Sumo: Kupesvedzera Kusingaperi Kwomutemo Woutsinye

Case (kuunganidzwa kwezvisarudzo zvokutonga izvo zvinodudzira mirau, mirau, uye gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo). Kure nokuva mubatanidzwa wemitemo yenhau yenhau, kana mutemo uchichinja nenzira inopfuurira, inoumba kuti matare anoronga nayo nharo, kuti magweta anoronga sei mitemo mitsva. Kuvatongi, vadzidzi, uye vadzidzisi, vanonzwisisa simba remitemo pamiitiro yazvino uno yemitemo yetsika yetsika; hakusati kuri kungovawo zvako muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo; ibasa rinoshanda. Dzidziso ye [[FLT: 0] inoreva kuti magadziro enhau dzebasa remitemo, uye kuti vatongi vanoronga mitemo mitsva sei. [[FLT: 1] vanochengeta mipimo yemipimo yemipimo yetsika nefambiro yemiitiro yebasa remitemo yapamutemo, uye kuzivisa kuzivisa pamutemo. Nyaya iyi inonzvera nzira dzinoshandiswa mumiitiro yemitemo inoshanda mumitemo yemitemo inoitwa.

Kunzwisisa Mutemo Wemhosva: Nheyo Nemichina

Papfundo rawo guru, mutemo unotangwa apo matare anopa mifungo inonyorwa iyo inotsanangura kufunga kwawo ndokushandisa nheyo dzapamutemo kumaidi akati. Iyi mirau inova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwematare maduku mukati momutemo mumwe chetewo. Iyi nheyo ye stare decis[] .C.Latin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo" matare anotevera zvisarudzo zvapamberi kunze kwokunge pane chikonzero chinogombedzera kupesana nazvo. Iyi dzidziso inotsigira chengeteko, kururama, uye budiriro mutsika yapamutemo kupfurikidza nokukurudzira vatsigirigi kuti vatsane nomutemo wakagadzwa.

Mutemo wemhosva unoshanda pahwaro hwenhau. muUnited States, somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chinobva kuDare Rapamusorosoro chinobatanidza matare ose ehurumende, nepo zvisarudzo zvinobva kudare redunhu rekukwirira zvinosungirwa pamatare oruwa mukati medunhu iroro. Zvisarudzo zvedare rapamusoro rehurumende zvinobatanidza matare ehurumende akaderera. Iyi dare rehurumende rinoreva kuti mirau ine simba inogona kutenderera nyika dzose, ichiumba miitiro yepamutemo munyika yose.

Zvikamu zvegore hazvisi zviya zvinoteverwa. Zvinogona kuiswa muboka rimwe chete se zvinobatanidza kana kuparadzira [[. Nhevedzo yokubatanidza inofanira kuteverwa nematare akaderera munzvimbo imwe cheteyo. Muenzaniso wetsika wakadai semitemo inobva kune dzimwe nzvimbo kana kuti kubva kumatare epasi, zivisairanga yemutongi asi haisi pamutemo. Atnorsy anowanzodudza chiremera chinonyengetesa kutsigira apo muenzaniso wakananga unenge usina kana kuti wakaipa.

Maturusi okunzvera azvino uno apamutemo akadai seWeslaw, LexisNexis, uye Cornell Legal Information Institute akaita kuti mutemo usvikire mhaka nokukurumidza uye ureve zvikuru. Magweta zvino anonzvera nguva dzose "Shepard' kana kuti "KeyCite" kunzvera kuti mhaka ichiri yakanaka kubvumikisa kuti haina kudzorwa, yakatsaurwa, kana kuti yakatsoropodzwa. Uyu muitiro mugumisiro wakananga wemhaka yetsika huru yomutemo: chiremera chemuenzaniso chinogona kuchinja munguva yakati matare makuru kana kuti masangano emitemo anopindira.

Basa Rezvitangi Mukakavadzano Dzapamutemo Dzazvino Uno

Zvikamu zvapakuvamba igadziriro dzakagadzirwa dzenyengetedzo yapamutemo. Muenzaniso wakasarudzwa zvakanaka unogona kumisa gakava, kuratidzira muuyo unobvira wenhau, uye kurangarira kwokutungamirira. Munzira, magweta anoshandisa mutemo wenhau ku:

  • zvinyorwa zvapamutemo zvina + Kupfurikidza nokuratidzira maidi enhau yazvino kugakava rapamberi, magweta anogona kuratidza chikonzero nei nheyo imwe cheteyo yapamutemo ichifanira kushanda.
  • Tsvakatation: Zviitiko zvefundo zvine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira izvo zvisingagamuchiri nzvimbo yazvo uye zvinotanga misiano (_mapfundo) anoratidza chikonzero nei nhau yazvino yakasiana.
  • Shift mutoro wokunyengetedza: Mazhinjisa ematare anotevera dudziro yakati inoparira murangariro wakasimba wokuti nhau dzakafanana dzichatevera wirirano.

Unyanzvi hwokusiyanisa mienzaniso hunokosheswa zvikuru mumashoko echiito. Apo gweta rinogona kuzivisa misiyano yeidi yakakomba − yakadai soruzivo rwakasiana, mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana, kana kuti mwero wakasiana wokubatanidzwa kwehurumende — dare ringaramba kushandisa chinoratidzika kuva panhau yapamberi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kunyanyobatanidza muenzaniso kunoda ruramiso yechienzi, kazhinji kazhinji yakavakirwa pachinoitika chapashure, migariro yakachinjwa, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwokuti chisarudzo chapamberi penhau chakanga chakashata.

Kana matare ari munzvimbo yazvo akatonga nguva dzose mukurwisana norudzi rwakati rwechati, mukwirirwi angashandisa maruramiro iwayo sechikonzero chokutsiva chitsama chakaderera, nepo mupoteri angashandisa mienzaniso yakanaka kuraira nzvimbo yakakwirira.

Seizvo [[Ntomba] Cornell Legal Information Institute inotsanangura, kutarisisa muitiro wokuti "kunopa dzikamo kumutemo uye kunobvumira avo vanotsamira pauri kuronga zvinhu zvavo. Uku kudzikama hakusati kuri kwakakwana, asi kunopa gadziriro inobvumira miitiro yazvino uno yapamutemo kuvakirwa muchinoitika chapamberi pedare.

Mutemo Wemhosva Netsananguro

Apo mirau inenge iri mitsauko inokatyamadza, iyo inowanzova yakadai sejeri remitemo kupedza nharo. Kubatana pakati pomutemo wemhosva nedudziro yemitemo ndeimwe yenzira dzinokosha zvikurusa dzinotonga mutemo unoumba muitiro wazvino uno. Matare anoshandisa zvishandiso zvokududzira zvakati kuti zvakanatswa kupfurikidza namakumi amakore ezvisarudzo:

Kunyora Magwaro Nerevo Yakajeka

Vatongi vazhinji vazvino uno, zvikurukuru mudare rehurumende reUnited States, vanoshandisa mitoo yemitemo inobatanidza revowo zvayo yomutauro wemitemo panguva yokugadzwa. Mutemo wenhau weLandmark, wakadai se United States v. Santos (2008]) kana Bhostock v. Clayton County[[[FLT:] [20] [20]), kuenzanisira kuti matare anokamuranisa sei, magadzirirwo egirame, uye marusarusaro okuvaka (g., [FLT.4] socis.[FFFFF:]

Dzidziso yeKevron Nokusabvumirana

MuUnited States, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosoro mu Chacevron U.S.A., Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. [19984] chakatanga gadziriro mbiri dzokuhwirudzura tsananguro dzemitemo. Munyasi weChevron, matare anozviisa pasi pedudziro yesangano ine mufungo kana Congress isati yapindura zvakananga nhau yacho. Iyi dzidziso yakaumba zvikuru mutemo wehurumende uye muitiro wokuzvitonga. Mabhii enhau anotevera akanatsa, akashandisa, kana kuti kutsoropodza, kuratidzira kuti mhaka inova pamusoro pesangano rinodzora.

Kudzikamisa Mutemo Uye Nhau

Mamwe matare anopfuurira kutsamira panhau yemitemo .Imishumo, mashoko ouriri, uye mashoko okunzwa zvinofungwa neAcess (zvisati zvatemwa) kuti zvii izvo Congress yakaronga pakunyora mutemo. Mutemo wedare wakaita mitemo pamusoro peapo nhau yakadaro isati ichidzoreka uye kuti yakafanirwa nouremu hwakadini. Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reU.S. mu United States v. American Trucling Associations [1940]) rakasimbisa kuti matare haafaniri kuvimba nenhau yemitemo kana rugwaro rwemitemo rwakajeka.

Kududzirwa kwezvibvumirano, zvido zvenhaka, uye mamwe magwaro apamutemo kunokweverawo zvikuru pamitemo yemhosva. Mitemo yomutemo yakadai se "ufakazi hwedare" kana kuti "sungano yakaitwa yokutenda kwakanaka nemabasa akanaka" yakarondedzerwa nokunatswa mumazana amakore emitemo. Vatengi mukutengi vanodudza nguva dzose mhaka idzi kufanoziva kuti dare ringapedza sei gakava pamusoro peshoko risinganzwisisiki.

Pesvedzero Padzidzo Yapamutemo

Mutemo wemhosva ndiwo musimboti wedzidzo yepamutemo mumasangano emitemo avose. Mutoo wenhau, wakapindwa naChristopher Columbus Landell paHarvard Law School mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19, unoramba uri mutoo mukuru wenhau. Vadzidzi vanorava zvisarudzo zveapplate uye ipapo vanopinda mukurukurirano yeSocratic napurofesa kuti vatore mitemo yapamutemo, kurangarira, uye mirangariro.

Kupesvedzera kukuru kwemitemo pamusoro pedzidzo yapamutemo kunobatanidza:

  • Vadzidzi vanodzidza kuziva nhau, mutemo, kushandiswa, uye mhedziso (IRAC) kubva mumurangariro wedare, ipapo shandisa chimiro ichocho kumaidi matsva.
  • Kunzwisisa kufunga kwapamutemo: Kupfurikidza nokukamura voruzhinji, kupinda, uye kupesana kwemirangariro, vadzidzi vanonzwisisa kuti matare anodzikamisa sei mipimo inokwikwidzana uye kududzira magwaro apamutemo.
  • Kugadzirira muitiro chaiwoiwo wenyika: mafemu eMitemo anotarisira vasonganiri vatsva kukwanisa kunzvera mienzaniso, kuwana simba ravo, uye zvibvumikiso zvounyanzvi zvakavakirwa mumutemo.
  • Kuratidzirwa kumativi akasiana - siana emitemo: Mabhuku enhau anoronga zvisarudzo zvechiratidzo chenhau kupfurikidza nenhau, achipa vadzidzi nzvero yomutemo woutsotsi, tort, zvibvumirano, zvinhu, mutemo webumbiro remitemo, uye zvakawanda.

Pakombiyuta se Oyez Project paChicago-Kent College of Law inogovera zvireko zvekuteerera nepfupiso dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa, kubatanidzazve mutemo wemhosva mukirasi. Tsinhiro dzoMutemo namagazini zvinotsamirawo zvikuru panhau kuti zvikarakadze chinjo nokurangarira kwokutonga.

Mutemo Wenhau Mumiganhu Yakasiana - siana Yapamutemo

Mutemo unodzora nzvimbo dzose dzomutemo, uchiumba zvose zviri zviviri mitemo yetsika nemiitiro yokutaura. Pasi apa pane nzvimbo dzinokosha umo mutemo unoshandisa pesvedzero yakasimba zvikuru.

Mutemo Wematsotsi

Prequences dzinorondedzera miganhu yemhosva, kududzira mitemo, uye kudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwavakwirirwi. Zviratidzo zvepasi remitemo zvakadai se Miranda v. Arizona (66) zvakatanga chinodikanwa chamapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo, nepo United States v. Jones[ [20] akakurukura GPS kunyora mukwara uye Gadziro reChina.

Mutemo Wakaipa

Negligence, musengwa wakaoma, uye matort akarongwa zvinodokuva zvinodzorwa chose chose nomutemo wenhau. Mupimo wetarisiro ine mufungo, mufungo webasa, uye zvinhu zvokuzvidzora zvose zvinobva mumirangariro yedare. Somuenzaniso, Palsgraf v. Long Island Railroad Co. [1928]) zvinoramba zviri ibwe renheyo yokunzwisisa chisakiso. Zviitiko zvazvino uno pachinhu, kusashanda zvakanaka kwezvokurapa, uye kushatisa kupfuurira kuchenesa idzi nheyo.

Mutemo Unobvumiranwa

Mutemo unowirirana unotsamira zvikuru pamienzaniso kududzira mashoko, kunzvera mishonga, uye kuita zvibvumirano. Dare reCHENGEDZO reFUNE rinowedzerwa nemubatanidzwa mukuru wenhau unotsanangura mifungo yakadai se "kutenda kwakanaka,"" uye "kusagona kudzora" miraudzo yakadai se HARmer v. Sidway (1991] [1891] parangariro ne .Baxdaley v. [1854]]

Mutemo Webumbiro reMitemo

Iyi nharaunda inodokuva inorondedzerwa chose chose nomutemo. Zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosoro reU.S. pakutaura kwakasununguka, rusununguko rworudzidziso, dziviriro yakaenzana, uye simba renyika zvakaumba nzanga yeAmerica kwamazana maviri amakore. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana Brown v. Dare reDzidzidzo [1954]), [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [Roev] v [777], uye [[FLT] OF:]bergefell v. Hod[FLD:5] [20] [20] [25] [5] noratidzira kuti kududzira pamutemo kunogona sei kugadzira kana kuti kukudza kodzero zvisingatsarunguri mubudiso.

Mutemo Wemhuri Nezvinhu

Chatanuro, kuchengetwa kwavana, kurerwa, uye nhaka zvinopesvedzerwa zvikuru nomutemo wenhau dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, mufungo we "fariro dzakanakisisa dzomwana" mupimo unotangwa kupfurikidza namazana emirangariro yokutonga. Mumutemo wezvinhu, dzidziso dzakafanana nechinhu chakaipa, kudzorwa, uye mirau inodzorwa inodudzirwa kupfurikidza nomutemo wenhau.

Mutemo Wezvakatipoteredza uye Wokutungamirira

Clean Air Act, Clean Water Act, uye mimwe mitemo yehurumende yakaparira mutemo mukuru wenhau panhau dzakafanana nokumira, kungwarira kwesangano, uye ukuru hwokutapura mhoteredzo. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Massachusetts v. EPA [2007] yakatanga kuti nyika dzakamira kukwirira hurumende yehurumende pachinjo yemamiriro okunze, ichiumba gadziriro dzenzvimbo dzenzanga dzemapoka emhoteredzo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno: Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu, Kutamba, uye Kuva Woga

Sangano zvarinochinja, mutemo unofanira kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva. Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopa zvimwe zvedenho dzinokosha zvikurusa nemikana yokuita chisarudzo chokutonga. Miitiro yazvino yapamutemo iri kuchinjwa kupfurikidza nemitemo paripo:

Uchapupu Hwemadhiragi uye Utsotsi

Nyaya dzematsotsi dzinobatanidza nenzira inowedzera ufakazi hwemagetsi ($Email]), masangano esociation, GPS data, uye nzvimbo yegore. Matare aitofanira kuturikira Gadziriro yeGenese neVerd Communications Act nechiedza chegore. Chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusoro re Carbatent v. United States[FLD] [2010] [2010]) yaidavira kuti hurumende inowanzoda pamutemo yokuwana mashoko enzvimbo yeserura yenhau, mutongo wakachinja kuti vachuchichuchichichi vanounganidza sei ufakazi.

Uchenjeri Hunogadzirwa uye Kushanda Kwenhema

Apo gadziriro dzeAI dzinoparira kuvadziko( somuenzaniso, mutsaona dzemotokari dzinozvitonga kana kuti rusaruro rwealgratics) rune tart nebvumirano mutemo zvinofanira kutambanudzwa kuti zvifukidze zviitiko zvetsoro. Mutemo wedare uchasarudza kana mugadziri, mugadziri wesoftware, kana kuti mushandi ari kufanirwa. The European Union’s General Data Protection Regatimending (GDPR) nenhau yayo inowirirana inobva kuDare reChiratiso cheEuropean Union (CJEU) zviri kugadzawo migaro yekodzero dzemitengo inodzivirira purogiramu inopesvedzera kushandiswa munyika yose.

Kuva Woga uye Kudzivirirwa Kwemashoko

Chiratidzo chewaker chaita se Google Spain v. AEPD (2014 (kururama kukanganwika" mhaka) uye Breyer v. Germany[ (2020]) yakaumba mutemo wechivande muEurope. MuUnited States, zvinoitika zvinobatanidza mitemo yemitengo yemashoko) zvakatungamirira kuchiito chinokosha chekirasi. Izvi zvisarudzo zvinosunda makambani kugadziridza mashandire emiitiro yavo yemiitiro nesimba rokudzivisa kurambira mutemo kuti ugare uchiwirirana nomutemo.

Varapi vemitemo zvino vanotsamira pamapepa chaiwo, mabasa akasimba emutemo, uye kosi dzinopfuurira dzemitemo kuronda idzi nzvimbo dzinofamba nokukurumidza. [[FLT: 0] REctronic Foundation [ inotora nhau dzakawanda dzinobatanidza ruzivo rwemichina, kugovera zviwiro nokuda kwamagweta navatsigiri.

Mugumisiro: Nheyo Inongogara ichipedza Kudzidza Zvepamutemo

Mutemo wenhau hausi muunganidzwa wakakomba wemifungo yekare; mibatanidzwa mhenyu yechiremera iyo inoramba ichiumba nzira iyo mitemo inodudzirwa nayo, nzira iyo rwisano dzinopedzwa nayo, uye nzira iyo nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinorovedzwa nayo. Kuvambira padzidziso yespeach decisis kusvikira kukunatswa kwedudziro yemitemo, kubva mukirasi kusvikira kudare, mienzaniso inogovera jambwa netsinhirano izvo tsika yemitemo inoshanda inoda. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kana mutemo uchibvumira chinjo zvishoma nezvishoma, kuchigonesa mutemo kupindura kuruzivo rutsva rwezvinhu, mipimo yenzanga inochinja, uye kutanga zvinetso kufanana nouchenjeri hwetsika dzapasi pose.

Nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mumuitiro wapamutemo, dzidzo, kana kuti kuita muitiro, kunzwisisa tapuro yenhau yomutemo hakusati kuri kwokusarudza. Kupfurikidza nokufunda mienzaniso, kusianisa nhau dzisingabetseri, uye kukwidziridza zvakanaka mutemo uripo, nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinova nechokwadi chokuti mutemo unoramba uri wose uripo wakatsiga uye unochinjika. Sezvo nhanho yechinjo yetsika inowedzera, basa remitemo mukuumba miitiro yazvino uno yemitemo richakura bedzi ukoshi.