Kunzwisisa Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba pakati pemapazu emitemo, ehurumende, uye edare kunoumba musimboti wehurumende yeUnited States. Ichi chivako, chakatangwa neBumbiro reMitemo, chinovimbisa kuti hakuna sangano rimwe rine chiremera chisingadzorwi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yakasiana asi inowirirana: Congress rinonyora mitemo, Purezidhendi anoaita kuti igove, uye matare anodudzira kuva pamutemo kwawo. Kuvagari vemo, miuyo yezuva nezuva yamapazu aya yakapararira / kubva pamitero inonyikwa pakubhadhara mvura yokunwa uye kururama tekisi inomhanya.

Kunzwisisa kuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshanda sei uye rinokurudzira migumisiro chaiyoiyo inokosha nokuda kwokurava nokunyora kwevagari vemo. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoputsa nzira dzinooneka idzo mitemo, vakuru vakuru, uye zviito zvokutonga zvinoumba dzimba, basa, dzidzo, uye rusununguko rwomunhu oga. Nokunzvera mitemo chaiyo, mirayiro yevakuru vakuru, uye matare, tinogona kuona kuti kudzora hausi murangariro usiri wekufungidzira asi simba ripenyu rinotapura rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweAmerica.

Mitemo Yebazu Yomutemo: Mitemo Yamanomano Inobata Zvikwereti Zvezuva Nezuva

Bazu rewisono remitemo .(Conrer) rine simba rokunyora, kukurukura, uye kupfuudza zvikwereti zvinova mutemo wavose. Nemitezo yokuvhota (100 Sators na 435 Vamiririri), Congress nhau dzinovambira padziviriro yenyika kusvikira kunzvimbo dzinoshandiswa dzomunzvimbomo. Mitemo yainoita kazhinji kazhinji ine tapuro dzinokurumidza, dzinodzikira pavanhu nenzanga.

Kurapwa Neinishuwarenzi

Nharaunda shoma dzinoratidzira pesvedzero dzomutemo zvakajeka zvikuru kupfuura tarisiro youtano. Affordcable Care Act (ACA) ya2010] yakachinjazve mapinduriro amamirioni eAmerica. Gadziriro dzakadai sedzinovimbiswa nokuda kwemigariro isati yavapo, mari yezvokushandisa nokuda kwegadziriro dzemisika, uye Medicaid mukukura munyika dzinotora rutivi zvakananga. Mukuwirirana neU.S. Department of Health & Services yavanhu, vanopfuura mamiriyoni 21 vakasarudzwa ACA munguva yokunyoresa 2024 ( micheto yemariro yemari, [[FLT]]]] nguva ichangobva kupfuura iyi, kuchinja kufanana nerevokushati yeRed Redruction 2022 Acts 202 pa2073 pamwedzi, kuderedza mutengo wemari.

Dzidzo Nechikwereti Chevadzidzi

Congress inoumbawo dzidzo kupfurikidza nemiitiro yemari nemirairo. Act yeDzidzo yakakwirira , inotenderwazve panhambo nenhambo, inodzora gadziriro dzemitemo yedzidzo yavadzidzi, kubatanidza Pell Grants ne Nhevedzo yeLoans. Nharo pamusoro pechikwereti chavadzidzi dzakasimbisa kuti zvisarudzo zvemitemo (kana kuti kusaita) zvinotapura vakweretesi. Somuenzaniso, HEROES Act ye 2003 (yapera muna 2020) akapa Munyori wechiremera chedzidzo kumaripo yokukwereta panguva yemigariro yapa nyika yose. $5665 000 000 000 muchikwereti chezvinenge 4 zvezvikwereti zvemariro ([FLD:3]).

Mipimo Yebasa Neyazvinobhadhara

Chiito chomutemo chinogadzirira uriri nokuda kwedziviriro dzamabasa. Fair Labor Standard Act inosarudza mubhadharo wakaderera, mubhadharo wenguva dzose, uye mirau yavana. Nepo mari shoma yehurumende yasara pa $7.25 paawa kubva muna 2009, kurukurirano dzinoramba dzichiwedzera /kukakavadzana dzinosiya vashandi vakawanda vachitamburira kuramba vachikwira nokukwira kwemari. Mukuwedzera, mitemo yakafanana neMitemo yeMakamite yeMari (FAMLA) inovimbisa vhiki 12 dzezororo rehafu yemipi yemiganhu yakakomba kana kuti yemhuri. Pasi pekugadziridzwa kwechibvumirano, miganhuro inosara: U.S inosara imwe yamarudzi mashoma akabudirira asina kushambatiswa nomutemo.

Mhoteredzo Noutano Hwavose

Kupfurikidza nezviito zvakadai seCeaoc Air and Clean Water Act, Congress inogadza mipimo nokuda kwokubudisa nokunaka kwemvura. Mutemo wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, wakadai seInfrastructive Informationment and Jobs Act (2021), wakagovera mabhiriyoni nokuda kwokutsiva mapaipi uye motokari dzemagetsi dzinotakura. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvakananga mhepo yakafema mumaguta uye kuchengeteka kwemvura yokunwa mumataundi omumaruwa. Kukundikana kuvandudza mitemo yemhoteredzo kunogona kutungamirira kunjodzi seshatiso yemvura yeFlint, umo miganhuro yeProjiration (chikamu chikuru nokuda kwokushanda kwemitemo) yakaparira kuvadziko yakapararira.

Mitemo Yemitero Nemari Dzemhuri

Congress ine simba rokubhadhara mutero. Pamutengi weChild Tax Cents ne Jobs Act ye2017, zvakapeta-kaviri zvitsaru zvinoteverwa, uye zvakachinja kuti zvitsananguro zvemari yehurumende nemutero womunzvimbomo (SALT) zvinoshanda sei. Nokuda kwemhuri chaiyo, kuchinja uku kunogona kureva mazana kana kuti zviuru zvemadhora mumari yakachengetwa gore negore kana kuti kurasikirwa. Panguva ino, Child Tax Creax / Completesss / "Crream" inokudzwa zvakawedzera zvakapetwa kaviri mukati mechironda chemari nemhindu dzemari yapamba.

Bazu Rine Vatungamiriri: Kushandisa Muitiro Kupfurikidza Nebasa Nechiremera

Asi simba rayo haringogumiri pakungoshanda chete.

Kutama Kuchimanikidza Vanhu Uye Kurambidza Kupinda Mumuganhu

Zviito zvevatami vakuru pakubuda munyika zvinoratidza kuti muitiro ungakurumidza kuchinja. Purogiramu yeDiferred Action for Childhood Agewals (DACA) yakaitwa nemutungamiriri wehurumende muna 2012, yakadzivirira vatami vanopfuura 800 000 vasina kunyorwa vakasvika savana kubva kuendeswa. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo yakadai sechirambidzo chokufamba (Edective Orduct 13769) uye Migrant Protection Protocomsss yakachinja uyo aigona kupinda muU.S. uye muitiro wokutsvaka utiziro. Nhevedzo yakadai sokunangidzira ngwariro pamatsotsiro avanhu vose vasina kuiswa pekubuda mumaoko.

Zvinodiwa Noutano Zvevanhu Vose

Mukati menjodzi, zviito zvebazu zvinova zvinooneka zvikuru. CHOVID-19 denda rakaona Purezidhendi Audirea Computation Production Act kukurumidzisa kugadzirwa kwemishonga yemajekiseni, kubudisa zvikumbiro zvezvinhu zvehurumende, uye kupa rubatsiro rwokurenda kupfurikidza nemirairo yevakuru vakuru. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) yabudisa trogences dhatatorisms @a jirations asi yakaramba yakanangana nezvinetso zvepamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, mirayiro yezvirangodzo dzemirimo yeMirimo, kufanana nokubvumira Medicarea kuti idzo dzemirimo dzakatiko yakatenderwa ne20222 yeRedctic Acts, rutivi rwehondo dzinopfuurira kubviswa pakutengwa kwemari.

Kutarisira Zvinhu uye Kutarisira Zuva Nezuva

Masangano akawanda ehurumende — kubva kuEvironmental Protection Agency (EPA) kuenda kuOccupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)

  • [[FDA:0] Kotsekano yezvokudya: FDA inogadza mitemo nokuda kwokunyora zvokudya uye inoyeuka zvinhu zvakashatiswa.
  • Vehicle yakachengeteka: Department of Transportations inoraira bhakiti rendege, mawire, uye mipimo yepeturu.
  • Kuisa mitemo pachikwereti chechikwereti: The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau inoraira panzvimbo dzechikwereti, makadhi okukwereta, uye zvikwereti zvavadzidzi.

Kuchinja kwemasangano okutarisira kunowanzochinja zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha, zvakadai sokuisa zvinhu panzvimbo yemadhiragi kana kuti madhingi panzvimbo pokugara.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yokumwe Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Zvisarudzo zvinotungamirirwa pamusoro pezvisarudzo zvezvokutengeserana, chiito chehondo, uye zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinotapura zvose zviri zviviri mabhizimisi navanhu vamwe navamwe. Somuenzaniso, kudzorwa kwebvumirano yebhizimisi reUSMCA (pakuisa NAFTA) kwakachinja zvisungo zvezvipo zvemotokari nezvikamu zvokurima. Kurwisana nenyika dzakadai seRussia kunogona kuparira mitengo yesimba papombi. Uye chiremera chaPrezidhendi kutumira mauto mhiri kwamakungwa chinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwemitezo yebasa nemhuri dzavo.

Kuneta Kwemari Neyamuro

Munguva dzokuderera kwezvemari, bazu guru rinogona kuparadzira mari kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzakadai seCoronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act. Apo Congress yaisarudza mari, White House neDhipatimendi reZvemari rakasarudza nguva yemari yakananga ($1,200 pamunhu mukuru muna 2020) uye gadziriro yePachack Detection Program yemabhizimisi maduku. Izvi zvisarudzo zvaisarudza kana mhuri ingagona kubhadhara rendi kana kuti bhizimisi duku zvaigona kuchengeta vashandi pamubhadharo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Mitemo uye Kudzivirira Kodzero

Bazu redare (jeri) rakaumbwa neDare guru uye rinoumba matare eruwa neamburera rehurumende) zvinodudzira mitemo neBumbiro remitemo. Kutonga kwaro kunogona kubvisa mutemo, kutsigira zviito zvehurumende, kana kuti mirau yenzanga yakashata. Zvisarudzo zvedare kazhinji kazhinji zvine miuyo inononotsa kupisa asi huru paupenyu hwezuva riri rose.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nokuenzana

Zvisarudzo zvewalmark zvinorondedzera chikamu chekodzero dzevanhu. Brown v. Board of Education (1954) yakaguma nokusarurana kwapamutemo muzvikoro, nepo bergefell v. Hodges (202011]) yakavimbisa roorano imwe cheteyo yetekisi munyika yose. Mifungo yemazati yepikicha yemabhurokosi.[[FLT:][FLT] [25]]) yakarova pasi mitemo inozivikanwa nerevo yedzinza, inochinja sei mitongo inotapura vadzidzi zvakananga, mhuri, uye vashandi vanowana mabanza.

Kuva Woga uye Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu

Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu runowedzera, matare anodzivisa miganhu yakavanzika. California v.[FLT] [2014, Dare Rapamusorosa rakasarudza kuti mapurisa aingoda murairo wokunzvera chiitiko cheserura chokusunga [1]i chisarudzo chinodzivirira chitsama chikuru chemashoko omunhu oga akachengetwa pafoni. Carbatent v. United States (2017]), Dare raida mvumo yemashoko enzvimbo yesero, kuisa kunzvera hurumende. Izvi zviitiko zvinoumba kuti vanhu voga voga vangakarira sei nguva inosvika nguva yokuwana mashoko ezvirongwa.

Ruramisiro Youtsotsi Nokutongerwa

Chirango chedare pakutonga, kubvisa mhosva mudare, uye mapurisa zvine migumisiro yekare. Somuenzaniso, Miller v. Alabama (2011) (2012) yakarambidza upenyu hwechibharo pasina kubvisa vapari vemhosva dzepwere, zvichitungamirira kukuramba kunzwiwa kwezviuru zvevasungwa. Chisarudzo cheDare mu United States v. Jones (20) akadavira kuti kuisa mukwara weGPS mumotokari kuiumba kunzvera pasi peGeneset Restemplection, inotapura miitiro yemitemo. Kuwedzera, dare rakaderera pamusoro pezvibvumidzo zvinokwa kuti vakuru vakuru vezviwiso zvingava zvakakuitwa nesimba rakanyanyisa, kupesvedzera kuzvidavirira mapurisa.

Kuwana Kutarisirwa Kwoutano uye Kodzero Dzokubereka

Bazu redare rinoita basa rinokosha mumutemo wezvoutano. Mu Dobbs v. Jackson Vakadzi’s Health Organization (2022), Dare Gurusa rakatendeuka Roe v. Wade, richidzorera murairo wokubvisa mimba kuhurumende. Iyi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kumitengo yakapoteredza kubvisa mimba: vamwe vanorambidza kubvisa mimba pakunamba, vamwe vanoidzivirira kuti ive nechakanaka. Nenzira yakafanana, kutonga paAfford Care Care Act (NFIB v. Selius] (20) iyo inotsigira mutemo somunhu oga oga somutero weini womutero unochengetwa.Pumberswo (mushonga)

Mutemo Wemhoteredzo Nekodzero Dzezvinhu

Matare anowanzosarudza dzikamo pakati pemirau nekodzero dzezvinhu. West Virginia v. EPA [2022], Dare rapamusoro rakaganhurira chiremera cheEPA kudzora kubudiswa kwecarbon kubva kunzvimbo dzesimba muClean Air Act. Iyi dare inotapura mamiriro okunze pamwero wehurumende. Panzvimbo, zvinoitika zvakafanana ne Kelo v. City of New London[FLT:] (2005] (2005) inosimudzira nzvimbo yakatanhamara yebudiriro yezvemari, kupfuudza mamiriro ezvinhu anogona kutapura vatenzi vemusha nebhizimisi.

Cheki Nedzikamo Zviri Mubasa: Midziyo Chaiyoiyo yeNyika

Mapazu matatu anobatana nguva dzose, achigadzira gadziriro yokusundidzira nokudhonza inoumba muitiro unoguma. Kunzwisisa izvozvi kunojekesa chikonzero nei mitemo yakati ichichinja kana kuti ichidzorwa.

Kutarisira Kwomutemo Kwechiremera

Congress inogona kunzvera zviito zvebazu ravakuru vakuru kupfurikidza nokunzwa, zvipfuro, uye simba rechikwama. Somuenzaniso, House Sand Committee to Investigate the Desert yaJanuary 6th Attack yakaitirwa dare ravose iro rakapesvedzera Department of Justices kukwirira kwapashure kwavanhu vanopfuura 1 000 ( munyu ). Nenzira yakafanana, hondo dzemisangano pamusoro pokutsigira mari nokuda kwechengeteko yemuganhu kana kuti njodzi inogona kumanikidza mukuru mukuru kugadziridza zvinhu. Pasi pokunzvera kwechibvumirano, kudzora kungashanda kupfuura chiremera chayo chinogoverwa.

Kuhwirudzura Kunoita Vatongi Mabasa Emisangano

Matare ehurumende nguva dzose anoputsa mitemo inoputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. United States v. Morrison [2000], Dare Rapamusoro rakabvisa rutivi rweRwisano Navakadzi Act, achitonga kuti Congress inopfuura masimba ayo emitemo yokutengeserana. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, matare akavhara chikwereti chemari yavadzidzi cheBiden nemhaka yokuti yakanga isina chibvumirano chakajeka. BIVEN. BIVEN[FLT], 2023]. Zvisarudzo zvakadaro zvinomanikidzira bazu remitemo yokudzosa kudzoserazve mitemo uye pane dzimwe nguva kupfuudza gadziriro itsva, zvikweretiso zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru zvebasa.

Mukuru Mukuru Wehurumende Nemasimba Okugadza

Purezidhendi anogona kugadza mutemo, kudzorera zvikwereti kuCongress kutoti zvikamu zviviri zvezvitatu zvemakamuri ose zviri zviviri zvadzo zvipfupiswa. Purezidhendi Trump akabudisa 10 vevetoes; Purezidhendi Biden akapa 13 (sokutanga kwa2025). Munguva ino, simba raPrezidhendi rokugadza vatongi vehurumende(kubatanidza vatongi veDare Rapamusoro-soro) , kubatanidza vatongi vedare redare kwemakumi amakore. Kusimbiswa kweRumbiro dzeChireve, Kavaugh, uye Barrett kwakabvisa voruzhinji veDare, zvichitungamirira kuzvisarudzo zvakafanana neDobbs.

Tapuro yeHurumende Yakakamuraniswa

Apo masangano akasiyana - siyana anodzora White House and Congress, mutemo unowanzomisa kana kuti kubuda bedzi pashure pokubvumirana kukuru. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wegadziriro yezviwiro webipartis wakapfuudzwa bedzi pashure pemwedzi yekurukurirano uye wakanga uri muduku zvikuru kupfuura zvikarakadzo zvokutanga. Hurumende yakakamukana inotungamirirawo kumirano mizhinji yehurumende uye chinjo dzinodzorwa, sezvo mapurezidhendi anorega Hurumende inodzivisa. Uku kushanda kunoreva kuti upenyu hwezuva nezuva nemwero yemari, mitemo yezvakapoteredza, kuendesa kutama kunzvimbo dzinogara munyika (kusvikira kumakore mana) kumisere zvichitsamira pazvinova nesimba rebato.

Kubatanidzwa Kungaita Vagari Vemo Nebazu Rimwe Nerimwe

Kunyange zvazvo gadziriro yacho inganzwa iri kure, pane nzira chaidzoidzo idzo vanhu vanogona kupesvedzera nadzo zviito zvemitemo, zvokutungamirira, uye zvokutonga:

  • .Iregiti: Sarudza vamiriri vako (Imba neDare); pinda horo dzetaundi; uye vhota muprimiti nesarudzo dzavose. Tsinhiro yavose pamusoro pemiraudzo inokarakadzwa.. .gov mirau yesangano.
  • Zvinoshanda: Kubatana namasangano ebazu makuru kupfurikidza nenhambo dzetsinhiro dzavose pamirau inokarakadzwa; kumbira White House kupfurikidza neIwe People; uye nyorera Office yaPurezidhendi panhau dzemiitiro.
  • Judicial:[[FLT: 1] Tsai anicus curiae (“shamwari yedare”) inopfuura kupfurikidza namasangano; tsigira kukwikwidza mhaka kunodenha mitemo isina kubvumiranwa; uye kutora rutivi mubasa redare rinobetsera, iro riri chimiro chakananga chebvumirano yokutonga.

Kurumbidza vakuru vakuru vanogadza vatongi (Vatongi vanosimbisa vatongi) uye nokuda kwaMapurezidhendi vanoumba bazu guru vanoramba vari nhare hurusa. Grassroot, kubva munhimbe dzakanyorwa tsamba dzokuramba, munhau dzakasunda mapazi ose matatu kuita chiito — sezvinoonekwa mutapuro yeCivil Rights Movement pamutemo, mirairo yevakuru vakuru, uye dare.

Mupeto: Bumbiro Remitemo Ripenyu Riri Pabasa

Mapazu emitemo, ebasa, uye edare pamwe chete anoumba gadziriro inoshanda iyo inoshandura nheyo dzisina kujeka kuva miuyo inooneka. Mutemo unopfuudzwa neCongress unogona kuderedza zvikwereti zvemhuri zvokurapa; murairo wokutarisira unogona kudzivirira mutami muduku pakudzingwa; chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro chinogona kuvimbisa maruramiro okuroora upi noupi anodiwa. Izvi zviito hazvisi kurukurirano dzemitemo dziri kure asi masimba apedyo anoumba kugadzikana kwedzimba, mukana wedzidzo, rusununguko rwomunhu oga, uye chengeteko yemari.

Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzisi venhau, vehurumende, kuziva mamiriro ezvinhu ebazu matatu anokosha. Nzvero nedzikamo zveBumbiro reMitemo hazvisi zvokufananidzira chete (hwunopinzwa zuva nezuva mumatare, mahofisi emasangano, uye matare apamutemo. Nokugara vakaziviswa uye vakanyoresa, vagari vemo vanogona kubetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mabasa ehurumende anobatira zvakanaka zvavose. Simba rokutonga riri munzvimbo iri yose, kubva mumvura nzanga inonwa vana vanofema, uye mutoro womunhu ari wose kuinzwisisa nokuiumba.