Kubvuma uku hakusi kungova kusingashandi; itsika inoumba mashandiro anoita nzanga uye mashandiro anoita vagari vemo vehurumende. Pachikamu chayo chikuru, kuva pamutemo kunonongedzera kukodzero yedare rinodzora kuti ritonge uye kugamuchirwa kwekodzero nevanotongwa. Uku kugamuchirwa hakungori kungotindi hako; itsika yokudavira inoshanda inodzikamisa nhevedzano yenzanga, kuzviisa pasi kwapamutemo, uye kutsiga kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Pasina kuva pamutemo, kunyange kunyanyogadzwa zvakanaka kwazvo, kupesana nemitemo, kukwanisika, uye kukundikana pakupedzisira. Nyaya inoongorora mamiriro ezvinhu akasiyana - siyana okutonga muhurumende, ukoshi hukuru hwayo, kubetsera zvakanaka, migumisiro yokusavapo kwayo, uye mafambiro ehurumende anogona kuivaka nokuitsigira. Kunzwisisa kudzorongedzero dzinokosha, vapfumiteve, uye vagari vezvipfumi vemo vose.

Mavambo Apamutemo

Kunzwisisa chikonzero nei nhau dzapamutemo zvikuru, kunobetsera kutanga kunzvera mavambo adzo okurangarira. Murangariro wakagadzwa wave wakanzverwa zvikuru muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika newezvematongerwe enyika. Mugariro wenzanga weGermany MAX weber akagovera mamwe emavara ehwaro ehwaro hwakatanhamara zvikurusa, kuzivisa marudzi matatu echiremera chapamutemo: chegamuchidzanwa, chesimba resimba rechienzi, uye kutora nzvimbo dzapamutemo. Chiremera chamagamuchidzanwa chakavakirwa mutsika dzakagara nhaka nazvivako zvesimba, zvakadai semitongi yemonarch kana kuti zvigaro zvamarudzi. Chiremera chinowana mumavara omunhu oga omutungamiriri wacho, chiono chenhau, kana kuti utsvene hunofungwa navateveri. (jeka, mativi anofungwa navateveri vamatongedzero ezvematongerwe enyika.).

Mumwe mufungi mukuru, Jürgen Habbermas, akakudzwa noururami kupfurikidza nokusimbisa basa rekurukurirano nehurukuro yavose. Nokuda kwaHabermas, kuva pamutemo hakugoni kuiswa kuchibva kumusoro; kunofanira kuitwa kupfurikidza nokuzaruka, kusingasaruriki, uye kurangarira kwakafanira pakati pavagari vemo. Iyi pfungwa inobatanidza zvakananga mitoo yedemokramende, inoitwa namasangano anobatanidza, uye dziviriro yorusununguko rwavagari vemo. Hurumende inoramba kupinda mukurukurirano yechokwadi navanhu vayo haisati ichishoresa chiremera chayo choukwaneicho chomutemo kana kuti chisarudzo; inhau yenzanga nendangariro yavanhu inofanira kushandurirwa.

Musayenzi yazvino uno yezvamatongerwe enyika, kuva pamutemo kunowanzoyerwa kupfurikidza nenzvero dzomurangariro wavose, kuvimba nezviratidzo, uye zviratidziro zvokudzora. World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Divities (WGI), somuenzaniso, inobatanidza mwero we “ripo nokuzvidavirira” zvinobata nzwisiso dzoukuru izvo vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi mukusarudza hurumende yavo, pamwe chete norusununguko rwokutaura, songaniro, uye chitsinhanhanhanha. Iyi mitanharo inogovera mashoko anokosha okuenzanisa nokukodzerana kwamarudzi uye kuchinja kwenguva yakati. Bhange] World Bank yezviratidziro zvokudzora zvinobatira somupi wemichina unokosha nokuda kwavatsvakurudzi uye vagadziri.

Manyuko Omutemo: Kupfuura Classical Types

Dzichivaka pachishandiswa ruzivo rwetechology rweWeber, nyanzvi dzepanguva imwe cheteyo dzakawana manyuko okuwedzera anobetsera kutsanangura kuti kuva akavimbika kunoparirwa sei uye kunotsigirwa sei munzanga dzazvino uno dzakaoma kunzwisisa.

Kutonga Kwehurumende Kwechiito

Kuzviisa pasi kwehurumende kunobva mukubvumira kwezvidzorwa, zvinoratidzirwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nesarudzo dzapachena nedzinoruramisira. Apo vagari vemo vane banza rokuvhotera vamiririri vavo uye vanoona zvisarudzo zvavo zvichiratidzirwa muhurumende, vane bviro huru yokunzwisisa gadziriro seyapamutemo. Zvisinei, kuva pamutemo bedzi hakuna kukwana. Kunofanira kuperekedzwa nedziviriro dzekodzero dzechipokapo, mutsinhimirairo wapachena, uye mibato yamakwikwikwi. Marudzi akawanda anobata saruvara asi asina masangano edemocracyism akasununguka, kuchitungamirira ku “hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. [[FTLT:0] United Nations’s yedemocracy inosimbisa ukoshinga kwamagarire enyika enyika adzo, uye makwikwikwikwi adzo enyika.

Kupiwa Mutemo Nebasa

Kushanda kunoreva kukwanisa kwehurumende kupa miuyo inooneka nokuda kwavagari vayo: kukura kwemari, chengeteko yavose, gadziriro, tarisiro, uye dzidzo. Uku kuva pamutemo kunonyanya kukosha munyika dzichiri kubudirira umo simba rehurumende rinowanzoganhurirwa. Hurumende inokundikana nguva dzose kupa mabasa makuru (kana kuti inotambudza njodzi dzemusikirwo kana kuti zvirwere) inorasikirwa nokuvimbwa navanhu. Kushanda zvakanaka pane dzimwe nguva kunonzi “kuyera pamutemo,” kunopesana no“ kuva noumhenengwe hwechinhu chinonangiswa negadziriro dzehurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga hurumende inotonga. Zvose zviri zviviri zvinonetsa; hurumende yedemocracy asi inoramba ichiita kuti ive yapamutemo kana isingagoni kupedza zvinetso zvinonetsa.

Procedational and Bureaucracy Legastima

Kuva pamutemo kunowanawo kubva mukururama uye kujeka kwemiitiro yehurumende. Apo mitemo inoitwa kupfurikidza nokuziva, kusingasarudzwi, uye miganhu yakazaruka(nemikana yokupinzwa pachena nenzvero yedare) (vatongi vangangogamuchira migumisiro, kunyange kana vasingabvumirani nezvisarudzo zvakajeka. Ndicho chikonzero nei matare anozvimirira, masangano anodzivisa uori, uye mabasa ehurumende achifanira kutsigirwa nomutemo.

Kupa Tsitsi uye Kururamisira Kwetsika

Kunyange zvazvo kusinganyanyi kudzora munyika dzazvino uno, manyuko esimba neramagamuchidzanwa achiri ane chokuita. Vatungamiriri vechapupu vanogona kunyandura ruvimbiko rukuru nourudzi, asi rudzi urwu rwoune pamutemo haruna kutsiga nemhaka yokuti runotsamira pamavara omutungamiriri. Kutendeseka kunorambira mumitemo yebumbiro remitemo (zvikurukuru, United Kingdom, Japan) uye munzanga umo mutemo wetsika unochengeta chiremera parutivi pomutemo wehurumende.

Chikonzero Nei Kururamisira Kuri Kukosha Nokuda Kwenzanga

Kukosha kwokuva pamutemo kunopfuura zvikuru rondedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika isina kujeka, ine tapuro dzinoisvokomberedza paanenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hweboka, kubva kubudiriro yezvemari kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu nesonganiro yenzanga.

Kubatana uye Rugare

Apo vagari vemo vanorangarira hurumende yavo seyapamutemo, sezvingabvira zvikuru vangawirirana nerudzi ndokubatira pamwe navagari vemo biyavo mumisiyano. Kusatendeseka kunosimudzira pfungwa yokufanorongerwana uye kunoderedza bviro yerwisano dzedzinza, dzorudzidziso, kana kuti dzepfungwa. Munzanga umo hurumende inoonekwa seyakaipa kana kuti isina pamutemo, mapoka anoganhurirwa angaramba chiremera chose chose chose, kuchitungamirira kumasangano eparatist, hondo yavagari vemo, kana kuti kusagadzikana kusingaperi. Zvidzidzo zvehurumende zvinoramba zvichivandandanda zvokusafanira kwehurumende sechinhu chikuru chokutyaira rwisa.

Kuteerera Mitemo Vachizvidira

Imwe yebetsero dzakananga zvikurusa dzemitemo yapamutemo ndeyokuti inokurudzira kuwirirana kwokuzvidira nemitemo nemirau. Hurumende dzine maruramiro akakwirira dzinopedza mari shoma zvikuru pakuchengetwa kwechinhu ne(mapoka, faindi), gadziriro dzetorongo) nemhaka yokuti vagari vemo vanoteerera mitemo nemhaka yepfungwa yebasa, kwete kutya. Uku kubvumirana kunotambanukira kumitero, mitemo yemotokari, uye mirau yemhoteredzo. Mukati menzvero yeCHOVID-19, nyika dzine mwero yakakwirira yechivimbo muhurumende dzakaona kunamatira kukuru zvikuru kumipimo youtano yavose sechipfeko chezvifukidzo nereso zvenzanga, izvo zvinoderedzawo mwero yetapuko nerufu. [[FTL:0] Nyika yesero yezamunoloji paCHOVID-19CORTY[FFFLD] inoratidzira kubatana pakati pesangano revoopera.

Kubudirira Kwemari Nokuchengetedzwa Kwemari

Kudzora kwapamutemo isimba rinokwevera zvose zviri zviviri mari mudzimba nedzisiri dzenyika. Mabhizimisi anoda mhoteredzo yapamutemo inoziviswa, mwero yakaderera yeuori, uye zvibvumirano zvinomanikidzirwa (zvipi nezvipi zvinotsamira pamasangano apamutemo. Zvikamu zvose zvinotsamira papamutemo. Apo vabengi vanoona kuti hurumende haibvumiki kana kuti inotonga, vanoparira “kuwedzera kwemari inokwira mutengo wedzimbahwe" inoderedza misengwa yegore razvo yenguva refu. Bhanki rinonzi Doing Businesss uye International Count Risk Guide Guide zvinoratidza kuti kuva nomugariro wapamutemo, mabhii anosano ne GDP inodzorwa nechitengo chemari.

Kutakura Basa Ravose Kunobudirira

Kuva pamutemo kunowedzerawo kushanda kwamabasa avanhu vose. Apo vagari vemo vanovimba kuti mari yavo yemitero iri kushandiswa nenzira inobudirira uye yokutendeseka, vanodisa zvikuru kubhadhara mitero nokushandisa mabasa ehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, mumhoteredzo dzakaderera, vagari vemo vanodzivisa mikoto yapamutemo, kutendeukira kumisika yakashata, vatarisiri vemari yemitero, kana kuti vadzivisi vemitero yakananga. Ikoku kunoparira denderedzwa rakaipa: mari yakaderera inotungamirira kumabasa ourombo, ayo anotowedzera kushatisa mutemo.

Migumisiro Yokusava Nomutemo

Kunzwisisa migumisiro iyi inokosha pakukurumidza kuona zviratidzo zvokukurumidza kunyevera kuti mamiriro ezvinhu akundikana kunogona kukonzera zvinhu zvakaipa zvakawanda zvinotyisidzira nzanga.

Kusagadzikana uye Kusagadzikana Kwenzanga

Kana kuva pamutemo kukaderera, vagari vemo vanowedzera kuratidzira kusagutsikana kupfurikidza nokuramba, kurova, kusateerera kwavagari vemo, uye pane dzimwe nguva kumukira kwamasimba masimba. Kumukira kweArab Spring kwa 2010-2011 muenzaniso wakaoma: makumi amakore okutonga kweudzvinyiriri, uori, uye kusagadzikana kwemari zvakabvisa maruramiro ehurumende muMiddle East neNorth Africa. Pakarepo kurwisana kwakavamba, kupararira nokukurumidza, kuputsa hurumende dzinoverengeka. Kunyange kupfupikiswa kwechinjo, kuva nomutemo wakaderera zvikuru kunogona kutungamirira kumwero wakakwirira woutsotsi, kungwarira, uye kurwisa kwezuva nezuva kuchiremera chehurumende.

Kuramba Kuvimbana Nokubatana

Vagari vanorangarira hurumende yavo sezvisati zviri zvapamutemo kazhinji kazhinji vanorega upenyu hwavose. Vanova vane bviro shomanene yokuvhota, kukumbanira mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika, vazvipiri, kana kuti kutora rutivi mumasangano enzanga. Uku kubvisa hurumende kwenzara kunonetesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye kunoparira nzvimbo yepopulist, masangano anorwisana negadziriro inoderedza masangano. Kuvimba mumasangano /_deciman, matare, basa ravagari vemo renyika nerokurega pamwe chete, kuparira “masangano okuvimba. CD ibasa rokuvimba nehurumende inogovera mashoko nerangariro paidzo paiyi komba.

Uori Nokutsvaka Vari Kubiridzira

Kushaikwa kwapamutemo kunowanzowirirana nouori hwakapararira. Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vasingarangariri vanhu, vane bviro huru yokushandisa zvisina kufanira simba nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga. Uori hunowedzera kushatisazve hurumende, kuchiparira chibvumirano chakaoma kuputsa. Sangano dzine chiremera chakaderera dzinoonawo “kutsvaka” mufambiro apo vanhu namapoka vanoedza kubata pfuma yehurumende kupfurikidza nechiokomuhomwe, kupesvedzera, kana kuti mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yezverezvipfuwo zvisiri zvemari zvinobudirira.

Matambudziko Okutonga Kwematongerwe Enyika

Pakupedzisira, kuva pamutemo kwakaderera kunogona kutungamirira kukudzokera shure kwehurumende yeruzhinji nedemocracy (kuderera kwapashoma napashoma kwemipimo yehurumende yehurumende yeruzhinji, kunzvera nedzikamo, uye mutemo. Vatungamiriri vangashandisa kuvhiringidzika kwavose kukuita simba rehurumende, kudzvinyirira chishoro, uye kuderedza rusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau. Ikoku kuri kuitika munyika dzinoverengeka nhasi, umo hurumende dzaichimbova dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinotonga dzinogarwa nehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zvino dzinotarisana nenjodzi dzinovimbwa. Kudzorerwa kwapamutemo kunoda kwete chete chinjo dzesangano asi kuvakwazve kukuru kwechivimbo pakati pehurumende nenzanga.

Kuvaka Nokutsigira Mutemo

Mashoko akanaka ndeokuti kuva pamutemo hakusi vara rakagadzwa; kunogona kusakurirwa kupfurikidza namazano amaune nezviito zvinotsinhirana. Hurumende nemimwe mitumbi inodzora zvinofanira kushanda nenzira inoshanda kuti zviwane ndokuchengeta chivimbo chavagari vazvo.

Kudzora Kunobatanidza uye Kunotora Rutivi

Kubatanidza vagari vemo mumaitiro okuita zvisarudzo ndiyo imwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikuru kuvaka pamutemo. Ikoku kunopfuura sarudzo dzenhambo nenhambo kubatanidza misangano yehoro yetaundi, kubvunza kwavose, vatongi vevagari vemo, kuronga mari yokushandisa, uye zvikuva zvemichina zvemichina nokuda kwokupa mhindu. Apo vanhu vanoona kuti inzwi ravo rine nhau(//nakuti zvinovanzwa kuti vane mutoro pamusoro pemitemo. Nyika dzakafanana neBrazil neIceland dzakaedza nemitemo yokushandisa nokushandisa ganhuriro dzemari, zvakateverwa, nokubudirira kukuru mukukudziridza chivimbo chenyika.

Kuona Zviri Nani uye Kuvhura

Hurumende dzinogona kuvaka pamutemo kupfurikidza nokugoverana mashoko pamusoro pezviito zvadzo, mabhajeti, uye basa. Nhano dzehurumende dzinobudisa mashoko pamusoro pemari, kuwanikwa, uye miuyo yebasa dzinobvumira vagari vemo, vatori venhau, uye masangano enzanga kuti vazvidavirire vatungamiriri kuzvidavirira. Kuona chitarisiko kunodzivisawo ushati kupfurikidza nokuwedzera bviro yokufukidzwa. Hurumende zhinji zvino dzine “kodzero kumashoko” mitemo uye masuo amashoko anoita kuti ashande zvinooneka zvikuru.

Kutsigira Kutonga kwoMutemo Nekodzero Dzinokosha

Hapana hurumende inogona kutaura kuva yapamutemo kana isingaremekedzi mutemo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti mitemo inoshandiswa zvakaenzana kumunhu ari wose, kubatanidza vakuru vakuru vehurumende; kuti matare akazvimirira uye anoruramisira; uye kuti vagari vemo vane mvumo yokuwana ruramisiro. Kutsigira maruramiro avanhu (rusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, rudzidziso, uye muitiro wakafanira) kunokoshawo. Apo vanhu vanoona kuti mutemo unovadzivirira nokuranga vaiti vezvakaipa, sezvingabvira zvikuru vanorangarira mugariro sewapamutemo. Magariro emitemo akasimba uye matongi akazvimirira ndiwo manyuko eiyi nzira.

Migumisiro Inoshamisa

Kutendeseka kwokushanda kunoda kuti hurumende dzipe zvipikirwa zvadzo. Ikoku hakurevi kuti dzinofanira kubudirira mukuedza kuri kwose, asi dzinofanira kurangarirwa sedzinokwanisa, dzinogamuchira, uye dzakanangidzirwa pazvakanaka zvavose. Mitemo mugadziriro, dzidzo, utano hwavanhu, uye chengeteko (hwunovaka zvakanaka uye zvisina kufanira). Munguva dzenjodzi, kutarisirwa kwenjodzi kunobudirira kunogona kusimbisa chaizvoizvo kana kubatwa nenzira yakajeka netsitsi. Nenzira inopesana, kukundikana kune ngwavaira (senjodzi yemvura muMichigan, USA) kunogona kuparira kuvadziko isingagumi kuchivimbo chesangano.

Kuongorora uye Kuzvidavirira

Kurwisa uori zvichida ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikuru yokuvakazve pamutemo. Ikoku kunoda masangano akasimba: masangano akazvimirira anodzivisa uori, anoridza magetsi, gadziriro dzemitemo yemari, uye kuongororwa kwakasimba. Mitemo yokuzvidavirira yakadai sokutarisira kweparamende, mahofisi ezvikamu, uye zvikamu zvevagari vemo kuti vakuru vakuru vapindure zvisarudzo zvavo. Kunyange fambiro mberi yakawedzerwa mukuderedza uori inogona kuvandudza zvikuru kunzwisisa kwavanhu. Nyika dzakafanana neGeorgia neSingapore dzakaratidza kuti nhamburiko dzinoramba dzichirwisa uori dzinogona kuchinja zvose zviri zviviri simba rehurumende nokuvimba navanhu.

mhedziso

Kutonga kwapamutemo hakusi chinhu chinoshamisira; kunodikanwa nokuda kwenzanga ipi neipi inoshuva rugare, budiriro, uye chiremera chavanhu. Kunoshanda seglue inobatanidza vanhu vakasiana - siana, kuchigonesa chiito chakabatana nechigadzikiso chine rugare cherwisano. Kudzora kunokurudzira kuzviisa pasi kwokuzvidira, uye kunosimbisa kuti mabasa avose asvike avo vanovada. Kusava kwayo, mukupesana, kunounza kusagadzikana kwenzanga, uori, uye kuderera kwemipimo yedemocracy. Nepo kuvaka kuvaka pamutemo kuri kunodikanwa kupfuurira kupfuudzira kusingadzokerwi kumativi mazhinji neakawanda, kubva mukutora rutivi rwokutonga kwomutemo, uye kupfurikidza nokusanoita kuti kuve nemibato mikuru. Hurumende dzinowana chivimbo zvavagari vemo dzinoparira kubatira batira pamwero zvakanaka nhevedzano yebatira pamwe chete. Munyika yose inotarisana nezvinetso zvemamiriro okunze, uye kudzongonyengedzero, dzinotokodzesa, uye kutongedzesa, kuti vazivikanwa kuti, vadzore kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kupfurikidza, masangano ose.