Simba remitemo yevhoti pamutezo wokutora rutivi rinomira seitiro hanya huru mukudzora kwehurumende yehurumende yazvino uno. Sezvo hurumende pamitengo yose inodzora gadziriro yokusarudza, inonzwisisa kuti iyi mitemo inopesvedzera sei kana vagari vemo vachikanda mavhoti(kana kuti vachigara pamusha). Nyaya inonzvera kurongwa kwakasiana - siana kwemitemo yesarudzo, miuyo yavo inonyorwa pakudzorwa, uye nhetevedzo dzemitemo dzinogona kukudza kana kuti kuisa bvumirano chomubatanidzwa chehurumende.

Nhoroondo: Kushanduka - shanduka kwoMutemo Wechisarudzo muUnited States

Mutemo weSangano muUnited States hauna kumbomira. Kubva pakutangwa kwenyika, apo kuva nenzvimbo kwakaganhurirwa, kupfurikidza nokuiswa kweChikamu cheshanu, 19th, uye Makumi maviri neSixth Amendments, gadziriro yemitemo yakakudza kusvika kwokuvhota kumapoka aisambonyorwa. Asi makumi maviri amakore apfuura akaona kukamukana kwakajeka kunoziviswa pakutarisirwa kwedare rokuvhota. Kutevera kukwikwikwidzana kwapurezidhendi 2000, kupfurikidza nokuvhotera kwapa, Comment America Vote Act yemuti ye 2002 inogadza mitemo yehurumende yezvirongwa uye mapepa okunyoresa evhoti. Makore anoteverwa aona masangano ose ari maviri okuchinja masangano akadai sezvirongwa zvinongoteverwa zuva rimwe chetero, kubatanidza zvinodikanwa zvakasimba uye kubvisa mavhoti evhoti. Iyi inosimudzira kuoma kuzviisa mumutemo uye kuvhoti.

Kunzwisisa iyi nhau kunokosha nemhaka yokuti mitemo yazvino haishandi muchinhu. Inofukidza mirau yapakuvamba nemirau yedare, uye tapuro dzayo dzinorevererwa nemitoo yevagari vemo, chinjo dzoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uye tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Nokuda kwokunzvera zvikuru maruramiro enhau okuvhota muU.S., Commentau’s Voclu’s Rights peji[ inogovera musiyano wakananga wemitemo nezvinoitika zvikuru zvedare.

Mitemo Yokusarudza Nemichina Yayo

Mitemo yokusarudza inogona kuiswa mumapoka anoverengeka anoshanda, rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda zvakasiyana nomufambiro womuvhoti.

Mitemo Yokunyoresa

[[FLT Vehicles] Kunyoresa kweVotle kazhinji kazhinji ndiro danda rokutanga muvhoti anofanira kujeka. Mitengo inosiana zvikuru mumashandire ainoita kunyoresa: mimwe inogovera kunyoresa kwokuzviitikira apo vagari vemo vanobata namasangano ehurumende seBato reMor Vehicles; mimwe inoda mazuva kana kuti mavhiki pamberi pekuvhota. Kubvira muna 2024, inenge hafu yenyika pamwe chete neRuwa rweColumbia yakanga yagadza kunyoresa kwokuzvibhalisa kwogarira kwoga (AVR), nepo kupfumisa kushoma kuchingoisa kunyoresa kwamazuva 30 kana kuti kupfuura zuva resarudzo.

Nzvero inobva Nzvero yakananga[[FLT: 1] nguva dzose inoratidza kuti nyika nevhotera reAVR uye zuva rimwe chete (SDR) dzinowana mwero yenhamba yezvikamu zvezvikamu zvamavhoti yakakwirira kupfuura zviya zvine gadziriro dzekare, dzakafa nokukurumidza. Gadziro yacho yakananga: kuderedza nhamburiko nenguva zvinodikanwa kunyoresa muganhu mukuru, zvikurukuru nokuda kwevaduku, tambo, uye vapfumi vakaderera vasingagoni kuwana vagari vemo avo vangava vasina kero dzakatsi kana kuti zvirongwa zvakachinjika. Nhando dzinoda kusimbisa ugari hwemo kana kuti kushambadzwa kubuda mumaro kungadzosa kupfurikidza nokusuma zvikanganiso nenyonganiso.

Nzira Dzokukurukurira Nadzo Mashoko

Zvokusarudza pakugadzira bhoti zvakawedzera zvikuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura. Kubva pakuvhota kwechinyakare pazuva resarudzo, zvinowanzogovera nguva dzokuvhota kwapakuvamba (kazhinji kazhinji kuvambira pavhiki rimwe kusvikira ku4(na) uye pasina kusiiwa kwokuvhota. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seColorado, Oregon, uye Washington, dzakachinja kuvhota matsamba ose, nomuvhoti ari wose akanyoreswa kugamuchira blat jot.

Ufakazi hunokarakadza zvakasimba kuti mitoo mizhinji yokuvhota nayo inosimudzira purofiti. Mata-analysis inobudiswa mu Journal of Politics [ yakawana kuti kuvhota kwapakuvamba kunowedzera neavhareji ye2-4 muzana, nepo kuvhota tsamba kwapasi pose kunogona kuita betsero dzakafanana kana kuti huru zvikuru, zvikurukuru pakati pechinovhotera chisingadzorwi. Zvisinei, kukura kwacho hakusi urongwa: kutambanurira kungava kwakabetsera zvikuru avo vanotoda kuvhota, asi kunoderedzawo ndyiko dzemari inovhara. Chinokosha ndechokuti mitemo inoisa puro yevhotera yakaganhurirwa yemafashoni kana kuti inoda pembedzo nokuda kwemubhaisi inoshanga yapambwa inoshanda, vabereki vanochinja mabasa, vashandi vanoshanda mumaruwa, uye vanogara kumisha vasina nzvimbo dzokuvhotera.

Kuziva Zvinodiwa

Mitemo yeID yeIT iri pakati pemirau inokakavadzana zvikurusa yesarudzo. Kusvikira muna 2024, 35 nyika dzine chimiro chakati chechinodikanwa chokuzivisa muvhoti; yaiyoyo, 18 inoda ID yemifananidzo. Nhiyo inodudzwa yechitsotsi chetsoropodzo / ine tsigiro shomanene yetsika dzamatsotsi, sezvo kunyengera kwakadaro kusingawanzowaniki zvikuru. Munguva ino, fundo dzinowana nguva dzose kuti mitemo yeID inodzorwa pakati pevondi, vakwegura, uye vawani vezvikwereti, avo vane bvidzo shomanene yokuva neredhi rechipoto rehurumende.

Somuenzaniso, fundo yakanongedzerwa zvikuru yomutemo weID wakakomba weTexas inokarakadza kuti yakaora mwoyo neinopa 2-3 muzana pakati pevavhoti vakakodzera kuva Black neHispanic. Muuyo unowedzerwa apo ndyiko dzokuwana id . yakadai sokuenda kuhofisi yeDMV, mitero yezvinyorwa, uye nguva yokurega basa. Brennan Center yeChirevo yemitemo inopa kunzvera kupfuurira kwekutora rutivi; [[FLT:] zvinyorwa zvechivhoti yemitoro

Kupa Mitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu uye Kupindira Mukutonga

Federal namaruramiro okuvhota zvinopa mavambo epamutemo okupinda. Voting Rights Act ye 1965 (VRA) pakuvamba yaida miganhu ine nhau yorusaruro kuti iwane mvumo yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota. Gadziriro inozivikanwa sedenderedzwa ra 2013. Dare Gurusa re 2013 chisarudzo mu Shelby County v. Harer[ yakabvisa nenzira inobudirira nzira yokubhadharira, kusunungura nyika dzakawanda nenzvimbo kuti dzishandise ganhuriro itsva pasina kuhwirudzura. Kubvira panguva iyeyo, mitemo mizhinji yakatoisirwa kuti zvinodikanwa zvechikwaidzo zvapakuvamba, kana kuti kunzvera pedyo munzvimbo duku.

Kupindura kwomutemo ku Shelby County kwave kusina kufanira. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita kuti kusvika kwadzikamuranise kwadziri, nepo dzimwe dzakasundira zvakasimba kukuganhurira. John Lewis Voting Rights Advance Act, yakakarakadzwa muCongress asi isati iri mutemo, yaizodzorera ndokuvandudza gadziriro yapamberi pechine nguva mberi. Muuyo weidzi chinjo dzapamutemo pakutora uchiri kuziviswa, asi mijekedzo yokutanga kubva pakati pe 20222 Csanhamba inokarakadza kuti mhoteredzo dzakaderera zvikuru dzakaona mamiriro ezvinhu akaderera pakati pamapoka anopesana nenhau.

Zvirongwa Zvokusarudza uye Kuongorora

Kunyange apo mitemo inobatanidza nenzira yezita, miitiro yapanyika inogona kuparira mhinganidzo dzinotyisa. Nzvimbo yokushambadzira inovharwa, kubatanidzwa kwematunhu, uye kuderedzwa kwavashandi kunotungamirira kunguva refu(ascreate aschess. A Government Accouncial Accouncial Office yakawana kuti mishumo yemitemo yavanhu vazhinjisa yakava nenzvimbo dzinovhotera vanhu vashomanene yaiva nenguva shomanene. Nenzira yakafanana, maawa akaganhurirwa ebasa (g.m. kuvhara pa 6 p.m. panzvimbo pe 8 p.m.) inogona kubvisa vashandi vapamberi venguva dzose vasingagoni kutora nguva nyore.

Miitiro yokuronga marovha inotanhamara. Vatambi vanobuda pazuva resarudzo asi vane mugariro wavo wokunyoresa usingavi nechokwadi vangapiwa pepa rokunyoresa. Zvisinei, mitemo yokuverenga marobhoti iwayo inosiyana zvikuru, uye makumi ezviuru ezvirongwa zvinorambwa denderedzwa rimwe nerimwe nemhaka yezvikanganiso zvenhau. Zvakajeka, miitiro inorerutswa inogona kuderedza kurashwa kwemishonga.

Migumisiro Yemitemo Yokusarudza Pakubatanidzwa: Murangariro Wakadzama Zvikuru

Nepo nyaya yapakuvamba ichipa kurongwa kuviri kwe “chakanaka” uye miuyo ye “negatity”, idi rinojekeswa zvikuru. Mitemo inowirirana uye nezvinhu zvinobatanidza uwandu hwevagari vemo nenzvimbo. Pasi apa tinonzvera uku kubatana kwakadzama zvikuru.

Kubvisa Kunoita Mitemo Yokusvika

Politiki inoderedza ndyiko yokuvhota (yose iri miviri] mukuwirirana nenguva namashoko. "Nhamba inowirirana nekunyoresa kwapakarepo." Somuenzaniso, inobvumira vanhu kunyoresa nokuvhota panguva imwe cheteyo, kubvisa kudikanwa kwokuronga vhiki pachine nguva mberi. Nzvero dzinoitwa ne Conference of State Legislatures] dzakaratidza kuti kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero kwemitengo yedavi yedavi dzinodzo inodzotsamura mwero 5 / 76 muzana yezvikamu zvakakwirira kupfuura nyika dzisina, kunyange pashure pokudzora nokuda kwemari, dzidzo, nezvimwe zvinhu.

Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira nenzira yakafanana kunokudza boka ravavhoti vakanyoreswa, zvikurukuru pakati pavagari vaduku vangapotsa kana kusadaro misi inodikanwa. MuCalifornia, AVR yakawedzera vanopfuura mamirioni 2,6 kuvavhoti mumarobhoti avo maviri okutanga. Havasi vose ava vavhoti vatsva vanonyoresa, asi dziva rakawedzerwa rinoparira nzvimbo huru zvikuru nokuda kwenhamburiko dzokuunganidza.

Kuvhota tsamba kwakabvumikisawo kuva kunobudirira mukuwedzera kutsaudzira, zvikurukuru mukusarudza kwakaderera. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, inotaura kuti vatsigiri vanotumira nokushingaira kuvavhota vose vakaona kushaikwa kwetsamba kwapakarepo uye, muzvinoitika zvizhinji, kuvhota kwakanga kwakati sandara kana kuti kwatokwirira zvishoma kupfuura mwero wepamberi pezvisarudzo. A 2021 Stanford University yakafungidzira kuti kuvhota kwapasi pose kwakawedzerwa neanenge mapfundo maviri muzana paavhareji, nepo kusina pesvedzero inodzorwa pachiyero chemari inopfuunyana.

Kudzvinyirirwa Kunoitwa Kubatanidzwa Nemitemo Inorambidza

Mitemo inoganhurira inoshanda kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji. Zvinodikanwa zveVoter ID zvinogadzira mutoro wezvinyorwa unova wakaoma zvikurusa pavarombo, vakwegura, uye vanhu vane ruvara. 2022 American Political Science Review[ nyaya yokunzvera maidi enzvimbo yapamusoro kubva kuNorth Carolina yakawana kuti mutemo weID worumano wehurumende wakaderedza kuderera ne 1 /2 muzana yezviverengero zvine nhamba dzavagari vemo vashomanene zvikuru kunyange pashure pokuvara misiyano yetsika yenzanga.

Ganhuriro panzvimbo dzokuvhota nokuderedza kuvhota kwapakuvamba nokuderedza dzinoodzawo nhamo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzomumaguta namaruwa umo chombo chiri denho. MuGeorgia, kubviswa kwokuvhota kwapakuvamba kweSvondo nokuvharwa kwemazana enzvimbo dzokuvhota vazhinji-vatema pashure pa 2018 yakamutsa gakava. Kunzvera neBrennan Center kwakafungidzira kuti idzi chinjo dzingagona kuve dzakadzivisa kuvhota navanopfuura 10 000 mujaho re 2020. Kana kwakabatanidzwa nezvinodikanwa zvechiito chamaodha, muuyo wokuwedzera unogona kuva mukuru.

Kutsvaka muvhoti kudzokororwa nejere() kubvisa kunyoresa kwakavakirwa pakuchinja kero, kuvhota kusingawanzoitwi, kana kuti zita rinowirirana ne(_further inoderedza kutora kana kukaitwa zvisina kufanira. Mutemo weTexas 2021 wakadzosa nhamburiko dzomunzvimbomo dzokunyoresa vavhoti somunhu ndokuda kuti avo vanobetsera kuvhota nokuda kwavamwe vapiwe zvirango zvoutsotsi. Matanho akadaro anoparira tapuro inotyisa inogona kutambanurira kupfuura muvhoti akanyoreswa zvakananga.

Misiyano Yetsika Mumitemo Yechisarudzo

Hapana ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rumwe runobatanidza nyika yose. Zera, dzinza, mari, uye nzvimbo dzinotevedzerwa dzinotapura nayo mitemo yesarudzo mufambiro. Vavhoti vaduku (makore 18-29) vanodzorwa zvikuru nemisiano yokunyoresa nemhaka yokuti vanofamba kazhinji kazhinji uye vangasava vanozivikanwa nomuitiro. Vavhoti vaduku vanotarisana nemwero yakakwirira yemiganhu yeID inowirirana uye vane bviro huru zvikuru yokusangana nemitsetse mirefutunu mirefumo yapaduku yokuvhotera. Vavhotera vaduku vangava netsana yapakuvamba zvikuru uye mitaro mirefukurefu kuvhotera. Varingi vanowana mari inogamuchirwa, avo vane bviro shomanene zvikuru kuva nero yemipimo yemitengo inochinjika, inobetserwa zvikuru kubva mukuvhota napa tsamba.

Kana kubatanidzwa kwacho kukava kunoitwa nevakuru, vakapfuma, uye vachena, zvinosarudzwa nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvinoratidza kuti mapoka iwayo ndeechokwadi. Kuwedzera mukana wokusvika mumapoka ose evanhu hakungovi kunetsekawo zvako kwevagari vemo, saka zvinokosha kuti pave nechokwadi chokuti hurumende inomiririra mhatsa yakazara yevagari vemo.

Kuongorora Zviratidzo Mumutemo Wokusarudza

Nyaya yokutanga inosimbisa kuongorora kwenyaya nhatu: AVR yeCalifornia, mutemo wevavhoti weGeorgia, uye kusanyoresa kweNorth Dakota.

Kunyoresa Kwemari Kunongozviitikira yeCalifornia

California’s AVR, yakagadzwa sorutivi rwomutemo wemotokari wapamhindi we 2015, inonyoresa vagari vemo apo vanowana kana kuti kuvandudza rezinesi rokutyaira kana kuti id yehurumende, kutoti vasarudza. Ikazowedzera muna 2016, mutemo wakawedzera mamirioni 2.66 kuvavhoti pamarobhoti pa2018. Nzvero kubva kuCalifornia Voter Foundation yakaratidza kuti mwero yokunyoresa pakati pe18 kusvika ku24-206 muzana yegore yakakwira yakakwira kubva muna 2014 kusvika ku61 muzana muna 2018. Kubudirira pakati peAVRvvotation kwakanga kwakaderera kupfuura kupfuudzira kwegamuchidzanwa (40% v. 60% pakati pe20187777), asi nhamba yose yakatowedzera yaireva kuti yaidzokororwa yose ichiri kukwira ne95.

Mutemo Wezviziviso zveGeorgia: Kudzvinyirirwa Kwakaitika Here?

Chinodikanwa chakasimba chemifananidzo yeGeorgia, chakapfuudzwa muna 2005 uye chinotsigirwa nematare, chinoda vose vanovhota kuti vape mamwe ezvimiro zvitanhatu zvinogamuchirwa zvechitsama cheID zvehurumende. Hurumende yakashandisawo mitemo ye “mubatanidzwa” youtsivi hwevhoti mu2017, inoda zita romuvhoti pazvinonyorwa zvokunyoresa kuti anyatsoenzana nezita ravo pamarekodhi ehurumende / mutemo uyo pakutanga wakabatanidza mabhii anopfuura 50 000, 80% ayo akanga ari evoruzhinji. Kunyange zvazvo mutemo chaiwoiwo wakachinjwa pashure pokunge wajekeswa, unoratidza kuti mitemo isingatori rutivi rwapasi paya inogona sei kubvisa miuyo inodzorerwa. Kufamba kwevatema muGeorgia mudetevetezo unowirirana nemukaka unoenzaniswa neUrutezo unodzorwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitemo inodzorwa. Zvisinei, kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwemitemo yenzanga yenzanga yeboka renyika yose inotevedzerwa.

Muenzaniso Wokunyoresa weNorth Dakota

North Dakota ndiyo hurumende bedzi isina chinodikanwa chokuvhota. Vavhoti vanogamuchirwa vanongoratidza bedzi pazuva revhota nezivikanwo yakafanira (inofanira kubatanidza kero yokugara). Iyi tsika inobvisa mhinganidzo yokunyoresa chose chose, uye hurumende inoisa nguva dzose mwero yakakwirira yevhoti. Muna 2020, kumira kwaNorth Dakota pakati pavavhotassi kwakanga kuri 66%, zvikurukuru kupfuura avhareji yerudzi ya 62%. Kufadza kwetsika kuvazhinji, asi inoparirawo zvinetso nokuda kwavagari vemo vemo vemo vakapfuunyana, savadzidzi vekoreji nevokuManda reAmerica vanogara pamiteshi, avo vangasadikanwa nekero yazvinogarwa. Apo zvibvumirano zvemitemo 2020 zvisingatongogoni kubudisa mabanza okugara mumugwagwa (muteveri wePO.)

Mirangariro Yamarudzi Ose: Zvinoitwa Nedzimwe Nyika Dzinonyengera

Kuenzanisa mitemo yevhota neyavamwe vehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakwirira kunozivisa kuti kuvhota kwakasiyana nokurerutswa kwegadziriro yeAmerica kwakafanana neCanada, Germany, uye Sweden kunoita mwero yokuvhota nguva dzose inopfuura 70% murusarudzo rworudzi, murutivi nemhaka yokunyoresa kwesese (kunowanzoitwa nokushandisa mapepa okunyoresa enyika), kuvhota pakupera kwevhiki kana kuti mazuva akawanda, uye zvinodikanwa zvishoma. Australia, zvinomanikidzira kuvhotera, zvinowana kuvhotera kunomanikidzirwa kupfuura 90%. Nepo kuvhotera kusingabviri muU.S., ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwamamwe marudzi runokarakadza kunyoresa nokuvhotera kwakakodzera kunogona kukwidza zvikuru. Chiwiso chinobetsera mukuenzanisa kwamarudzi ose aripo neElvectory Institute yeDideacence neElctive [Frectoral]

Kukurudzirwa Kwemitemo Yokuita Basa Rokushandisa Mari

Zvichitsamira paufakazi hwakapiwa, kuchinja kunoverengeka chaikoiko kwakaratidza kubudirira mukuwana mari:

  • nyoresa kupfurikidza nokuvhota neanosarudza [[FL:1] inofanira kushandiswa munyika yose, yakabatanidzwa nokunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero kubata avo vanopotsa nguva.
  • Nhambo dzokuvhota dzapakuvamba dzevhiki dzinenge mbiri , kubatanidza kupera kwamavhiki, dzinofanira kuva dzinogamuchirwa munyika iri yose.
  • Hapafaniri kushaikwa nokuvhota kunofanira kuwanika kuvavhoti vose vakanyoreswa.
  • [ Zvinodikanwa zveID zvinofanira kuva zvine mufungo uye zvikabatanidzwa neipu yapachena, inosvikika nyore nyore inoshandiswa uye nhimbe dzedzidzo.
  • nzvimbo inovhota zvakakwana [[[FL:1]]]
  • [ Kugamuchirwa kwamaruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavagari vemo vaichimbova mutorongo [ kuchinja kunowedzera uko kungagona kuwedzera mamirioni kumapepa.

Kana akapfuudzwa, aizoita kuti pave nemitemo yenyika yaidzivirira nyika yose uye yaikwanisa kudzivirirwa, zvikaita kuti nyika dzisakwanisa kuderedza miganhu yenyika.

Mugumisiro: Kutsigira Utongi Hwehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Simba remitemo yevhoti pamitengo inotora mari haisati iri yefungidziro kana kuti miduku. Mutsetse mumwe nomumwe webumbiro remitemo mumutemo wokuvhota, awa yoga yoga yokuwedzera kana kuti kuvhota kwapakarepo, chinodikanwa chitsva kana kuti kunyoreswa kunobatsira kune pesvedzero inopfuudzira pakushandisa kodzero yavo huru. Nepo U.S. yaita fambiro mberi inoshamisa mukukudza mitemo inodzorwa munhau yayo, miitiro yemisikanzwa yemitemo inoganhurirwa mune dzimwe nyika inotyisidzira kukanganisa kubudirira ikoko. Panguva imwe cheteyo, chinjo itsva dzakadai sokunyoresa kunoitwa kwoga kwoga uye kuvhotera kwetsamba inovimbisa kupfuudzira. Nzira iri mberi inoda kuti vagadziri vemitemo yokutungamirira kukuva nechero yakakomba pauchapupu hwakakwirira pane kunyora mashoko, uye kuziva kuti utano hwehurumende inotsamira sei vanhu nyore kugona kuita manzwiro avo.