Kusadzikama Kwesimba: Hurumende Painotonga

Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwazvino uno hunoparadzira simba mumirwi mizhinji yehurumende (8: systems, nharaunda, uye nzvimbo) kuti zvive nechokwadi chokubudirira, kudavira, uye chenjero pachiremera. Iri boka, rinozivikanwa sehurumende, rakarongedzerwa kudzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuva chine simba zvikuru. Zvisinei, miganhu iri pakati peiyi mwero inova isingajekerwi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, inoparira rwisano apo mitemo nerwisano zvenzvimbo yokutanga. Apo hurumende, hurumende, uye hurumende yomunzvimbomo inogona kudzika miuyo mumatare, matende, uye nzanga. Kunzwisisa uku kurwisana kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa kuti kudzora chaizvoizvo kunoshanda sei uye kuti zvinoitika zvapamutemo zvinoumba sei muganhu wesimba.

Iyi mhatsa inomuka chaizvoizvo apo imwe mwero yehurumende inodavira kuti imwe yakadarika chiremera chayo chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti chomutemo. Pane dzimwe nguva gakava racho itsika(a nyika inoramba murairo wehurumende wainoona sechinonyandura. Dzimwe nguva inoshanda (jere hurumende yomunzvimbomo inogadza mirau inopesana nemitemo yehurumende. Pasinei zvapo nemavambo, chisarudzo cheidzi rwisano kazhinji kazhinji chinogadza miganhu inodenha iyo inorondedzera miganhu yeukama hwehurumende.

Kunzi Chiremera Chehurumende Chinoshanda Kwacho

Zvichaitwa nehurumende kusati kwaongororwa, zvinokosha kunzwisisa mamirire enhau ehurumende. MuUnited States, hurumende yehurumende inoronga masimba akarongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo, zvakadai sokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kuitisa muitiro wokumwe, uye kuumba mari. Nyika dzinochengeta masimba anodzorwa nehurumende yehurumende yehurumende (8) kubatanidza udzori pamusoro pedzidzo, mutemo weutsotsi, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Hurumende dzemo, dzakava namasimba adzinopiwa nomutemo wenyika, zvikurukuru kudzora nzvimbo dzinovigirwa, mapurisa omunzvimbomo, uye utsanana.

Iri keke rejira harina kuchena. Nokufamba kwenguva, hurumende yehurumende yakakudza kusvika kwayo kupfurikidza neChommerce Claus, Pelce Claus, uye Iwendimend Amendment. Nyika dzakadzosa, dzichitaura kuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinochengeta nzvimbo dzakati dzemiitiro chose chose kwavari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, panguva ino, dzimwe nguva dzinozviwana dzimene dzichibatwa pakati pezvinodikanwa zvehurumende zvinorwisana nehurumende. Muuyo wacho igadziriro ine simba, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, umo hondo dzapamutemo dzinosarudza miganhu chaiyoiyo yechiremera.

Nheyo ye jambwa irepatiso kupedza makakatanwa akadaro. Mupasi peSupremacy Claus yeU.S., mutemo wehurumende unowanzokunda apo unorwisana zvakananga nomutemo wenyika. Asi kusunungurwa hakubvi chose chose; masangano anochengeta udzori hune revo, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzinodzorwa nadzo. Madare anofanira kazhinji kazhinji kusarudza kana mutemo wehurumende wakanga wakaitirwa kugara munda wose kana kuti kana kuti ungave unosiya nzvimbo nokuda kwechiito chehurumende.

Kurwisana Pakati Pehurumende Yenyika neUnited States

Arizona v. United States (202): Kutama paMuganhu

Nyaya shoma dzinotanga kunyanduka kwehurumende sekutamira munyika. Muna 2010, Arizona yakaita Sced Law Our Enithorcement and Saferences Act (S.B. 1070), yaida kuti mutemo wehurumende urambidze kuongorora kumira kana kuti kusungwa kwevanhu vainyumwira munhu wacho zvine mufungo kuti aiva munyika yacho zvisiri pamutemo. Mutemo wakakanganisawo kutadza kutakura magwaro okunyoresa ehurumende ndokuita kuti ave mhosva yehurumende nokuda kwevatami vasina kunyorwa kuti vatsvake basa.

Vatarisiri veObama vakasundira mhaka, vachitaura kuti kuchengetwa kwevatami mutoro wehurumende uye kuti S.B. 1070 yakarwisana nomutemo wehurumende. Mhaka yacho yakasvika Dare Rapamusorosoro reU.S. muna 2012. Muchisarudzo cha5-3, Dare rakarova mitanhanhatu yegadziriro ina dzakadenhwa, ichitonga kuti mutemo wehurumende wokubuda munyika yose wakabviswa unoedza kuisa zvirango zvakawedzerwa. Gadziriro inoda kuti zvibvumirwe kuongorora panenge pambomira zviri pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo ichiri kudenhwa gare gare gare gare. Chisarudzo chakasimbiswazve kuti chirevo chokuti hachigoni kutanga zvirongwa zvavo zvokudzo zvokutama asi chinogona kubatira pamwe nezviremera zvomubatanidzwa. Iyi nhau inoramba iri muenzaniso mukuru yokuti mutemo unogona sei kurwisana nenzvimbo inogoverwa nomutemo. [F.[F.]

Pamusana pa92: National Federation of Independent Business (Chirango Chekutarisira Chisingachinji uye Chirango cheHurumende)

Act yeAffordble Care (ACA), yakasainwa mumutemo muna 2010, yakamirira kuchinja kukuru kwezvoutano kwehurumende mumakumi amakore. Kukura kwaMedicaid kuti kufukidze vanhu vose vakuru nemari inosvika 138% yemwero wourombo hwehurumende kwakanga kuri chinhu chikuru kumutemo. Hurumende yehurumende yakazvipira kubhadhara 100% yendyiko pakutanga, ichizviisa pasi pa 90% panosvika 2020. Hurumende dzakaramba kufutunura kutarisana nokurasikirwa nemutongo wemari yose yehurumende yeMedicaid iripo.

Makumi maviri namatanhatu masangano akadenha ACA, achitaura kuti Medicaid yakabatira pamwe uye yakaputsa Pendement yeTreement. MuNFIB v. Seberius, Dare Gurusa rairangarira kuti hurumende haingatyisidziri kubvisa mari yose iripo yeMedicaid kuti itsigire nyika kufutunura. Dare rakatonga kuti chirango chakadaro chaiganhurirwa kukumanikidza, kwete kushandisa simba kwapamutemo. Somuuyo, kukura kwacho kwakava kusingaitiki, uye mari zhinji dzeRepublican yakaramba kutanga kutora rutivi. Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende kuti itsigire basa rine rehurumende mubatanidzwa. [[FLD] Hura]

3. Kunyoreswa Kwakaitwa Marijuana Mumutemo kwaColorado: Kurwisana Kwehurumende Nemagakava

Muna 2012, vavhoti vakabvumira kuti Penziro 64 ishandiswe, vachinyoresa kushandiswa kwenhandaro, kuva, uye kutengeswa kwembanje kuvakuru vanopfuura makore 21.

Vatarisiri veObama vakagamuchira muitiro wezvisingachinji, wokubudisa zvikwereti zvehurumende zvakaraira vachuchisi kuti vanangirire pakutengesa kukuru panzvimbo pemibato yehurumende. Mumutevedzero weTrump, Attorney Jeff Sessions yakabvisa mabasa iwayo, asi gare gare Pakava neDare raibatanidza kugadziriswa kwemitengo yeSangano reSangano, kudzivirira Department yokudzora pakushandisa mari kudzongonyedza mitemo yehurumende yemurasamari. Kusvika musi, hurumende yehurumende haina kutongoisa bhizimisi rehurumende revaraidzo renguva dzose, asi pasi perwisano yapamutemo inoramba kupedzwa. Mhaka yeColoradordow v. United States mumatare haisati yabudisa chibvumirano chapamhitiko, inosiya mamiriro ezvinhu okudzorwa kwenhau yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo.

4. Maguta Anochenesa: Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo Dzinokurira Kutama

Nepo Arizona v. United States yaibata nemitemo yenzvimbo dzinotambira, maguta anoyera anomirira rwisano yomunzvimbomo nechiremera chehurumende. Mirairo yakadai seSan Francisco, New York, Chicago, uye Los Angeles yakagamuchira mitemo inoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo inodzivisa kubatanidzwa kwehurumende. Iyi mirau inodzivisa zvikurukuru mapurisa omunzvimbomo kubvunza pamusoro penzvimbo yokupinda munyika kana kuti kudzosa vanhu pahwaro hwemitemo yokupinda munyika.

Hurumende yehurumende, zvikurukuru muudzori hweTrump, yakatsvaka kuranga maguta matsvene kupfurikidza nokunyima mari yakati yemitemo. Muna 2017, Department of Justice yakazivisa kuti kuwirirana neChikamu 1373 chomutemo wehurumende (icho chinodzivisa ganhuriro pamusoro pekurukurirano pamusoro pekutama) chakanga chiri chibvumirano chokugamuchira Edward Byrne Memorial Justice Lu olw Gracts. Maguta anoverengeka aikwidzwa, uye matare akatsigira zvikuru maguta, achitonga kuti hurumende haigoni kubatanidza migariro yakadaro pasina chiremera chakajeka. MuGuta reChicago v. Mite yeChicago (2088), Gunhu rakatsigira murairo unorwisana nemigariro yeDO J. Mhaka yacho inoratidzira miganhuro yesimba rehurumende pamusoro pomutemo womunzvimbomo womunzvimbomo uye ukoshinga yeTenformation muHPrimitempty muH.

Kupopotedzana Pakati Pehurumende Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo

Kurwisana kwehurumende kunotora misoro mikuru, asi kurwisana kwenzvimbo yoga yoga kunoitika zvakafanana. Nemhaka yokuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo zvisikwa zvehurumende, hadzina uchangamire hunogarwa nhaka. Bva maguta mazhinji nemirairo inoreva masimba okutonga apamusha anopiwa nemitemo yehurumende kana kuti mirau, inoabvumira kupfuudza mirau panhau dzomunzvimbomo. Painoita mitemo inodzivisa chiito chomunzvimbomo. Zvikurukuru panhau dzakafanana nemubayiro muduku, kudzora kwepfutibhati, kana kuti miraudzo yemhoteredzo.

1. Kupinzwa Mumitemo Yechiduku Yemunharaunda

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, nyika dzakawanda dzakapa mitemo inorambidza hurumende kuti dzisave nemibhadharo yadzo yakaderera kupfuura uriri hwehurumende. Somuenzaniso, muna 2016, Missouri yakapfuudza maguta akadzika mitemo yaidzora kukwidza mari shoma. Guta reSt. Louis rakanga ratotendera mari inotapurwa $10, asi mutemo wakaimanikidza kudzorera mari yehurumende ye $7.70. Dare reMissouri Supreme zvarwa raitsigira mutemo wehurumende wakadzikwa muna 2018, richisimbisa kuti chibvumirano chehurumende chaiva nechiremera chokuganhurira mibayiro yomunzvimbomo. Iyi nzira yakadzokororwa munyika dzakadai seAlabama, Florida, uye Wisconsian, apo maguta anokamura mauto anodzorwa mauto ehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

2. Kudzora Pfuti Nokuzvidzwa Nehurumende

Vatsigiri vekodzero dzepfuti vakatsigira nenzira inobudirira mitemo yehurumende inorambidza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuisa mitemo yepfuti zvakasimba kupfuura mutemo wehurumende. California neNew York vane udzori hwakasimba hwomunharaunda, asi nyika dzakawanda(kubatanidza Texas, Florida, uye Colorado) dzakava nemitemo yakadaro yokudziurwa kwekodzero. MuColorado, mutemo wehurumende unodzivisa maguta akadai seDenver kusarambidza pfuti muzvivako zvavose kana kuti kuganhurira simba ramagazini kudarika miganhuro yenyika. Muna 2021, guta reLouisville, Kentucky rakapfura mutemo unorambidza kudenha zvombo, asi Hurumende yapazarirwa gare gare gare gore iro rakapfura. Idzi dzinorwisa kurwisana dzinosimbisa mirangariro yomunzvimbomo youtongi hwehurumende uye chishuvo chehurumende.

3. Zvakapoteredza Ordinance v. Hurumende Chiremera

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowanzoita dziviriro dzemhoteredzo dzinopfuura zvinodikanwa zvehurumende, dzakadai sezvirambidzo pamapurasitiki anoshandiswa rimwe, kana kuti mipimo yokubudisa marara yakamanikidzira. Nyika yeTexas yakabvisa yafusha ganhuriro dzomunzvimbomo, neTexas Supreme Court ichitonga muna 2018 mutemo wehurumende unobvisa mitemo yeguta iyo inoedza kurambidza kuvhara zvinhu zvepurasitiki. Nenzira yakafanana, muna 2019, Ohio akapfuudza mutemo unodzivisa nzanga dzomunzvimbomo kurambidza mabhegi epurasitiki. Izvi zvinoitika zvinoratidza kuti kunyange apo vavhotera vomunzvimbomo vanotsigira zvakasimba zvitedzo zvemhoteredzo, dare rehurumende rinogona kuzvibvisa mukusashandisa simba rapasurudzo.

Michina Yokupedza Kusawirirana Kwehurumende

Apo mwero yerwisano yehurumende, chisarudzo chinowanzoitika kupfurikidza neimwe yemiitiro mitatu:

  • Jehodicial Review: Matare anorondedzera Bumbiro reMitemo, mirau, uye mutemo kuti azive udzori hwechiremera. Dare Gurusa reU. idare rokupedzisira munharo dzehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana [[FLT:] United States v. Lopez[FLT] [3] [95] [95] na [[FL:4] Stopz v. United States[FLT:] [1997]) yakasimbisazve miganhuro pasimba rehurumende, nepo [FLT] Goza. [FLT] v[FFFLT] [F] [FLT]
  • .Legislative Action: Congress inogona kujekesa kana kuti kubvisa zviito zvehurumende kupfurikidza nemitemo mitsva, yakadai sedireal ID Act, iyo inogadza mipimo yehurumende nokuda kwezivikanwo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, matare ehurumende anogona kudzorera kupfurikidza nokupfuudza zvisarudzo, matare, kana kuti mitemo inoedza miganhu yehurumende.
  • Chibvumirano neMasangano eHurumende: Kazhinji kazhinji, rwisano dzinodzorwa kupfurikidza nekurukurirano, kupora, kana kuti kuisa murairo. Somuenzaniso, Dhipatimendi reRuramisiro ringasarudza kusatonga mibato yakati, kana kuti hurumende dzingatsvaka vadzoresi muzvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa munharaunda dzakadai dzoutano negarikano.

Kunetsa Kunoitwa Nehurumende

Migumisiro yekurwisana uku inotambanukira kure kupfuura kakavadzano yapakarepo yapamutemo:

  • Dare reMitemo reSangano reChikurusa mumitongo yehurumende rinoumba kuparadzirwa kwesimba kwezvizvarwa. Arizona v. United States yakajekesa miganhu yokuita kuti vanhu vapinde munyika, nepo [[FLT:]NFIB v. Selius akarondedzerazve ukuru hwesimba remubatanidzwa. Iyi mienzaniso inotungamirira kumiganhuro yomunguva yemberi yokupinda munyika nokunyora pamutemo.
  • . Apo nyika kana kuti nharaunda dzinobvumirwa kuronga nzira yadzo dzimene, muitiro unenge usina kufanira munyika yose. Ikoku kunogona kuparira maIniciencie, akadai semabhizimisi anofambisa mirau yakasiana----- siyana, asi anobvumirawo kuedza kwemiitiro /svudziro se "masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu."
  • Trust nePreception: Kukakavadzana kunodzokororwa kunogona kubvisa chivimbo muhurumende kana vagari vemo vakanzwisisa kuti mbanje kana kuti kusagadzikana. Somuenzaniso, kusaziva pamutemo pambanje kwakatungamirira kunyonganiso pakati pavatengi, mabhizimisi, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo. Nhando yakajeka yebopo inogona kudzorera kutenda mumano etsika okubata kusawirirana.
  • Resource Altation:[[FT:1] Kurwisana kweHurumende kunowanzoda zvishandiso zvinokosha zvapamutemo nezvinodzora. Ndyiko dzemari, mitoro inodzorwa, uye kudikanwa kwebatira pamwe kunogona kudzongonyedza bhajeti pamwero yose.

Mhindumupindu Inofambirana Yeukama Hwehurumende

Mienzaniso inokurukurwa haisi zvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi; rutivi rwemuitiro unopfuurira wekurukurirano nokuchinja. Sezvo nhau itsva dzinomuka — zvakadai senzvimbo yakavanzika, chinjo yomugariro wokunze, mirairo yokugadzira, uye mhinduro yakapararira (kurwisa kutsva pamusoro pehurumende) zvichatevera zvisingadzivisiki. Nhenda yeCHOVID-19 yakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri batira pamwe nokusagadzikana, nedzimwe nyika dzinodenha nhungamiro dzehurumende uye dzimwe dzinoshandisa mitemo inorwisana nemirairo yehurumende.

Nokuda kwavadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo, kunzwisisa izvi zvinokosha. Kufunda kwehurumende haisati iri rovedzo yedzidzo; kunotapura zvakananga nzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa nayo, uye kuti mabasa avose anoitwa sei. zvinoitika chaizvoizvo zvakafanana nezvinokurukurwa zvinogovera zvidzidzo zvakasimba pamusoro pedenho dzokutonga rudzi rukuru, rwakasiana - siana nemitemo. Vanotiyeuchidza kuti dzikamo yesimba haitongovitwi nokusingaperi.

mhedziso

Apo mwero yerwisano yehurumende, njodzi dzinokwira. Kana nhau iri yokutama, youtano, muitiro wemirimo, kana kuti mitemo yomunzvimbomo, idzi rwisano dzinozivisa kusawirirana kukuru kunoiswa mugadziriro dzehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvinonzi “‘ kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare, kubvumiranisa mitemo, kana kuti kudzikamisa maruramiro. (__shapei mamiriro ezvinhu enguva dzose evagari vemo neshandiroro yehurumende. [[FLT:]]Arizora v.[FLT]]][FLT]1], [FLT]NFIB v. Sebelus], [[FLT]], [FLT]]] Coloda] rama resigracrate pamutemo, uye hondo dzinowanwa mumaguta, uye kupinza mumite yemite yemite yemitemo yemite yemiteve.