende aifanira kuronga mitemo yavo yokupinza mari neyokushandira nemipimo yehurumende.

Pasinei zvapo nechishoro chapakarepo chakabva kuna mamwe magavhuna ehurumende namasangano emitemo, mutemo weChibvumirano chacho (achidzorwa nokutonga kwedare uye murangariro wavose). Chibvumirano cheCivil Rights Act chinoramba chiri muenzaniso wakanaka wenzira iyo mutemo wehurumende unogona kumanikidza nayo nyika kugamuchira dziviriro dzakafanana, kunyange apo dzinorwisana nezvinodiwa zvomunzvimbomo.

Chiito Chokufema Chakachena

Clean Air Act (CAA), yakapfuudzwa pakuvamba muna 1963 uye yakagadziridzwa zvikuru muna 1970 na 1990, inosimbisa National Ambentient Moor Sety Digirations (NAAQS) nokuda kwezvinoshatisa zvinokuvadza utano hwavanhu nemhoteredzo. Munsi mouyu mutemo, hurumende inogadza mipimo, asi nyika dzine mutoro mukuru wokuita. Chiratidzo cheAct pamitoro yehurumende chinobatanidza:

  • Chirongwa cheIPS (SIP): Hurumende iri yose inofanira kutanga mamiriro ezvinhu eSIP anodonongodza kuti ichawana sei ndokuchengeta namo mukati memiganhu yayo. Zvirongwa izvi zvinoda kuongororwa kukuru, kubvumidzwa, uye kuchengetwa kwepurogiramu. Kana hurumende ikatadza kupa SIP, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inogona kuisa gadziriro yehurumende ndokunyiga mari yomumugwagwa.
  • Nzvimbo dzinowana: Nyika dzine nzvimbo dzinopfuura ganhuriro dzeshatiss dzinofanira kuita matanho okuwedzera (zvakadai sedzoreso dzorumano dzokubudisa tsvina, purogiramu dzemotokari, uye gadziriro dzezvokufambisa (*) kupinza nzvimbo mubvumirano. Kundikano inotungamirira kuzvirango, kubatanidza kurasikirwa neropa rehurumende.
  • Kusunungurwa nokupfaviswa: [[KANT] . ZVIMWE ZVINGATEVERA mipimo miduku yenyika, masangano angashandisa mirau inodzorwa zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, California yakawana mutengi kuti itsigire mipimo yayo imene inobudisa motokari, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kusarudza kutevera. Iyi batira pamwe inonangidzirwa inoratidzira kuoma kwehurumende netsinhirano.

Clean Air Act inoratidzira kuti mutemo wemubatanidzwa unodzikamisa unogona sei kuchinja zvikuru gadziriro dzehurumende, kuraira kuti nyika dziise mari mumasangano matsva, gadziriro dzemashoko, uye gadziriro dzokuita kuti zvinhu zvirambe zviripo. Gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro pechinjo dzemamiriro okunze, kubatanidza chiremera cheCease Power Plan neEPA, rinopfuurira kuedza iyi chiyero.

Mabasa Eutano hweHurumende

Yakagadzirwa muna 1965 pasi peSocial Security Act, Medicaid ipurogiramu yehurumende inobatira pamwe yehurumende inopa kurukurirano youtano kuvanhu vanowana zvishoma, mhuri, vana, vakadzi vane pamuviri, vakwegura, uye vanhu vakaremara. Hurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvakafara uye inoraira mabasa akati, asi hurumende inodzora purogiramu uye inochinjika mukuronga zvirongwa zvavo vamene. Mativi makuru ehurumende anobatanidza:

  • Nhamba dzinowirirana: Hurumende yehurumende inowiriranisa ndyiko dzehurumende paMedicaid pamwero unozivikanwa seFederal Medical Mediance Pesenti (FMAP), inosiana nehurumende (kuvambira pa 50% kusvikira ku83% nokuda kwavagari vemo vakawedzerwa). Iyi sundo yemari inokurudzira kutora rutivi hurumende asi uyewo mabatanidzwa emari kurumbidziko dzemubatanidzwa.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvisingachinjiki: United States inofanira kuwirirana nemwero yetemu yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Affordhable Care Act (ACA) ya202010 yakakudza Medicaid kuvose vakuru vose vane mari kusvika 138% yemwero wourombo hwehurumende. Nepo Dare Rapamusorosande mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius[[FLT] [[FLT]] (202] akaita uku kuwedzera kusingachinjiki, kutaura kwakawanda kwakasarudzwa kukudza, kuchinja mitoro yavo youtano nenzira inokosha.
  • program Flexible kupfurikidza ne Waivers: United States inogona kukumbira vabiri kubva kuCentre for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) kuedza nemimwe mienzaniso yokupa, yakadai sezvinodikanwa zvebasa kana kuti betsero huru. Ava vanobvumira kuvadziko asi vanoramba vari pasi petendero yehurumende noutariri.

Medicaid inoratidzira kuti madhora ehurumende anouya sei namatanho akabatanidzwa. Apo Congress inochinja muitiro wehurumende( somuenzaniso), kupfurikidza nokuisa mari yehurumende kana kuti kuchinja mipimo yokushandisa kwemari yehurumende (zvikamu) zvinofanira kuchinja mashandisirwo emari yavo, pane dzimwe nguva kucheka mamwe mabasa kana kuti kukwidza mitero. Kuwedzera kwekuzvidira kweACA kwakaparira basa apo dzimwe nyika dzinofukidza inenge dzose dzinowana vakuru vakaderera nepo dzimwe dzichisiya vakawanda, dzichisimbisa kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pevavariro dzehurumende nechisarudzo chehurumende.

VaAmerica Vane Muitiro Wourema (ADA)

Bush muna 1990, vaAmerica vane Hurema Act vanorambidza rusaruro pavanhu vane urema munharaunda dzose dzoupenyu, kubatanidza mabasa, zvikoro, zvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzavose nedzevanhu.

  • Zvinodikanwa zvokuzivisa: nyika dzinofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvivako zvose zvehurumende (kuvambira padzimba dzose dzedare kusvikira kumapaki kumiitiro yokufambisa yavose(inowanika kuvanhu vakaremara. Ikoku kunoda kugadziridza kuzvivako, nzira dzomumugwagwa, zviratidzo, uye siginicha.
  • Mvudziro dzeEmployment:[ Hurumende navashandirwi vehurumende vomunzvimbomo vanofanira kugovera pokugara zvine mufungo kuvashandi vakaremara kutoti kuita saizvozvo kuchiparira nhamo isakafanira. Ikoku kunotambanukira kukupinza basa, kusimudzirwa, uye miitiro yebasa.
  • Kumanikidza nokusanyengera: Vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kuisa mhaka kumatare nokuda kwekusawirirana. Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti kudzivirirwa kwehurumende pasi peADA , kuita kuti nyika dzive dzinofanirwa nokuputswa. Kuwedzera, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro rinogona kudzivisa mari yehurumende kubva kunyika dzisina kusinwa.

Hurumende ADA dzakagombedzera kuita mari yakawanda mukuisa zvinhu mugadziriro, rovedzo, uye kuzviisa pasi kwapamutemo. Nepo mutemo wakavandudzika zvikuru, zvinetso zvinopfuurira zvinobatanidza nzvimbo dzechinyakare munharaunda dzomumaruwa, kukakavadzana pamusoro pechinoumba "nzvimbo yokugara ine mufungo," uye kudikanwa kwemipimo yakavandudzwa sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runovapo.

Mimwe Mienzaniso Inotevedzerwa

Kupfuura mienzaniso mina iri pamusoro apa, mimwe mitemo minoverengeka yehurumende inoumba zvikuru mitoro yehurumende:

  • [[FLT: 0] Chiratidzo cheVoting Rights Act ya 1965:[[FLT: 1] pakutanga] mamiriro ezvinhu aidikanwa nenhau dzorusaruro rwedzinza kuti awane "kuisa pachena" pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusorosaita kuti nzira yokufukidzira mu Shelby County v. Haker [2013], Act ichiri kurambidza miitiro yokuvhotera uye inopa chiremera chehurumende kupindira mukurongwa kwesarudzo.
  • The Child No Lend Behind Act (2001) / Mudzidzi Ari Wose Wekubudirira Act (2015): Iyi mitemo yedzidzo inobatanidza mari yehurumende kugamuchirwa kwemipimo, kuedza, uye kuzvidavirira. Mitemo inofanira kupa miedzo yakarongwa, kushuma migumisiro inobvisa, uye kupindira muzvikoro zvinobudirira zvishoma (kana kuti kurasikirwa neTitchoi I.
  • National Monter Admica Act ya 1984: Hurumende yehurumende haiisi zera rokunwa zvakananga asi inonyima chikamu chemari yemugwagwa mukuru wehurumende kubva muhurumende inobvumira vanhu vane makore ari pasi pe 21 kutenga doro. Nyika dzose 50 dzakabvumirana, dzichiita muitiro wamarudzi mumwe kupfurikidza nedzvinyiriro yemari.

Izvi zvinoitika zvinoenzanisira nhevedzano yezvishandiso zvomubatanidzwa: mirairo, migariro yokushandisa mari, kusunungurwa, uye mari yokupa. chimiro chimwe nechimwe chomugariro womugariro munzira dzakajeka, kazhinji kazhinji kuchinyandura makwikwi apamutemo neezvamatongerwe enyika.

Zvinetso Mukudzikamisa Masimba Enyika Neehurumende

Kuwirirana kwemitemo yehurumende nemitoro yehurumende hakuwanzova nyore nyore.

Kurwisana Mumutemo Nokurevererwa Nedare Repamusorosoro

Apo mitemo yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa inobonderana, Supremacy Claus anoita kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa ubudirire, asi mwero wechiremera chehurumende kazhinji kazhinji hauna chokwadi. zvinoitika zvechiratidzo zvakarondedzera miganhu yacho:

  • [FLT]Printz v. United States (1997): Dare rakaparadza gadziriro dzeBrady Handgun Police Prevention Act dzaida hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo kutungamirira kunzvera mamiriro ezvinhu ekare, kutonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vapedzise mapurogiramu ehurumende.
  • Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (20: Dare rakatsigira murairo womunhu oga weACA somutero asi rakatonga kuti Dare harigoni kushandisa simba raro rokushandisa kumanikidza nyika kufutunura Medicaid kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose iripo yeMedicaid. Chisarudzo chinokosha chakaganhurira "simba rechikwama" uye chitsigiro chakasimbiswa.
  • [FLT][FORphy][1] Murphey v. National Collegiate Athletic Association (2017) Dare rakatonga kuti Professional and Ammetur Sports Provice Provice Act (PASPA) Isina kuraira hurumende kupfurikidza nokuvarambidza kubvumira kubhejera mitambo.

Izvi zviitiko zvinoratidza kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kungorayira kuti ipe mitemo kana kuti iite kuti mitemo yehurumende iteererwe.

Kuchinja Kusina Kurongwa

Panhambo nenhambo Congress inoda kuti zviitwe mabasa akati pasina kugovera mari yakazara. Mandaters Reform Act ya1995 yakaitirwa kumisa muitiro uyu, asi mirairo yakawanda inopfuurira. Mienzaniso inobatanidza zvinodikanwa pasi peChiito cheChero cheNyute kuti zvidzore kuwanda kwemvura, kana kuti Chiratidzo cheID chaichoiwo kuti nyika dzibudise marezerezereze eraisenzi okutyaira. Izvi zvinoparira kusawirirana, sezvinotaura kuti misengwa yehurumende inodzvinyirira mari yadzorwa uye inodzosera ganhuriro.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika Nenhamburiko Dzokurwisa

Dzimwe nyika dzinoramba zvirevo zvehurumende pazvikonzero zvepfungwa. Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, "guta rinochengeterwa vanhu" mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo yokuendesa vanhu kumusha, nepo kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje kunopesana zvakananga nomutemo wehurumende pasi peGueting Hubstancess Act. Hurumende yehurumende yakaramba kazhinji kazhinji kumanikidza kurovererwa zvakasimba munzvimbo idzi, kuchiguma negadziriro yokusashanda kwesimba rehurumende inosimbisa ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende munyika ine mhatsa yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Mumagariro Avanhu

Nharo dzakawanda dzemitemo yazvino uno dzinosimbisa kushanda kunopfuurira kwemasimba makuru ehurumende:

  • Kuparwa kwemifungo: Zvisarudzo zveHurumende pakukura kweMedicaid, murairo wemisika yeinishuwarenzi, uye kuiswa kwemirimo kunopfuurira kuumbwa nomutemo womubatanidzwa. Bviro yechisarudzo chavose chehurumende kana kuti futunuko yeMedicare ingaedzazve simba rehurumende nokudisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] : Uniteds dzakafanana neCalifornia dzakafambira mberi nemipimo yokubudisa zvinonyarara zvikuru, apo vamwe vanodenha mirau yeEPA. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu West Virginia v. EPA[[FLT] [2022]) yakaganhurira mano esangano rokushandisa Deaooo Air Act kugadza heart yakafara yemagetsi, kuisa chiremera chehurumende.
  • Throsa: The Students Foundes Act (Essa) yakadzorera udzori kunyika asi ichiri kuraira mipimo yokuzvidavirira. Nharo pamusoro pemipimo yedzidzo, chisarudzo chechikoro, uye mari yezvokushandisa zvinoramba zvakakosha zvikuru.
  • Utano hwePublic: Murakatira weCovid-19 wakasimbisa kusagadzikana kwehurumende sezvo hurumende dzakashandisa mirairo yokuzvidzora yakasiana- siyana, zvigadziko, uye gadziriro dzokuparadzira nhomba. Hurumende yehurumende yakashandisa chiremera choutano hwavanhu uye mari kuti ipedze mufambiro wenyika, asi inotaura zvakachengetwa udzore.
  • Kutora: mutemo weFederal unodzima muitiro wehurumende wokupinda munyika, asi hurumende dzakagadza mitemo inotapura marezenisi omutyairi, betsero dzavose, uye batira pamwe netsinhano yemitemo. Miganhu yapamutemo inopfuurira kuedzwa mumatare.

Nhau idzi dzinoratidza kuti kukamukana kwemitoro pakati pemadzimbahwe eWashington nehurumende hakugadziriswi.

mhedziso

Kuchinja kwemitemo yehurumende pamitoro yehurumende kukuru uye inodzorwa nguva dzose. Mutemo wechiratidzo weLock at article at yakadai seCivil Rights Act, Ceal Air Act, Medicaid, uye vaAmerica vane Urema Act zvakachinja zvikuru izvo nyika dzinoita (kubva mukuvimbisa kuti nzvimbo dzavose dzinova nyore kutarisira gadziriro dzemhoteredzo dzakaoma. Iyi mitemo inoshandisa muvhenganiswa wemitemo yakananga, mari inotsamira pachinhu chimwe, uye kugadzirira kuringaniswa kwemipimo kuti isvike nharidzano dzorudzi, nepo matare anoramba achinatsa miganhu yemitemo yemitemo yehurumende.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa iyi rondedzero inokosha. Gastereism iri mushandi haisi nhevedzano yemiganhu yakaoma asi kurukurirano huru. Mitoro yehurumende haisati iri yakarega; vanochinja nedanho itsva imwe neimwe yehurumende, mhinduro yehurumende imwe neimwe, uye dudziro imwe neimwe yokutonga. kupfurikidza nokunzvera mienzaniso mikuru nedenho dzavanomutsa, munhu anowana mufananidzo wakajeka wekuti vadzori veAmerica vanodzora vanoshanda sei chaizvoizvo (marusano) chinzwano nemhatsa, zvinhu zvokutanga zvorudzi noudzori hwomunzvimbomo, mutsika inogadzirirwa kuwirirana.

nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rwemitemo mikuru paCongress.gov, Constitution yegadziriro dzehurumende[[[FLT:]], uye SUPME] Dare reNFIB v. Sebelius [ yechisarudzo chikuru zvikuru.[FLT:]]