Simba Rinogara Rokusarudza Mumutemo weAmerica

Ukama pakati pehurumende yehurumende yenyika hwakava kusawirirana kunorondedzera mumutemo weAmerica chifo chokutangwa kwenyika. Pachisakiso ichi chikuru pane mubvunzo wakakomba: ikodzeroi dzinodzivirirwa neHurumende dzomunzvimbomo nedzehurumende, uye dzinoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende chete? Mhinduro yave ichiitwa kupfurikidza nedzidziso ye [[FLT: 0] inoreva kuti kuva mugari wemo kweAmerica kunofanira kuva chinhu chimwe chete [[[FLT: 1], nheyo yemitemo yakatambanurira dziviriro yaMagariro kuhurumende kupfurikidza nePendeko reDzo. Iyi purogiramu haina kugadziridza bedzi mutemo nemitemo asi yakajekesawo revo revo yevagari veAmerica kupfurikidza nokuziva kuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzisi pasi pezvikuru zvomunzvimbomo.

Kusarudza kunomirira mativi apakati pemirangariro miviri yakanyanyisa: kuti Bill of Rights inoshanda zvizere kuhurumende (chinodzivisika) uye kuti haishandi chose chose (kunzwisisa kweHondo isati yasvika). Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare Rapamusoro rakatora mutoo wechinhu, kuyera kodzero imwe neimwe somunhu mumwe nomumwe uye kusarudza kana ichikosha zvikuru kurusununguko neruramisiro zvokuti inofanira kudzivirirwa pakurwisana nehurumende. Mhaka iyi nenzira yechinhu chimwe yakaita kuti mutemo urambe uchingova wakapfuma uye pane dzimwe nguva unoramba uchirwisana.

Kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti unani hweAmerica hunoshanda sei chaizvoizvo. Inotsanangura chikonzero nei hurumende isingagoni kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo, chikonzero nei mapurisa achifanira kurava nyevero dzeMiranda, uye chikonzero nei mabhodhi echikoro asingagoni kurambidza mabhuku nemhaka bedzi yokuti haabvumirani nepfungwa dzaanadzo. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo edzidziso yacho, kubudirira kwayo kwenhau, tapuro dzayo huru pamitemo yehurumende nemitemo, uye denho dzapanguva ino dzinopfuurira kuedza miganhu yayo.

Kunzwisisa Dzidziso Yokusarudza

Fandesheni yeBumbiro reMitemo

Dzidziso yokubatanidza kunosarudza inotsamira parugwaro rwe Firenceth , yakatenderwa muna 1868. Chikamu Chimwe chegadziridzo chinozivisa kuti hapana hurumende icha "noderedza munhu upi noupi woupenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. . Dare Gurusa Clausle raizoshandisa Hurumende dzakawandasa dzekodzero kuhurumende.

Nokuda kwenhau zhinji yeAmerica, Bill of Rights yakanzwisiswa kumanikidza hurumende yehurumende yehurumende bedzi. Mu Barron v. Baltimore (1833), Dare Gurusa raidavira kuti Kudzorwa kweFi5 Amendments Claus hakuna kushanda kuhurumende, ichisimbisa kuti Bill of Rights haina kuganhura simba rehurumende. Kunzwisisa ikoko kwakava kwamakumi amakore, kunyange pashure pekuumbwa kweGandrometerth Amendment, sokududzirwa kwapakuvamba kweDare rapamusorosadudzira muganhu.

Nguva yokuchinja yakauya pakuvamba kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, apo Dare rakavamba kubvunza kana maruramiro akati akanga anokosha zvikuru zvokuti aka "batanidzwa" muvimbiso yeChiteshi cheCreated Claus yerusununguko. Kana kodzero yairangarirwa kuva inokosha, hurumende yaifanira kuikudza sezvaiita hurumende yehurumende. Kana isina, matare akaramba akasununguka kudzora kana kuti kuganhurira kodzero iyoyo sezvaaiona kuti yakakodzera, pasi pemitemo yavo bedzi.

Rusarudzo v. Iconporation Yose

Dare rapamusoro rakaramba nguva dzose rondedzero yokubatanidzwa kwakakwana, iyo ingadai yashandisa Bill of Rights kunyika mune imwe nguva. Mutongi John Marshall Harlan akatsigira uku kusvika mukupesana kwake, asi voruzhinji havana kutongokugamuchira. Panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rakagamuchira mutoo we wokusarudza , richinzvera kodzero imwe neimwe somunhu oga kusarudza kana iri "ri mumifungo yerusununguko rwakarairwa".

Mutongi Benjamin Cardozo akarondedzera mupimo uyu mu Palko v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (1937]), achitsanangura kuti kodzero idzodzo bedzi dziri "dzechirongwa chaichoicho cherusununguko rwakarairwa" dzinofanira kubatanidzwa. Kodzero idzo dzinongova hadzo "dzokuchinja" kana kuti "dzisingakwanirisi. Mupimo uyu wave wakapfava zvakakwana kubvumira Dare kubatanidza kodzero itsva munguva ipo rinenge richichengeta nheyo yokuti haisi gadziriro iri yose yeChirongwa chekodzero dzekodzero dzakafanira kuitwa.

Nhasi, inenge dziviriro dzose dziri muBhii reRegions dzakabatanidzwa mukurwisana nenyika. Chinosiyanisa zvikuru chirambidzo cheThird Amendment pavarwi vana, chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reFindrever Amendment, uye kodzero yeSevenger Amendment kudare redare revagari vemo. Iyi purogiramu inoramba isina kubatanidzwa nemhaka yokuti Dare harina kuwana kuva chinhu chinokosha kurusununguko rweAmerica.

Chirango Chenhau Chokusarudza

Zviitiko Zvokutanga: Kuisa Basa Rapasi

Nhau yokusarudza kuvamba ne Gitlow v. New York (1925). Benjamin Gitlow akanga ari mushingairi weparation akawanwa ane mhaka mumutemo woutsotsi weNew York nokuda kwokubudisa kudanidzira kwokukuziviswa kwokukurirwa kwehurumende. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira kutenderwa kwaGitlow, rakaita kutaura kwokuchinja mudictiona: "Kudai tingagona kurangarira rusununguko irworwo rwokutaura uye rwezvinobudisa nhau (hwunodzivirirwa neRendecleast Reformation kubva kuBribrigment paCongresstion) iri pakati pekodzero huru yomunhu oga ne‘idzo dzouhverino yakadzivirirwa nomutoo wakakodzera weGedendermergated kubva kuMadome okuMadokemi eUrwe neUnited States."

Kufungidzira uku kwakazarura suo nokuda kwezvibvumikiso zvenguva yemberi kuti zvitaure kuti rumwe rusununguko rweFirst Amendment, uye pakupedzisira zvimwe Bill of Rights dziviriro, zvinofanirawo kubatanidzwa. Mu Nearbor v. Minnesota[FL:1] [1931], Dare rakabatanidza rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, rairova mutemo wehurumende waibvumira kudzorwa kwezvinyorwa pamberi pezvisaidzo ne "kwakaipa" kana kuti "kudzorwa kwemagariro ezvinyorwa." Mu Cantwell v. Connecticut[F:] (1940), Dare rakabatanidza Free Execregie, rinodzivirira kukumbira kworudzidziso kubva muzvinodikanwa zvehurumende.

Iyi nhau yapakuvamba yakatanga mupimo wokusarudza: denho dzomutemo wehurumende pahwaro hwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende, Dare rinonzvera kana maruramiro enhau ari anokosha, uye kana zvakadaro, Hurumende inofanira kururamisa kudzorwa kwayo mupimo wakakodzera wehwirudzuro. Uyu muitiro wakaitika zvishoma nezvishoma pakutanga, nekodzero shomanene dzakabatanidzwa mumakumi amakore pashure pa Gitlow[[[[FLM:1]].

Kumukira kweWarren Court

Wedzero inoshamisa zvikurusa yokubatanidzwa kunoshamisa yakaitika mukati mechikamu cheMutongi Mukuru Earl Warren kuvambira muna 1953 kusvikira kuna 1969. Dare reWarren rakatora murangariro mukuru wekodzero dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe ndokushandisa gadziriro dzakawanda dzeBill of Rights kuhurumende, zvikurukuru idzo dzine chokuita nemuitiro woutsotsi. Iyi nhambo yakashandura ruramisiro youtsotsi yeAmerica uye mutemo wenyika wakagadziridzwazve munyika yose.

Mu Mapp v.O. (1961), Dare rakabatanidza mutemo weChina weMwedzero yeChitanhatu, richiva noufakazi husati hwagona kuwanikwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo hungagona kushandiswa mumatare ehurumende. Mu Gideon v. Wainwr[FLT] [1963], Dare rakabatanidza kodzero yeSixth Amendmentingmenting to Dimence, richida kuti vamiri vamiri vamiri vapi vemhosva dzinopomerwa mhosva. [[FLT] [FLT] Marinda v [FLD] [FFLD] [5] [6], Dare rakabatanidzwa murumbiso rwechikamu chikaro cha5], (19666], Dare rinoisa murumbisodomedzo yogano muda yechikaro chama, zvino inoda kuzivisa murairo chamapurisa.

Dare reWarren rakabatanidzawo chirambidzo cheRendement ye8h Amendment pachirango choutsinye nechisiri chenguva dzose mu Robinson v. California (1962) uye kodzero yeSitanhatu yePramende Remisi yeMitemo yokutonga Klopefer v. North Carolina [1967])]. Pakasvika mugumo wenhambo yeWarren, miganhuro mizhinjisa yapakwaro youtsotsi muBill of Rights Rights yakanga yashandiswa kunyika, kuparira uriri hwenyika yose hwaifanira kuremekedza.

Nguva Yazvino Uno: Kusarura Kunopfuurira

Muitiro wokusarudza hauna kuguma neDare reWarren. Matare akatevera akapfuurira kubatanidza maruramiro okuwedzera, kunyange zvazvo panhano inononoka. Dincan v. Louisiana (1968), Dare reWarren rakaita kuti kodzero dzeSikisi Demendment dzive nokutongwa kwedare redare rakakomba. ]McDonald v. City of Chicago[[FLT:] (2017]), Dare raMarrenren Court rakabatanidza kodzero yeChimbingment yeChinest kuti ichengete uye chengete zvombo zvekuzvibhadhairira. [FLT] [FLT]] [FLD]

chisarudzo cheMcDonald chakanga chiri chinokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti chakabatira maruramiro ayo Dare rakanga richangobva bedzi kuzivikanwa sekodzero yomunhu oga mu Dicorent of Columbia v. Heller [2008]. Ikoku kwakaratidzira kuti kubatanidzwa kunoramba kuri dzidziso mhenyu yebumbiro remitemo, kunokwanisa kutambanudzira maruramiro matsva kuhurumende kunyange apo kodzero idzodzo dzimene dziri nhau yekurukurirano huru.

Chisarudzo chikuru chemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi chakasvika Timbs v. Indiana (2029), umo Dare raibatanidza Fife Reconfs Redmentived Reconstment yeSelech Reconstance Claus. Mhaka yacho yakabatanidza murume ane Nyika yeRever Revers yakatorwa nehurumende pashure pokunge apiwa mhaka yokutengesa heroin ine mazana mashomanene emadhora. Dare raidavira kuti kudzivirirwa pafashoni yakanyanyisa ikodzero inokosha kuhurumende kupfurikidza neSangano reSaundi Claus Claus.

Kugadziridza Kwakaita Mitemo yeHurumende Yokusarudza

Kupara Mhosva uye Maitiro Akakodzera

Sarudzo yokubatanidzwa kwegadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende yeutsotsi haigoni kunyanyoziviswa. Pamberi pokubatanidza, hurumende dzakaita matare adzo outsotsi noutarisiri huduku hwehurumende. Mapurisa aigona kushandisa ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo, vakwirirwi vaigona kutongwa pasina magweta, uye vanonyumwira vaigona kubvunzurudzwa pasina kuziviswa kodzero dzavo. Kurongerwa kwakachinja zvose izvozvi.

Nyika dzaifanira kurondedzera dzadzo kunzvera nemirairo yesimba kuti dziwirirane nemipimo yeGavhura reChina sezvinorondedzerwa neDare Gurusa. Madhipatimendi amapurisa munyika yose aifanira kugamuchira miitiro mitsva yokurovedza kuvimbisa vakuru vakuru vainzwisisa zvinodikanwa zve Mararina. Hurumende yaifanira kutsigira gadziriro dzavose dzokudzivirira kuti igove zano nokuda kwavapomerwi, chinodikanwa chinoramba chiri pasi pezvikamu zvizhinji zvanhasi.

Kubatanidzwa kwoMutemo weChinese weChibvumirano mu Mapp v.Ohio nyika dzinomanikidzirwa kudzvinyirira ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGaramisiti yeChina. Ikoku kwaida kuti matare ehurumende atange miitiro mitsva yokunzwa kwepfungwa dzechokwadi ndokuita sundo ine simba kuti mapurisa awirirane nemipimo yebumbiro-mitemo. Vatsoropote vakataura kuti uyu murangariro wakabvumira vapomerwi vane mhaka kuti vasunungurwe, asi vatsigiri vairamba kuti kwakanga kuri madikanwa kudzivisa mufambiro wemapurisa.

Nenzira yakafanana, kubatanidzwa kwe kwamaruramiro okupa zano mu [[FLT:] Gideon v. Wainwright [ inodikanwa nyika kugovera magweta nokuda kwavakwiri vaisagona kuvaripi. Iyi chisarudzo chakatungamirira kukusikwa kwehofisi dzavose dzinodzivirira munyika iri yose ndokuchinja muitiro womutemo weutsotsi. Manyika aifanira kuisa zvinhu zvinokosha kuti awirirane neiri basa, uye kunaka kwechiratidzo kunogoverwa neiyi gadziriro kunoramba kuri denho inopfuurira.

Kudzivirirwa KwePendeko Rokutanga

Kusarudza kwakava netapuro huru pamitemo yehurumende inodzora kutaura, rudzidziso, kubudisa, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Pamberi pokubatanidzwa, nyika dzakanga dzine chiremera chakafara chokudzora nharaunda idzi. Pashure pokubatanidzwa, mitemo yehurumende yaifanira kugutsa mipimo yebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Mu kutaura kwakasununguka, kwakareva kuti hurumende hadzigoni kuita kusabvumirana kwezvamatongerwe enyika nenzira iyo muparadziri wesocialist weNew York akanga aita nayo kuti Gitlow ave ratidzio yetsotsi. Nyika hadzingagoni kudzivisa kutsutsumwa kune rugare, mabhuku airambidza kubva mumaraibhurari avose akavakirwa pane zvadziri, kana kuti kuranga vanhu nokuda kwokutsoropodza vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzerusununguko rwedare kumanikidzwa kutora nzira yokutaura nayo nenzira yokuregeredza, kunyange apo kutaura ikoko kwaishatirwa kana kuti kwaitsa.

Mu rusununguko rworudzidziso[, rwaireva kuti nyika hadzigoni kutanga marudzidziso apamutemo kana kuti kuchengeta kworudzidziso. Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuraviwa kweBhaibheri muzvikoro zvavose, somuenzaniso, yakaparadzwa mu Amington School District v. Schempp [1963]. Mitemo yehurumende inorambidza kutengeswa kwamabhuku orudzidziso kana kuti kukumbira mvumo yorudzidziso yakakoneswa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubatanidza kodzero yavanhu kuti vashandise kutenda kwavo pasina vhiringidzo isina kufanira zvisina kufanira, kunyange zvazvo ukudzivirira uku kwave kwave kuri nhau yekurukurirano inopfuurira.

Mu rusununguko rwechinobudisa nhau, kubatanidzwa kwakareva kuti hurumende dzaisagona kupinda mukudzorwa kwapamberi pezvisaidzo zvezvinyorwa kunze mumigariro yechienzi zvikurusa. Mitemo yehurumende yaifanira kuwirirana nemipimo inoraira yakaziviswa mu New York Times v. Sullivan [1964], iyo yaida vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kubvumikisa njodzi chaiyoiyo kubvumikisa kuvadziko chaiyo nokuda kwokushatisa. Mitezo yehurumende inoda kuti mapepanhau azivise mhinduro dzinobva kuvadavirwa mune zvematongerwe enyika yakarohwa sehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuva Woga Nokuzvipinza Muropa

Kunyange zvazvo kodzero yokuva woga isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBill of Rights, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti rakadzivirirwa neGute Claus yeCentury uye rashandisa iyi dziviriro kuhurumende kupfurikidza nokuvhota. Mu Griswold v. Connecticut[[[FL:1] [1965], Dare rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende unorambidza kushandiswa kwezvibhatidzo navaroorani, richiwana kuti mutemo unoputsa nzvimbo yakadzivirirwa nenzira yapamutemo yechivande. [[FLT:] Eisstadt.[FLT] V[FLT:] [3]], Dare rakatambanurira iyi dziviriro kuvanhu vasina kuroora.

Mu .Roe v. [773]), Dare rairangarira kuti maruramiro oungwandangwanda akabatanidza chisarudzo chomukadzi chokubvisa pamuviri, kunyange zvazvo uku kubata kwakatendeutswa gare gare mu [ Dobs v. Jackson Vakadzi Voutano [[FLT] [2] [202] [2022], iyo yakadzorera murairo wokubvisa pamuviri kuzvinhu. [[[FLT: 4.] MaDobs chisarudzo chinoratidzira muenzaniso usingawanzovaki weDare shure mumugariro wakabatanidzwa wakarurama, unoratidzira kuti dzidziso yokusarudza haichinjiki.

Mu Lawrence v. Texas [2003], Dare rakabatanidza maruramiro okupinda mumufambiro wevatano wapachivande, kurova mitemo yehurumende. uye mu Obergefell v. Hodges[[FLT] [2003] [2015], Dare rakarangarira kuti maruramiro okuroora anodzivirirwa namaruramiro anokosha neBasa Regadziriro yeClaus Claus, kuchida kuti nyika dzose dzinoziva roorano dzevatano dzakakura sei dzinosarudzwa nedzinodikanwa kuremekedza mufambiro womunhu oga womunhu oga.

Kuchinja Kunoita Mitemo Yenyika Kunodarika Mazita Akawanda

Dzidzo Nokutaura Kwevarwi

Zvikoro zvavose namayunivhesiti ehurumende zvakatapurwa zvikurukuru nokubatanidzwa kusingasaruri. Dare Rapamusorosanorangarira kuti maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo pagedhi reimba yechikoro, uye masangano edzidzo ehurumende anofanira kuremekedza maruramiro iwayo mukati memiganhu iyo Dare rakagadza.

Mu .Tinker v. Des Moines Independent School Community [1969], Dare rakaramba kuti kodzero dzevadzidzi dzokutaura norusununguko dzinotambanukira kuzvikoro, kudzivirira kodzero yokupfeka zvibatso mukutsutsutsumwa kweHondo yeVietnam. Gare gare zvisarudzo zvakanatsa iyi nheyo, zvichibvumira zvikoro kuganhurira kutaura kunovhiringidza mune zvokunyama kana kuti kunosimudzira kushandiswa kwemirimo isiri yapamutemo, asi zvinodzivirira kutaura kwevadzidzi kunotaura nhau dzezvamatongerwe enyika nedzenzanga.

Mayunivhesiti ehurumende aitofanirawo kushandisa zvinodikanwa zveFirst Amendment mukutungamirira kutaura kwechikoro. Nhamburiko dzokuita bumbiro remitemo remitemo inodzivisa kutaura kworuvengo kana kuti kutaura kwokutuka dzakarovererwa dzakarovererwa kakawanda nematare ehurumende sedzinoputsa First Amendment. Masangano aitofanira kutanga dzimwe nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti apedze rusaruro uye kunetsa panzvimbo inochengetedzwa.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, mitemo yehurumende inoda kuti zvikoro zvehurumende zvidzidzise zvidzidzo chaizvo zvechikoro, zvakadai segadziriro youchenjeri kana kuti kusikwa, yakaregwa sokuputswa kwezvikamu zvoKugadzwa kwaClaus.Kubatanidzwa kwezvikamu zvorudzidziso nokudaro kwakaganhurira chiremera chorudzi pamusoro pezviri mukati medzidzo apo kunenge kuchidzivirira maruramiro avadzidzi okutaura zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso kunze kwekirasi.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nenzvimbo Yokugara

Kusarudza kwave kuchidikanwa nyika kuti dzishandise ukama hwakaoma pakati peFree Execroem Claus neGumbidzo yaClaus. Nyika hadzigoni kufarira rumwe rudzidziso kupfuura rumwe, uyewo hadzigoni kudzivisa kushandiswa kwapachena kworudzidziso pasina ruramiso inogombedzera. Ikoku kwakada kuti nyika dzitange miitiro inowirirana nomuitiro worudzidziso dzichiremekedza kurambidza kwebumbiro remitemo pasangano rorudzidziso.

Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuti mabhizimisi apedze paSvondo, inozivikanwa semitemo yebhulue [, yakatsigirwa apo vanobatira chinangwa chenyika, asi yakaparadzwa apo ivo vanotsigira zvakajeka kuchengeta kwakati kworudzidziso. Mitemo yehurumende inogovera mari yavose nokuda kwezvikoro zvorudzidziso yave iri nhau yemari yakakomba, neDare Rapamusoro rinorangarira kuti mari yakadaro inobvumirwa apo rutivi rwepurogiramu inowanika kazhinji kazhinji asi isingagoni kudzorwa apo inoputsa gadziriro dzemitemo dzehurumende dzinodzivisa kuyamura kumasangano orudzidziso.

Traditional Freedom Reformation Act [RFRA] nemitemo yenyika yakafanana yakaparira kuoma kwakawedzera. Iyi mitemo inoda kuti hurumende igovere muitiro worudzidziso kutoti ine fariro inogombedzera ndokushandisa mitoo miduku miduku. Mitemo yaifanira kushandisa iyi mitemo mumashoko anobva murusaruro rwebasa kusvikira kuhasha dzoutano, ichidzikamisa maruramiro evarambi vorudzidziso namaruramiro avamwe kukupinda mumasangano namabanza.

Kuchinja Kweruramisiro Youtsotsi

Kubatanidzwa kwedziviriro dzemiitiro youtsotsi kwakaparira chinjo huru mumasangano ehurumende outsotsi. Nyika dzakafanira kupa zano kuvakwidziridzwa, kudzvinyirirwa kunoitwa nenzira isati yapamutemo ufakazi hwakawanwa[, [[FLT:] [[FLT]] kupa Mirada [, uye kuinoita kuti kuedza kunokurumidza [. Izvi zvinodikanwa zvakagombedzerwa kutaura kuti zviite mukudzivirira gadziriro dzavose, mapurisa, kurovedza kwamapurisa, uye kutungamirira dare.

Hurumende dzakafanirawo kuhwirudzura mabumbiro adzo outsotsi kuti awirirane nemipimo yeSendment. Chirambidzo pa nechirango chechienzi [ chakashandiswa kunyika kupfurikidza nokubatanidza, kuganhurira kushandiswa kwesimba rakanyanyisa namapurisa, kuganhura migariro yokuvharirwa mumajeri, uye kurambidza mitongo yakati nokuda kwepwere dzinopara mhosva. Mu [[FLT:] Atkns v. Virginia[[FLT:]] [2002], Dare rakabatanidza kuti kuuraya vanhu nourema hwendangariro hunoputsa , uye [FLT] r [FFFFF].[FFF]

Kubatanidzwa kwe [[FLT: 0] Tsvene yeIndaneti yakabatana ne $ mu [[FLT:] Timbs v. Indiana yaida hurumende kuti dzigadzirise miitiro yavo yehurumende. Hurumende zhinji dzakanga dzabvumira masangano anodzikamisa mutemo kutora zvinhu zvakabatanidzwa nemubato woutsotsi ndokuchengeta mari yaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti muridzi wenzvimbo akawanwa ane mhaka. [[FLT:]] Tims [[FLT:]] chisarudzo chakaitwa chakajeka kuti kurasikirwa kwakadaro kugona kuva kwakakomba zvikuru ku mhaka, kuparira kugamuchira miganhuro mitsva pakurasikirwa.

Kunetseka Kwepanguva Ino Nemibvunzo Isingagadziriswi

Kugadziridzwa Kwechipiri Pashure PeHeller naMcDonald

Kubatanidzwa kweChipiri Amendment mu McDonald v. Guta reChicago (2010) rakaparira kurukurirano inokosha nemitemo. Nyika nenharaunda zvaifanira kugadziridza mitemo yadzo yokudzora pfuti kuti zviwirirane nekodzero itsva yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwokuzvidzora. Izvi zvakada kuti nyika dzipembedze ganhuriro dzadzo pasi pomupimo wakafanira wehwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo.

Dzimwe nyika dzakapindura kupfurikidza nokugamuchira asingatakuri mitemo , dzichibvumira vanhu kutakura pfuti pasina rezinesi. Dzimwe dzakachengeta kana kuti kusimbisa zvinodikanwa zvavo zvinodzorwa, dzichitaura kuti iyi mirau inowirirana neReformation yechipiri seinorondedzerwa neDare Rapamusorosoro. Muuyo wave uri basa remitemo yehurumende inoratidzira ganhuriro yemiitiro pamusoro pedzidzoro dzepfuti nekotsekano dzavose.

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa muNew York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen (2022) yakajekesazve mupimo wokurangarira denho dzeChipiri merfection. Dare rakataura kuti mirau yepfuti yazvino uno inofanira kuva inowirirana negamuchidzanwa renhau remitemo yepfuti, inoda kuti nyika dzipinde mukunzvera kwenhau kururamisa mitemo yavo. Iyi chisarudzo chakabvisa hurumende yakawanda "makeis - unie" inovanza mitemo uye yakasunda ganhuriro kumimwe miraudzo yehurumende, kubatanidza miraudzo pamusoro pemiraudzo yenhau yakakwirira yehurumende uye zvombo.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Mitemo iyi inofanira kuenderana neFirst Amendment ine chokuita neFirst Amendment, inoshanda pakudzora kutaura kwehurumende pasinei nokuti kutaura kwacho kunoitwa paIndaneti here kana kuti kwete.

Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuti zviteshi zvesocial network zviite zvimwe zvinobatanidzwa, kana kuti kurambidza kubvisa zviri mukati makavakirwa pamurangariro, yakadenhwa seisinei nemitemo inomanikidzirwa kutaura. Mitemo yehurumende inoita kuti kunetsa kwepaIndaneti kuitwe kuti idzivise kunyanyovakwa. Kubatanidzwa kwenheyo dzemitemo yokutaura norusununguko kunoreva kuti nyika dzinofanira kuremekedza musiyano pakati pokutaura kwakadzivirirwa uye kutaura kusina kudzivirirwa, kunyange mumhoteredzo yemichina inokurumidza kubuda.

Kudzivirira kwokutanga kwomutauro usingazivikanwi kwakashandiswawo kunyika kuburikidza nokupinzwa, kuchiganhurira mano enyika okuda kuzivikanwa kwevakurukuri vepaIndaneti. Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuti vanhu vanyore mazita avo chaiwo vasati vaisa mashoko avo pawebsite, kana kuti kuda mawebsite kuongorora ufakazi hwevashandisi vavo, yakashorwa seinopesana nekodzero dzokutaura vasingazivikanwi.

Kodzero Dzokuva Woga Muzana Remakore Ramakumi Maviri Rokutanga

Ukuru hwekodzero dzemunhu oga dzinodzivirirwa neGast Proce Claus Claus hunopfuurira kushanduka, uye nyika dzinofanira kuchinja miitiro yadzo kuti dziremekedze idzi kodzero. [[FLT: 0] kodzero yokuva voga kwemashoko [ yakazivikanwa nedzimwe matare sefariro yakadzivirirwa nemitemo, ichiganhurira mano enyika okuunganidza nokugoverana mashoko omunhu oga pasina ruramiso yakakwana.

Mitemo yehurumende inodzora kuunganidzwa kwemibatanidzwa yemikoto yeminwe nenzvero dzechiso, inofanira kuwirirana nedziviriro dzakavanzika dzebumbiro remitemo. Mitemo yehurumende inoda kuziviswa kwamashoko omunhu oga semugariro wokugamuchira betsero dzehurumende kana kuti mabasa inofanira kururamiswa nokungwarira. Kubatanidzwa kwekodzero dzomunhu oga kunoreva kuti hurumende haigoni kushandisa simba ramapurisa kupinda munhau dzomunhu oga pasina donzo rehurumende rapamutemo.

Kudzivirira kworusando rweFourmendement panzvero isina mufungo netsvindi , yakabatanidzwa kupfurikidza ne Map v. Ohio, yakashandiswa kuruzivo rutsva rwemitemo. [[FLT]] [FLT]] Karmenter v. United States [2010], Dare guru rairangarira kuti kuwana kwehurumende zvinyorwa zvenzvimbo yeserura yeserura kunoumba kunzvera pasi pePremishoni yeChina, ichida pamutemo. Chisarudzo ichi chakamanikidzirwa kugadziridza mutemo wavo unodzora kuteshidzo, kubatanidza mashoko, mashoko, manyoro, uye eemail.

Revo Isingaperi Yokusarudza

Kusarudza kwakachinja zvikuru dzikamo yesimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. Kwakaita uriri hwenyika hwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo idzo nyika dzose dzinofanira kuremekedza, kuva nechokwadi chokuti kodzero dzinokosha hadzitsamiri patsaona yevhu. Mugari wemo muTexas ane kodzero dzakafanana nedzomugari weMassachusetts, uye mupomeri wemhosva muAlabama ane kodzero dzeSixth Amendment semukwiri muNew York.

Panguva imwe cheteyo, kubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa kunobatanidza nzvimbo yenzvero nemhatsa dzenyika. Hurumende dzinogona kuisa mitemo inopfuura mwero womubatanidzwa, ichidzivirira kodzero zvikuru kupfuura zvinoda Bumbiro reMitemo. Dzinogonawo kudzora munharaunda dzisina kufukidzwa neBill of Rights, dzinodzorwa nemimwe ganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi dzikamo pakati pourudzi nemhatsa yenyika ndiimwe yebudiriro huru dzehurumende yeAmerica.

Dzidziso yokusarudza haisati iri yakarerekera. Dare Gurusa rinopfuurira kurangarira kuti ikodzero dzipi dzinokosha uye kuti dzinofanira kushandiswa sei kunyika. Zvisarudzo zvomunguva yemberi zvingabatanidza maruramiro asati azivikanwa, kana kuti zvinganatsa dziviriro dziripo muchiedza cheruzivo rutsva rwemagariro avanhu. Chinoramba chiri nzwisiso huru yechisarudzo: kuti Gwero reMitemo yeGeneti Indasi yeFineth Amendment inodzivirira musimboti werusununguko mukuru uyo pasina nyika ingaramba.

Nokuda kwavaiti vemiitiro, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa kubatanidzwa kunokosha. Inotsanangura chikonzero nei hurumende dzichifanira kuremekedza Bhishopi yekodzero, uye inogovera gadziriro yokuyera kuva kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Sezvo denho itsva dzinobuda, kubva kuuchenjeri hwokuisirwa kusvika kumhinduro yakapararira, dzidziso yokubatana kunosarudza ichapfuurira kuumba ukama pakati pesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwomunhu, ichivimbisa kuti dziviriro dzeBumbiro remitemo dzinoramba dzine revo mumugariro uri wose uye nokuda kwomunhu ari wose.