Affordble Care Act (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, yave iri imwe yenhimbe hurusa dzemitemo yehurumende munhau yeAmerica yazvino uno. Chifo chakaitwa, Dare Gurusa rakayera pamusoro petsika yayo munhau dzinoverengeka. Iyi dare guru rinonzvera zvikuru kunzvera rugwaro rweACA uye tsinhirano yarwo negadziriro dzamabumbiro emitemo yakadai semaCLAus, Simba remari, uye kutengesa Claus. Kunzwisisa kwapakuvamba kunokosha kunzwisiswa somutemo woutano hweUnited States.

Chiratidzo hachisi dzidziso youzivi. Mukati meDare Rapamusorosoro, chinoratidzira mumitemo yakasiana---pharatifaunde yakatanhamara zvikurusa donzo repakuvamba [ (icho zviratidzo zvimene zvakanga zvinazvo mundangariro) uye [[Folct:2] revo yavose yavanhu [[ (kupfurikidza neiyi nzira munhu ane mufungo panguva yaizova anzwisisa rugwaro rwapamutemo). Nhau nemhaka yokuti inoumba ruramisiro inotsamira pairi: gakavanote kubva kuKokorodzano yeBumbiro reMitemo, mapepa, maturikiro apakuvamba, madudziro apakuvamba, miitiro yapakuvamba yakabva murondedzero yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo huru, zvikurukuru pakati peruramisiro.

Kudavira Mashura Kunokosha Sei?

Pamavambo payo, mavambo anodzivisa kuti revo yeBumbiro reMitemo inotsigiswa panguva yokugadziriswa. Chinjo ipi neipi kurevo iyoyo inofanira kuuya kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokushandurazve, kwete kutsanangurazve kworutongeso. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kuisa mavambo kunodzivisa vatongi, kuvadzivisa kuisa zvisarudzo zvavo vamene zvetsika dzavo vamene nokuchengeta kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Sezvo mushakabvu Antonin Scalia, mutsi wenhau anotungamirira, akanyorwa nenzira yakakurumbira: "Bumbiro reMitemo haisati iri chinyorwa chipenyu; yakafa, chinyorwa chakafa, chakafa." Vatsoropotesi, zvisinei, vanopikisa kuti chisakiso chemavambo chinogona kubudisa miuyo inopesana zvikuru kubva mumipimo yazvinosarudzwa nazvinovapo nazvinorwisana navose. Pasinei zvapo nekurukurirano yenhau yapakuvamba, kupesana kwakakurumbira kwazova chinhu chesangano repamutemo uye musoro wenhau dzinorwisana.

Kukwirira kwokutanga kuutanhamari paDare kwakawirirana neACA litigation. Kugadzwa kwaMutongi Scalia muna 1986 nesimbiso dzapashure dzeVatongi Clarence Thomas, Samuel Alito, Neil Gorfore, Brett Kavahaugh, uye Amy Coney Barrett, avo vanozivikanwa nechimiro chakati chechiIscream. Kwakabvisa nzvimbo inodudzira giramu yesimba rinokweva rinokweva rinokweva rinotenderera. Muzvinoitika zvapashure, ikoku kwakareva kunzvera kwakakomba, kupanikirwa kwokurava kwakafara kwesimba renyika, uye kunangidzira revo yapakuvamba yamashoko akadai "merce," "mutero," uye "mutengo". Zvikamu zvinotevera zvakanzvera kuti kurangarira kwapakuvamba kwakaita sei mumifungo mikuru yeDare gurusa kusvikira kuACA.

Kutanga Kuchiitwa: Nhau Huru dzeACA

National Federation of Independent Business (NFIB) v. Sebelius (202)

Kuedza kukuru kwokutanga kwechibvumirano chepamutemo chaACA kwakavakirwa pa chinodikanwa cha . Chinodikanwa chokuti vaAmerica vazhinjisa vachengete inishuwarenzi youtano kana kuti vabhadhare chirango. Hurumende yakadzivirira murairo pasi peChambery Claus, ichitaurira kuti chisarudzo chokurega inishuwarenzi chinotapura zvikuru kutengeserana kwechinete. Ruzhinji rwemite, zvisinei, rwakaramba kurangarira impikiswano iyoyo. Mutongi John Roberts, kunyora nokuda kweDare, akarangarira kuti Commercale haazati anopa simba kumanikidza vanhu kuti vaite basa riripo mukutengeserana; idzo bedzi inodzorwa mumitengo yapakuvamba. Kurangarira uku kwakasimba kwapakuvamba pakati penyika yemitemo yehurumende kutsigira pamutemo.[Foctives]

Mutongi Scalia, akakumbanirwa naMagweta Kennedy, Thomas, naAlito, akabudisa kusabvumirana kwakaparadzana kwakatora chimiro chakatooma zvikuru. Vakataura kuti chirairo chacho chakanga chisati chiri chirevo (kururamisa kumwe kwakapiwa nehurumende) nemhaka yokuti shoko rokuti “pamutsa” murugwaro rweACA rakakarakadza donzo rokuranga panzvimbo pechinganiso chemari inoiswa mari inodzoreka. Iyi idimburirwa rugwaro yakatowedzera kuviri kudenha kwakamanikidzirwa kuhurumende kutsamira paMasimba eTenderero sechipfuriso. Pakupedzisira, Chirevereriso Roberts anotsigira chiremera sokushandiswa kwechiremera kwechibhadharo, mhedziso iyo vamwe vapakuvamba vakatsoropotera sechinopesana nerevo yapakuvamba. [FLD] [FF]

Bhuku rinonzi King v. Burwell (2015)

Mu King v. Burwell, Dare rakarangarira kana mari yehurumende yeinishuwarenzi youtano inobvumirwa yeACA yaitengwa kupfurikidza netsinhano dzoutano dzakasimudzirwa nehurumende (sokupesana nokutsinhana kwehurumende). Rugwaro rwomutemo wakataurwa kuti mari yaiwanika nokuda kwerongedzero dzakatengwa “kupfurikidza neHurumende.” Dare rakataura kuti revo yakajeka yamashoko iwayo anorambidzwa patsinhano yomutemo. Hurumende yakataura kuti kurava chitsamanzwiro chacho mumashoko mumashoko akapoteredza(tohengetechete nedonzo reACAAC / akaita kuti mari iwapo pose.

Mutongi mukuru Roberts zvakare akanyora nokuda kwavazhinji, asi murangariro wake nguva ino wakaramba mutoo wakatsiga wekunyora mashoko emavambo nokuda kwokuda kurava kwakawanda. Akabvuma kujeka kworugwaro asi akagumisa kuti mashoko okuti “akagadzwa neHurumende” aifanira kuturikirwa muchiedza nharidzano dzakafara. Kuwana, iye akanyora, achati,“ achaita kuti musika weinishuwarenzi youtano woga” uye anobudisa mugumisiro usina mufungo: kutaura kuti kukundikana kugadza tsinhamiso yavo vamene kucharasikirwa neripo yakaita kuti ive inoshuviwa inopfuura. Vapanduki vaSChes, Thomas, naArieto , vanoshandisa chinyorwa chapakuvamba, kana kuti chinenge chiri basa rakajeka, rinowirirana nedare rinotonge richizivisa nenzira yakakurumbira zvikuru. [mushopuko mukuru anopa.]

California v. Texas (2021)

Denho huru yeACA yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikurusa, California v. Texas, yakadzoka kutsikano yomutemo yemunhu oga paari kurayira(apo muchimiro chitsva. Muna 2017, Dare rakanangidzira chirango nokuda kwokukundikana kuchengeta inishuwarenzi, kuiisa ku $0. Vatongi vakapikisa kuti pasina mutero (chirango chakanga chatsigirwa somutero), chirevo hachingagoni kururamiswazve pasi peSimba reMitero uye naizvozvo ACA yose inofanira kuwa. Dare, mu 712, rakaramba mhaka yokushaiwa kumira, vachiva nechenge vasina kukuvadzwa. Asi ruramisiro mizhinji yakanyorwa pamusoro pezvikwaningwa zvapakuvamba, uye muyakawanda.

Mutongi Thomas, achiva murutongeso bedzi, akataura kuti murairo womunhu oga, kunyange pasina chirango, unopfuura masimba anorongwa eCongress. Akaronda revo yapakuvamba yeChommerce Clause, Mutendi uye Simba reProfecing, achigumisa kuti vanhu vanogombedzera kutenga chibereko "hakuna kutongonzwisiswa sesimba rinopa Bumbiro remitemo. Akatsoropodzawo voruzhinji nokuda kwokukundikana kusvika pamipimo, achikarakadza kuti umwari hunoraira kujeka kunyange apo mubvunzo unopomerwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Ruramisiti Alito, mukupesana neRumbidzo yeRuramisiro, yakatototoenderera mberi, achiramba kuti chirevo charo chapanwa pasi pechiito chemitemo chikuru. Kunzvera kwavo kukuru kunotsamira zvikuru parevo yapachena "reguak" uye "dare renhau renhau rekare." inoratidzirwa kuti mudare rinoto redare rinoto rinoshanda kunyange mumugariro wehurumende inoto mukuru, nemhaka yenhungamiro yemitemo inodzo inodzo huru.

Kuumba Kwakaita Kufunga Kwekare kweDare reACA

Zviitiko zvitatu zvinozivisa mutoo: ruramisiro yapakuvamba nguva dzose inonzvera simba renyika kupfurikidza nerenje rerevo yenhau, kazhinji kazhinji ichiraira ururami hwamashoko nokudzivisa mirangariro inobva muzvinangwa zvakafara. Mu NFIB[[FLT 1], dzidziso yemavambo yakagovera nheyo dzouchenjeri dzokuganhurira Commercial Claus. [[FLT:] mu [FLT] King v. Burwell[[[FLT:]], chiIndaro chapakuvamba (kana kuti mukomancumhi wayo) yaizoziva kupesana kwakapinza pamutemo kungadai kwakatorerwa kweAAI. Muchichichichichichi , muchatonge chakakurumbira zvikuru. [FLT][FF][6]

Iyi dzvinyiriro inosimbisa kurukurirano huru murondedzero yapakuvamba imene. Vamwe vatangi, vakadai seMutongi Scalia naMutongi Gormoth, vanogamuchira revo yapakuvamba yemifungo seshamwari: revo yakajeka inodzora, uye Dare harifaniri kunzvera donzo remitemo. Vamwe, vakadai saJustice Thomas naJudge Bork (murangari wapakuvamba anotungamirira mufungo), vanosimbisa revo yapakuvamba yegadziriro dzemitemo kunyange apo inotungamirira kumiuyo inopesana nomutemo wapanguva ino. Zviitiko zvapakuvamba zvinoratidza kuti Chechi kwepakuvamba hakufaniri kuparira miuyo yemitemo; panzvimbo pezvo, zvinogovera musero wemisero yemisero yakasiana yokuti ruramisiro inogona kushandisa mhedziso dzakasiana pamusoro pemitero, simba remitemo yedare, uye kuhwirudzo.

Mazano Nokunyengedza

Chitendero chine mugove wacho wetsoropodzo pabhenji. Ruramisiro Breyer, Kagan, uye Sotomayor kazhinji kazhinji inotsigira chibvumirano chemitemo chinorarama [[FLT:] chinobatanidza nheyo dzemitemo kuti dzichinjire mitemo yechikomunidzo. MuACA litigation. MuAcotence Claus anofanira kuraviwa nenzira inonzwika kuti chaita kuti Congress atendere Congress kupedza zvinetso zverudzi zvakadai soukombishingidzo yezve utano ($5] Problemssss aisagona kuvei anotarisira. Justice Kagan, mubvumirano mu [Foctrial:]] King. v. Burwell , anosimbisa kuti ACive ai “masclex” anodikairwa kuti Dare rezvouchapupuri chaidzoro, kusagonawo kurangarira mashoko akasiana nea. Chitsono chapakuvamba chinowanzo kuva chikariro chenhau chapakuvamba. Chikato chenhau chakajeka. Chika kazhinjika zvikuru chinogona kuisa chaita kupfura

Uyezve, migumisiro inoshanda yezvisarudzo zvevakatanga muzvoutano. Muitiro wapakuvamba unorerutsa kuti mari inoshandiswa pakuchinjana kwehurumende ishaye basa ingagona kuparira mamiriyoni kurasikirwa. Nenzira yakafanana, kubvisa chose chose chiremera kugona kumisa misika yeinishuwarenzi, kukwidziridza mipimo nokuda kwaavo vane migariro yapamberi. Vatangiri vemashoko vanopindura kuti miuyo haisati yakafanira kukududzirwa kwemitemo. (5) Rugwaro runodzora. Asi sezvo Mutongi Robert H. Jackson akambocherekedza, Bumbiro remitemo ri “ringana kumira kumira kumira kwenguva refu nokuda kwemisikaro yeinishuwa” uye inofanira kushandiswa kumigariro mitsva. Kukurukurirana kuripo pamusoro pezvapakuvamba neAA kunosimbisa nhevedzano pamusoro pokuti matare anofanira kuita zvakanaka kana kuti zvinangwa kuti vachengete zvavanoona sokuko semagadzirirwo eBumbiro remitemo.

Kunetsa Kunoita Kuti Pave Nokutarisirwa Kweutano uye Kupfuura

Nedare razvino rinoumba matare matanhatu anoratidzira tsitsi nokuda kwokuvamba, uzivi huchapfuurira kuumba denho dzenguva yemberi kuACA(uye kumutemo mukuru wezvoutano. Nhau dzinobatanidza Medicaid kukura kwemirayiro inonyorwa, uye nhomba dzehurumende dzinoraira. Mu NFIB][FLT] [[FLT]], Dare rakatoganhurira muganhu kupfurikidza nokurambidza hurumende yehurumende kutyisidzira nokurasikirwa nemitemo iripo yeMidicaid mari kuti itsigire kukura. Kubata kunzwisiswa kwenhau kwevatano yomubatanidzwa wenyika. NEZVANHAU] NEZVA [[FLT]] [FLT]] [INHA] [1], Dare renguva yemberi rinodzora zvisarudzo zvoutano zvavanhu vose, kana kuti zvamaMediaredhi nokuda kwemitemo yapakuvamba.

Kureverera kune revo nokuda kwomutemo unodzora uye kuzviisa pasi pamasangano. Muzvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakafanana ne Light Enterprises v. Raimondo [2024], Dare ratonga [ Shiviro[[FLT]], kubata kuti matare anofanira kushandisa chisarudzo chawo chakazvimirira mukududzira mirairo neapost. Iyi transferment inoreva kuti apo Dhipatimendi yezvero yezveutano neProfesitisssss inotsanangura gadziriro dzeACAAA, matare haasati achizorega; anoshandisa kurava kwawo amene, sezvinobvira kutungamirirwa nerevo yokutanga yemiraudzo. Nyanzvi dzezvoutano dzinodeyamura mira pamusoro pemiraudzo yadzo dzinoda kudzivirira kudzivirira kut.

Kupfuura tarisiro yezvoutano, udzori hwemavambo hunotapura chinhu chiri chose kubva mukodzero dzepfuti ( Devoration of Columbia v. Heller, [[FLT]]] New York State Rifle & Pistol Association v. Bruen[[FLT]]]]) kumutemo wemhoteredzo, nhimbe, uye kubvisa mimba. Zviidzo zveACA zvinobatira semicroscom: zvinoenzanisira kuti kurangarira zvose zviri zviviri zvinodzosa sei vatongi (kupfurikidza nokuganhurira mano avo okurava masimba makuru muBumbiro remitemo) uye kuadzosa zvisarudzo izvo zvinoshatisa mitemo inoshatisa democration). Chikaro cheAmerica chinotsamira pauko kana kuti Dare rekare rinopfumbati kana kuti rinopfuvuka mumite. [FF][5]

mhedziso

Act yeAfforditable Care Act yave iri chikomberedzo chenhau huru nhatu dzechiziviso chenhau chapakuvamba chinobatanidza makore gumi, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarwisana nerevo yapakuvamba yeChommerce Claus, Simba Rokutengesa, Simba rokupfumisa, Kupfuudza naKukosha uye Kufanira kwaClaus. Chechi yakagovera gadziriro yendangariro ine simba nokuda kwokudenha pamutemo weAA, asi haina kupa miuyo yakafanana. Kushandiswa kworugwaro rwamashoko, revo yavose, uye kudzorwa kwedare kwakabudisa zvisarudzo izvo zvose zviri zviviri zvakaganhuridzwa nokuchengetedzwa mutemo. Sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kupinda mumibvunzo yezvo youtano yakakurumbira, pesvedzero yetsika yapakuvamba icharamba iri pakati-pakati pezvipikirwa nokugadzirirwa kwemitemo, sezvo kuchiparira kusabvumirana nokusabvumirana nokusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pezvipo nezvinodavimbwa navanhu vose, izvo zvinoda kuratidzira kuva nemutoodzano yemitemo yezve yezve youtano.

[[[FRANTA] Kurava kwapachikamu: