Table of Contents
Murangariro wokuva pamutemo inheyo yokutonga kunobudirira, inoumba ukama pakati paavo vanodzora naavo vanodzorwa. Pamavambo pahwo, kuva kwapamutemo kunomirira maruramiro etsika nemitemo okutonga, vara iro rinopa simba vatungamiriri kuti vaite zvisarudzo, vaitirwe mitemo, uye kurayira pasina kumanikidzira. Kana kuva nesimba kukava nesimba, vatungamiriri vanofarikanya chivako chokuvimba chinovagonesa kufambira mberi, kushandisa nhevedzano yenzanga. Nenzira inopesana, kana kushatisa, kutonga kunova kuterama, kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukusagadzikana, kupesana, uye kuputsika kwemasangano. Nyaya ino inokura inonzvera tapuro huru yokutonga pakudzora, nengwarambira kukuru. Tichanzvera zvikuru basa rinokosha rokutungamirira, kugadziridza kuratidzwa kwakwo, uye kugadziridza kugadziridzwa kwemasangano anoshanda munyika, uye kukurukurirana nokuwedzera kuvaka.
Kunzwisisa Kururamisira Mukutonga
Kutendeseka hakusati kuri pamusoro pokuva bedzi nesimba; kuri pamusoro pokuva nechiremera chinozivikanwa chokushandisa simba iroro. Mukutonga, kuva pamutemo kunogovera ruramiso yetsika nokuda kwomutungamiriri kana kuti sangano kuti ape mirairo nevagari vemo kuigamuchira seyakasunga. Pasina kuva pamutemo, hurumende inofanira kuvimba norutyo, simba, kana kuti chiokomuhomwe kuti ichengetedze kuteerera, uko kuri kwose kuri kunokosha uye kusingabviri munguva refu. Kutonga nokudaro ndiko nheyo yechibvumirano chakanaka chenzanga chenzanga chehurumende nemitemo inogadza kodzero nemisero.
Kurongwa Kwomutemo kwaMax Weber Mune Tripatrate
Nyanzvi yezvemagariro evanhu Max Weber yakakurumbira zvikuru yakataura marudzi matatu echiremera chakarurama chapamutemo: chegamuchidzanwa, chesimba ramashiripiti, uye chepamutemo.
- Traditional Legitacy: Ichi chimiro chinobva pachitendero muutsvene hwetsika namagamuchidzanwa zvinokudzwa nenguva. Zvigaro zvamadzimambo namakurukota ndemienzaniso yakakurumbira. Kutungamirira kunogarwa nhaka kana kuti kwakavakirwa pamuenzaniso, uye chiremera chinogamuchirwa nemhaka yokuti “kwave kuri iyi nzira nguva dzose.” Simba retsika regamuchidzanwa rinotsamira mukutsiga nokudeyama kwayo, asi utera hwaro mukutarisana nechinjo yenzanga.
- .Charatic Legitacy: Rudzi urwu runobva mumavara omunhu oga omutungamiriri(*herori, chiono, kana kuti nzwisiso yomudzimu. Nhamba dzemhindumupindu dzakafanana naMahatma Gandhi kana kuti Martin Luther King Jr. dzakatorwa papamutemo wesimba resimba kuti dziunganidze vanhu vazhinji. Utungamiriri hweCharism hunogona kunyandura chinjo huru, asi inova inotsiga nemhaka yokuti inotsamira pakuvapo kunopfuurira kwomutungamiriri uye kufadza kwomunhu oga. Zviwirirano zvebudiriro zvinozivikanwa pashure pokunge mutungamiriri wesimba resimba resimba resimba renyama zvisati zvasvika.
- .Legal-Ragastimacy:[[FT:1] Ichi ndicho chimiro chikuru munyika dzazvino uno dzedemokrasi. Chiremera chinoiswa mugadziriro yemitemo, miitiro, uye mahofisi, kwete muvanhu varimo. Vagari vemo vanoteerera kwete munhu asi basa rinorondedzerwa nemitemo isingasaruri. Ichi chimiro chakavakirwa pachitendero chokuti tsika imene inoruramisira, inopenya, uye inozvidavirira. Chinochinjika zvikurusa kutsika, masangano ezvoseizhinji, asi inoda kuchengetwa kwenguva dzose kupfurikidza nemitemo nepereko.
Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi wehurumende yoruzhinji angava nechiremera chomutemo chokutora mubumbiro remitemo, asi anoshandisawo chikumbiro chesimba, nepo magamuchidzanwa enyika (akadai sebasa remiitiro youmambo) achigovera kuva pamutemo kwokufananidzira.
Kupesana Nemitemo.
Kunokosha kusiyanisa kuva pamutemo nemitemowo zvayo. Mutemo ungapfuudzwa nomutemo nemuitiro wapamutemo(*) asi uchiri unorangarirwa sewapamutemo kana uchiputsa tsika dzapakuvamba dzeruramisiro kana kuti ruramisiro. Somuenzaniso, mitemo iyo inoronga dzinza ringava “regati” mutsika iripo asi isina kuva pamutemo. Mukaha uri pakati pomutemo noumhizha ndiwo manyuko makuru okusateerera mutemo uye kupesana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Muzivi Ronald Dwo Dworkin, kuva nomutevedzero kunoda kwete chete kururamisa kwapamutemo kwourudzi asiwo kuzvipira kunheyo dzeitiro dzakaenzana neruremekedzo. Kudzora kunoshanda zvakanaka kunotsamira pakuwirirana kwemitemo yetsika nemipimo yapamutemo nemipimo mikuru yokuchengeta chiremera chetsika yavanhu.
Kuvimba Nevatungamiriri
Kuvimba imari inokosha yokuva pamutemo. Vagari vangawirirana nemitemo nemhaka yorutyo kana kuti tsika, asi kudzora kunotsigirwa kunoda kuti vadavire kuti vatungamiriri vavo vanokwanisa, vakatendeseka, uye vashande nokuda kwezvakanaka zvakafanana. Chivimbo murangariro unowirirana: chinovakwa nokufamba kwenguva kupfurikidza nezviito zvisingachinjiki, kuita zvisarudzo zvinooneka, uye kuratidzirwa kuzvipira kugarikano yavose. Kana chivimbo chiri chikuru, vatungamiriri vanogona kuita zvisarudzo zvakaoma zvakadai sokukwidziridza mitero kana kuti kuisa kuoma kwemitero (*) nokusaramba kushoma nemhaka yokuti ruzhinji runodavira izvi zviito zviri madikanwa uye zvinoruramisira. Apo chivimbo chingava chakaderera, kunyange mitoo yakanaka ingasangana nenyuko nenyuko.
Vatyairi Vanokosha Vanovimba Nevatungamiriri
Kutsvakurudza mune zvematongerwe enyika uye mune zvehurumende kunoratidza zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvinogara zvichifanotaura kuvimba nevatungamiriri nemasangano:
- Tsvakaro: Kuzaruka mumabasa ehurumende, zvakadai semabhajeti okubudisa, kuzivisa kusawirirana kwefariro, uye kugovera mifungo yakajeka nokuda kwezvisarudzo, kunoderedza mashoko anoshandiswa uye kunobvumira vagari vemo kuyera. Kujeka kwakabatana zvikuru nokusasarura. Somuenzaniso, [[FLT:]] Transpability International [[ sangano rinonzvera uori uye rinotsigira kuvimbwa kwavose kuti vavake kuvimba.
- Kuzvidavirira: Vatungamiriri avo vanozvidavirira nokuda kwezviito zvavo(*) kupfurikidza nesarudzo, utarisiri hwokuzvimirira, kana kuti hwirudzuro yokutonga) hwunongedzero yokuti havasati vari pamusoro pomutemo. Kuzvidavirira kunoparira sundo dzokuita zvakanaka uye kunobvumira kubviswa kwavakuru vakuru vasina kutendeka kana kuti vane ushati. kuzvidavirira kwakatanhamara munharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika munyika yose.
- Kuzviisa: Vagari vemo vanovimba vatungamiriri vanogona kuita mabasa makuru akadai sechengeteko, gadziriro, utano, uye dzidzo. Kushandira pamwe kunotambanudzira kudzoresa kudzorerwo yenjodzi dzomusikirwo: vatungamiriri vanogamuchira nenzira inobudirira ngwavaira dzomusikirwo, zvirwere, kana kuti kuderera kwemari kunowana chivimbo chavose. Nenzira inopesana, kundikano dzinodzokororwa dzinoparadza chivimbo nekuva pamutemo.
- Kutora rutivi: Kubatanidzwa kwemiitiro yokudzora ne(town horo], kubvunza kwavose, kuvhota kwapamhene, uye bhajeti yokupa muganhu (itsika yokuisa vatungamiriri vanokoshesa mubatanidzwa wevagari vemo. Chibvumirano chinosimbisa pfungwa yokuva muridzi womunhu uye kuva nomutoro pamwe chete. Nzvero dzinoratidza kuti apo vagari vemo vanobatanidzwa mukuita zvisarudzo, vane bviro huru yokugamuchira miuyo, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nazvo.
- Kutendeseka kwomunhu oga naEthics: perero yomunhu oga, kubatanidza kutendeseka nokudzivisa kwerwisano dzefariro, mutyairi mukuru. Kuisa chivimbo kunobatanidza uori, chizivano, kana kuti kusavimbika kwetsika kunogona kuparadza chivimbo munguva pfupi. Vatungamiriri vanogadza tsika dzinogadza mupimo nokuda kwehurumende yose.
Migumisiro Yokuva Ane Simba Pakudzora Magumisiro
Mwero wokuva pamutemo unofadza hurumende inotapura zvakananga simba rayo rokuwana nharidzano dzemitemo, kuchengeta nhevedzano yavose, uye kuchinjira kuchinjo. Miuyo haisati ichingovawo zvayo yefungidziro; iyo inocherechedzwa mukuitwa kwehurumende kupota nyika.
Migumisiro Yakanaka Yokuva Akarurama
- Commentaunity Compaliation: Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira mitemo seyapamutemo, vanoiteerera nemhaka yomufungo webasa retsika, kwete kutya chirango. Ikoku kunoderedza kudikanwa kwemibato yokuita kuti ive inodhura uye kusunungura zviwanikwa nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu. Somuenzaniso, mwero yakakwirira yokuteerera mutero muScandinavia inoparirwa kuvimba nehurumende, kwete tyisidzirowo zvayo yemari inodzorwa.
- Chitendero chapamutemo neNdengedzero yenzanga: Hurumende dzinotonga rwisano kupfurikidza namasangano ane rugare akadai sematare nedzimba. Vagari vemo vane bviro huru yokushandisa mikoto yapamutemo kutaura zvichemo panzvimbo pokutendeukira kumasimba masimba. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, maruramiro anokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta nzvimbo nokudzivisa kukamukana.
- Mutemo unoparira njodzi:[[FLT: 1] Vatungamiriri vemitemo vanogona kuita chinjo dzine shungu nechaunga chakadai semirau yemhoteredzo kana kuti mipimo youtano hwavanhu, (nemhaka yokuti vanhu vanovimba kuti iyi chinjo iri madikanwa uye inoruramisira. Kuenzanisira kunopfaviswa apo vagari vemo vanobatira pamwe nemirau mitsva. ECD yebasa rehurumende yavose [ inosimbisa kuti chivimbo ndicho chinokosha chinoita kuti ashande miraudzo.
- Kuzviisa pasi muCris: Hurumende dzinotonga dzinogona kuunganidza kuita kwokukurumidza kukurumidzira kunjodzi dzomusikirwo, zvakadai sengwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti tyisidziro. Vagari vanodisa zvikuru kutevera nhungamiro (kubva, nguva dzokusvika panguva, nhimbe dzegonhi) apo vanovimba nezviremera. Murakatira weCHOVAD wakaratidzwa zvakajeka ikoku: nyika dzine chivimbo chikuru zvikuru muhurumende chaizvoizvo dzakava nemitengo yakakwirira zvikuru uye kuwirirana kuri nani nemipimo youtano hwavanhu.
Migumisiro Yakaipa Yedambudziko Routere
Apo kuva pamutemo kunopanikirwa kana kuti kunorasika, tapuro dzacho dzinogona kuva dzinoparadza kudzora nenzanga yose zvayo.
- Kupesana kwePublic ne Protempost Movements: Kunzwisiswa kunoparira chishoro chouswa, kubvira pakufora kworugare kusvikira kumhirizhonga dzamasimba masimba. Arabia Spring ya2011 yakanga iri muenzaniso wakatanhamara wenjodzi yapamutemo: vagari vakamukira hurumende dzinodzora idzo dzakanga dzisina zvose zviri zviviri pamutemo. Kunyange mumademocracy, kuvimba mumasangano kwakaparira masangano kuvamba masangano anodenha nhevedzano yakagadzwa.
- Kuwedzera kwadzinoitika, uye Kutonga kwoMutemo: Vanhu vanova nebviro huru yokunzvenga mitero, kufuratira mirau, kana kuti kupinda muushati apo vasingatendi gadziriro yacho kuva yakanaka. Ikoku kunoparira kuderera kwakaderera: sokuderera, hurumende dzinova dzinoshanda zvishoma, dzinowedzera kuva pamutemo. shopu yeWorld Bank inodzora [ inoratidza mutemo iwoyo noumhizha hunowirirana zvikuru.
- Njodzi yeProtalical Institution and Institutional Wecening: Dambudziko roururami rinogona kuomesa hurumende, kutungamirira kuchinjo dzenguva dzose muutungamiriri, kana kuti kunyange kunyandura hondo yavagari vemo. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, hurumende ingawa chose chose, sezvinoonwa munyika dzakakundikana dzakadai seSomalia kana kuti South Sudan munhambo dzekunyanyisa kuoma kwemifungo.
- Kukundikana kweProtomy neHurumende isingabudiriri: Pasina pamutemo, vatungamiriri havagoni kuita gadziriro dzenhambo refu. Tsika dzinochinjwa nechinjo imwe neimwe yehurumende, uye bhizimisi muzvinhu zvavose zvinoshatisa. Iyi nguva pfupi inosekesa kukura kworudzi uye nhevedzano dzourombo nerwisano.
Kuva Akarurama Mugadziriro Dzakasiana - siana Dzokutonga
Kunzwisisa kusiyana - siyana uku kunokosha pakuongorora kuti kuvimba kunoshanda sei mumashoko akapoteredza.
Masangano Ehurumende: Kururamisira Kwetsika Nezvinetso Zvakwo
Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kuva pamutemo zvikurukuru kunobva muvhoti dzakasununguka nedzinoruramisira, ruremekedzo nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo, uye kunamatira kumiitiro yebumbiro remitemo. Zvisinei, kutendeuka kwemitemo kwoga hakuna kukwana. MaDemocracy anodawo kuva nounyanzvi hwapamutemo[ .(] mano okupa kukura kwemari, chengeteko, uye mabasa enzanga. Kana hurumende dzedemocracy dzichikundikana kuendesa, vagari vemo vangashaidzwa. Kumuka kwamapati anorwisana nehurumende dzinovhotera napasi muzviratidzo zvakakwirira zvamademocracysro kuti vagari vazhinji vanonzwa kuti vatungamiriri vavo havagamuchiri kana kuti vanotapwa. Kuvaka kudzora kwoutongi hwehurumende kunoda kuti zvose zviri zviviri kuvandudza basa nokuna kubatana navanhu vanopfuura kusarudzwa noutongi.
Munyori: Kudzora Mushandi uye Kudzvinyirirwa
Hurumende dzehurumende dzinotonga kazhinji kazhinji dzinoshaiwa maruramiro apamutemo (sezvo dzisingabati sarudzo dzamakwikwi) uye panzvimbo pezvo dzinotsamira pamuvhenganiswa webasa noururamisiro. Dzinoruramisa kutonga kwavo kupfurikidza nokugovera dzikamo, kukura kwemari, kana kuti urudzi. Kubudirira kwezvemari nokushandisa mari nokukurumidza zvave manyuko makuru okuwana pamutemo nokuda kweKomonisiti, sezvinoratidzirwa mukunzvera kwavose. Zvisinei, kuva nomutengo unowirirana hakunei: kana hurumende ine simba ichitapurwa nokuderera kwakakomba kana kuti ngwavaira, inogona kurasikirwa netsigiro. Uyezve, kutsamira kukuru pakudzvinyirirwa kunogona kukanganisa kunyange kuita kwakakwirira, sokushatirwa kwerusununguko. Kuputsika kweSoviet Union kwakaratidzira sei nzira iyo yakapa nayo betsero yezvo zvokunyama asi pakupedzisira yakashatsaidzwa mukuona kwavagari vemo vayo.
Masangano Ehwanyai Nekuchinja: Misiyano Yokusaita Zvepamutemo
Nyika zhinji dzinoshanda munzvimbo yakashata pakati pehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende inodzorwa nehurumende. Muhurumende dzakavhengana dzakadaro, vatungamiriri vangashandisa sarudzo kuva nomutemo apo vanoshatisa tsika dzedemokrati kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwezvinobudisa nhau, kudzorwa kwedare rehurumende, kana kuti mibatanidzwa inodzivirira. Idzi hurumende dzinotarisana neperevedzo inopfuurira. Vagari vomunyika vangawirirana nokurega kana kuti kutya, asi chivimbo chinoramba chiri chakaderera. . . Zvibvumirano zvokuchinja kuva nomutemo wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. [[FLT] United States Institute of remocraticism parteadefact Africa kana kuti pashure pokuwa kwechibvumirano checommu yemitemo muEast European]
Zvirongwa Zvokuwedzera Kururama Kwomutemo Nokuvakazve Chivimbo
Vatungamiriri nehurumende vanogona kutora matanho chaiwo okusimbisa kutendeka kwavo, kunyange kana vanhu vavimbana.
1. Ratidza Kujeka uye Hurumende Yakazaruka
Kubudisa mashoko ehurumende, kuva nemisangano yakazaruka, uye kugovera pembedzo dzakajeka nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvemiitiro inheyo. Rusununguko rwemitemo yemashoko nemitumbi yenhevedzo (zvakadai seminhevedzo kana kuti vanzwi) chiratidzo chokuti hurumende haina chinhu chokuvanza. Maturusi emagetsi, akadai semahofisi emirayiridzo akazaruka, anogona kuita kuti hurumende ive inosvikika zvikuru uye inozvidavirira.
2. Michina Inopa Mutoro
Vatongi vakasununguka, masangano anorwisa uori, uye kutarisira kwapaparamende zvinoshanda zvakanaka zvinoda kungwarirwa. Vagari vanofanira kuona kuti vanhu vane simba /(kubatanidza vatungamiriri) ivo vamene vangazvidavirira. Sarudzo dzamarusarudzo dzinovimbika igadziriro yokuzvidavirira yakananga zvikurusa muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Mumamiriro ezvinhu asiri edemocratic, masangano okunyunyuta, mativi emukati, uye kutarisirwa kwenzanga yavagari vemo kunogona kugovera kuzvidavirira kwakaganhurirwa asi kune revo.
3. Ronga Kuzvidzora Nokubatanidzwa
Kupfuura sarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo, hurumende dzinogona kuita mikoto inopfuurira nokuda kwezvikamu zvevagari vemo. Kubatanidzwa kwemari yemari, matare evatongi, uye zvikuva zvokukurukura paIndaneti zvinobvumira vanhuwo zvavo kupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvemitemo. Nzira idzi dzinovaka chivimbo kupfurikidza nokuratidzira kuti vatungamiriri vanoremekedza murangariro wavose uye vanoda kugoverana simba.
4. Muudze Zvaunowana uye Usatarisira
Kunyoresa kushanda kunoda vandudziko dzinooneka mumasangano avose, marongedzero, uye mukana wemari. Vatungamiriri vanofanira kunangidzira ngwariro pakupa mabasa makuru(nzika, dzidzo, tarisiro youtano (/nenzira inowirirana). Panguva imwe cheteyo, vanofanira kutarisira kutendeseka; kunyanyovimbisa uye pakugovera inzira yechokwadi yokubvisa nayo chivimbo. Kukurukurirana kunobudirira pamusoro pezvose zviri zviviri kubudirira nedenho kunovaka kuvimbika.
5. Tsigira Kutonga kwoMutemo uye Dzivirire Kodzero Dzevanhu
Kudzosa mitemo pasina rusaruro, kudzivirira maruramiro maduku, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuwana kwakaenzana kururamisiro kunokosha nokuda kwokururama. Apo vagari vemo vanoona kuti mutemo unoshanda zvakaenzana kumunhu ari wose, chivimbo chavo mumasangano chinokura. Nenzira inopesana, kuchengetwa kwakasarudzwa kana kuti kusarangwa kwevakakwirira kunoparadza kuva pamutemo. basa reUnited Nations Development Programme reChinjo yemitemo [[ rinosimbisa basa rayo mukuvaka nzanga dzine rugare nedzinogarira.
6. Kurudzira Vatungamiriri Vedzimba uye Kutendeseka Pabasa Rinoitwa Nevagari Vemo
Vatungamiriri vanofanira kutevedzera mufambiro wavanotarisira kubva kune vamwe. Kugadza mitemo yomufambiro, kuda zviziviso zvemitemo, uye kusimbisa rwisano yemitemo inofarirwa zvikurusa kunobetsera kuchengeta perero. Basa rehurumende rapamutemo, rakafanirwa nedzvinyiriro yehurumende inodzivisawo kudzvinyirirwa kwevapanduki rinokudza chivimbo chesangano. Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanorangarirwa sevanokwanisa uye vasingatori rutivi, hurumende yose inobetserwa netapuro yapamutemo.
Mugumisiro: Kukosha Kusingaperi Kwokuva Nomutemo uye Kuvimba
Muuyo woururami pakutonga mukuru uye kunosvika kure. Kuvimba noutungamiriri hakusi chinhu chinodikanwa; chinodikanwa chinoshanda nokuda kwokushanda zvakanaka, kutsinhana. Kudzora kunogonesa hurumende kuita chiito, kukurudzira kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira, uye kusimudzira batira pamwe yenzanga. Pasina iko, kunyange miraudzo yakanakisisa zvikuru inodzorwa inogona kukundikana, uye jira renzanga rinogona kuderera mukurema kwekuzvidzwa kwechinetso nerwisano. Munhambo yezvinetso zvenyika yose, kuchinjika kwemari, kusaenzana, kukwira kwemibato, kudikanwa kwenhungamiro dzapamutemo kusati kwatongova kukuru. Vatungamiriri vanoisa mukuona kwapamutemo, kuzvidavirira, kuzvidavirira, kutora rutivi, uye kuita chiito havasitongovaki mafariro okuzvidzwa; zvinosimbisa nheyo dzenzanga dzavanhu nedzoro. Kudzorwa kwoukwakakodzera kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kwesimba ravanhu.