Kuparara Kusingabviri Kwepfungwa Dzematongerwe Enyika

Social Contract Theory inomira seimwe yepfungwa dzinopesvedzera zvikurusa muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika hweMadokero. Inokurukura mbiri dzemibvunzo mikuru zvikurusa pamusoro penzanga yavanhu: Nei tichizviisa pasi pechiremera, uye chii chinopa hurumende maruramiro okutonga pamusoro pedu? Rondedzero inokarakadza kuti kuva namaruramiro echiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika kunobva mubvumirano yakakwana pakati pavanhu kuti vaumbe nzanga yakabatana. Kutsinhana nokuda kwebetsero dzenzanga, dziviriro, uye batira pamwe chete, vanhu vanorega nokudisa mamwe erusununguko rwavo rwomunhu. Nyaya ino inopa mifungo mikuru yeSocial Contract Theory, inocherekedza kukura kupfurikidza nebasa renhau  vazivi vakatanhamara zvikurusa, uye kunzvera chikonzero nei kuchipfuurira kuumba pamusoro pekodzero dzavo, ruramisiro, uye kudzora munyika yazvinotonga.

Pfungwa iri Pakati: Kubvumirana senheyo yeSosaiti

Panzvimbo pezvo, chishandiso cheSocial Contract Theory chinodavira kuti nzanga ’ misengwa yetsika neyezvematongerwe enyika inotsamira pachibvumirano kana kuti chibvumirano pakati pavanhu vanoumba nzanga iyoyo. Ichi hachisi hacho rugwaro rwakanyorwa rwakasainwa panguva yakati munhau. Panzvimbo pezvo, chishandiso chemifungo chinoshandiswa kutsanangura chikonzero nei vanhu vaizosarudza kusiya chitengo ̴ nyika yechisiko ” ̬ mugariro usina hurumende kana kuti mitemo ̬ uye kuumba nzanga yakarongwa pasi pechiremera chimwe.

Rondedzero yacho inotsamira panheyo ye bvumirano. Kana ikapiwa zvakajeka kupfurikidza nemhiko kana kuti chose chose kupfurikidza nokugara kwakapfuurira mukati mehurumende ’ miganhu, ibvumirano ndiyo inoshandura muunganidzwa womunhu kuva mubatanidzwa wezvamatongerwe enyika wapamutemo. Kana kubvumira ikoko kwangotangwa, vagari vemo vanogamuchira mabasa akati ̬ akadai sokuteerera mitemo nokubhadhara mitero ̬ kutsinhanhanhanhana yebetsero idzo chaunga chakarongwa bedzi chinogona kugovera, kubatanidza chengeteko, donzo revo, uye dziviriro yepfuma.

Pasina kubvumirana nevamwe, chiremera chaizongova nesimba chete, uye nzanga yaisazova nenheyo yetsika inodiwa kuti pave nokutsiga uye ruramisiro.

Mavambo Enhau: Vazivi Vakaumba Dzidziso

Kunyange zvazvo zvinhu zvepfungwa dzechibvumirano zvichioneka mumanyoro ekare echiGiriki neRoma, Social Contract Theory segadziriro yakarongeka yakatanga mukati meKuvhenekerwa. Vafungi vatatu vanobuda senyanzvi dzayo huru dzokuvaka: Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, uye Jean-Jacques Rousseau. chimwe nechimwe chakapa chiono chakajeka chemamiriro ezvinhu echisiko, mashoko echibvumirano, uye rudzi rwehurumende iyo chibvumirano chinoruramisa.

Thomas Hobbes neRevhiatani

Akanyora mumumvuri weHondo yeChirungu yeChinei, Thomas Hobbes akabudisa Leviathan muna 1651, bhuku rinoramba riri rimwe ramashoko anonyandura zvikurusa egamuchidzanwa reSocial Contract. Hobbes rakavamba nokuyera kusingadzoreki hunhu. Mumugariro wechisiko, iye akapikisana, hakuna hurumende, hakuna mutemo, uye hakuna chiremera chokuita kuti zvibvumirano zviitwe. Upenyu mumugariro wakadaro itsika inopfuurira yehondo ̴ yomunhu ari wose anorwisana nomunhu ari wose. ̵ manyukosi akashairwa, chivimbo hachipo, uye runopukunyuka nesimba rose.

Hobbes akarondedzera nenzira yakakurumbira upenyu mumugariro wechisiko se ̴ solitary, murombo, akashata, brutish, uye pfupi. ̵ Kupukunyuka iyi nyongano, vanhu vane mufungo vanoziva kuti vanofanira kupa rusununguko rwavo rwokuzvarwa narwo kuwgatorikira mukuru ̬ mutongi mumwe kana kuti gungano rine simba rakakwana rokumanikidza rugare nenhevedzano. Uyu mutongi, uyo Hobbes anonzi Leviatan, haasati ari mubatanidzwa webvumirano asi wakasikwa nayo. Vanhu vanobvuma pakati pavo vamene kuti vateerere uchangamire, uye vadzoke. Hobbs #17; shanduro yebvumirano yemagariro yenzanga pamusoro pezvibvumirano zvose, kunyange pamitengo.

John Locke Nokudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzevanhu

John Locke akapa murangariro une tariro zvikuru wohunhu nomugariro wechisiko. Mu Tsvumo yaHurumende (1689), Locke akarangarira kuti vanhu vari mumugariro wechisiko vanoberekwa vane dzinza rakaberekerwa [ maruramiro emuzvarirwo [[FLT]]] ̬ nenzira inowirirana, maruramiro oupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu. Idzi maruramiro aripo pamberi pehurumende ipi neipi uye haasati achipiwa nomutongi upi noupi. Chimiro chechisiko, nokuti, hachisi mugariro wehondo. Chinodzorwa nomutemo womuzvarirwo unoita kuti munhu ari wose asakuvadziko muupenyu hwavo, kana kuti zvinhu.

Zvisinei, zvinetso zvinomuka nemhaka yokuti hakuna mutongi asina rusaruro wokupedza gakava uye hakuna bumbiro remitemo rakatangwa rokurondedzera zvirango. Kurwisana nerwisano zvinotyisidzira farikanyo yekodzero dzomusikirwo. Kugadzirisa ikoku, vanhu vanobvuma kuumba nzanga yevagari vemo ndokutanga hurumende ine donzo guru rokudzivirira maruramiro iwayo.Crucily, nokuti Locke, hurumende imene inosungwa nebvumirano yenzanga. Kana ichiputsa kodzero dzomusikirwo kana kuti ichiita nenzira youdzvinyiriri, vanhu vane maruramiro okumukira ndokuitsiva.

Locke’ rondedzero yakavanzarika hwaro hwehurumende yakaganhurirwa, systrime, uye pfungwa yokuti chiremera chapamutemo chinobva mubvumirano [[FLT: 0] yadzorwa . Mifungo yake yakapesvedzera zvakananga American Declaration of Independence and United States Constitution.

Jean-Jacques Rousseau naMutungamiriri wehondo Will

Jean-Jacques Rousseau akatora tsika yeSocial Contract nenzira inonyanya. Contract (1762), akataura kuti kuchinja kubva kumugariro wechisiko kuenda kunzanga yevagari vemo kwakanga kusati kuri kungodzivirira bedzi kodzero dziripo asi pamusoro pokushandura vanhu vamene. Rousseau akadavira kuti mumugariro wechisiko, vanhu vakanga vari vari voga asi vakanaka zvikuru ̬ chaakadana kuti ̴ chishatiso. ” chakanga chiri chiitwa chezvinhu zvapagaro uye kusaenzana munzanga izvo zvakashatisa vanhu.

Nokuda kwaRousseau, chibvumirano chamagariro chakanga chisiri kuzvipira kworusununguko kumunhu anotonga asi mutoo wokuwana nawo rudzi rwakakwirira rworusununguko. Kupfurikidza nokubatana pamwe chete nokuzviisa pasi pechido ̬]; fariro yenzanga yose sechikamu chose chose ̬ munhu mumwe nomumwe anova rutivi rwomuviri unotonga amene. Mukuteerera kuda kwavose, Rousseau akapikisa, munhu mumwe nomumwe ari kuteerera rutivi rwuri nani rwavo amene. Rusununguko rwechokwadi haruwaniki mukuita chipi kana chipi kana chipi chinodiwa asi kutora rutivi muchisiko chemitemo chinoshanda zvakafanana kuvose.

Rousseau ̱ shanduro yechibvumirano chenzanga ihurumende inosarudzwa navanhu zvikuru.

Nheyo Dzemakori Dzinoratidza Zvinorehwa Nepfungwa Yacho

Mhiri kwezvimiro zvakasiyana - siyana zveSocial Contract Theory, nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinodzokororwa dzinoumba mutsigo wayo woungwaru.

Kubvumirana

Kubvuma uku kungajeka, sokupika munhu kutsigira bumbiro remitemo, kana kuti kunyarara, sokunge apo munhu anosarudza kuramba ari munyika uye achifarikanya betsero dzayo.

Kupiwa Kwekodzero Kana Kuti Kuganhurirwa

Rudzi rwuri rwose rwechibvumirano chenzanga runoda vanhu kuti vape chikamu chakati chorusununguko rwavo rwomuzvarirwo. Ukuru chaihwoihwo hwezvinopinzwa hunosiana nomuzivi. Hobbes akaraira kuzviisa pasi pechose chose. Locke akabvumira nokuda kwekodzero dzakachengetwa. Rousseau akakumbira kuzviisa pasi pechido chenzanga bedzi. Muzvinoitika zvose, kushambadza kwacho kwakafanana: rumwe rusununguko runotsinhaniswa nokuda kwechengeteko, nhevedzano, uye betsero dzenzanga inobatira pamwe.

Chiremera Chapamutemo

Hurumende inowana maruramiro ayo okutonga nokubvumira kwavadzorwi. Chiremera hachisati chiri basa rekodzero youmwari, nhevedzano yenhaka, kana kuti simba risingashandiswi.

Zvakanaka Zvavose

Chibvumirano chenzanga hachisi chibvumiranowo zvacho chevanhu nehurumende, urongwa hwakagadzirirwa kushandira fariro dzemitezo yose yenzanga. chibvumirano chacho chinonangidzirwa paruramisiro, kugadzikana, uye migariro umo vanhu vanogona kukura. apo hurumende inobatira bedzi vakakwirira vashomanene, chinoputsa mudzimu webvumirano.

Mitoo Yemasangano Enzanga: Mienzaniso Mitatu Yakasiyana

Misiyano pakati pavaHobbe, vaLocke, uye Rousseau inokosha kwazvo zvokuti nyanzvi dzinowanzotaura nezvemarudzi matatu akasiyana - siyana ezvibvumirano zvenzanga, chimwe nechimwe chine mufungo wacho chimene nerevo.

Muenzaniso weHobbesian: Chengeteko Kupfuura Zvose

Chibvumirano cheHobbesian chinosundwa norutyo. Vanhu vanopa inodokuva maruramiro avo ose kuchiremera chakakwana mukutsinhana nezvakanaka zvikuru: kupukunyuka. Uyu muenzaniso unoruramisa chiremera chakasimba, chakadzikamiswa uye unoda kuisa nhevedzano yakakwirira parusununguko. Inonzwika munharo nokuda kwechengeteko yenyika, masimba ekurumidziro, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwokusabvumirana munguva dzenjodzi.

Muenzaniso WechiLocke: Hurumende Yakaganhurirwa Nekodzero

Chibvumirano cheLockean chinosundwa nechishuvo chokudzivirira kodzero dzomusikirwo dzakagara dziripo. Vanhu vanongorega kodzero dzokushandisa kodzero idzodzo pachivande. Hurumende yakaganhurirwa muukuru uye pasi pomutemo. Kana ichidarika miganhu yayo, kudzivisa kunoruramiswa. Iyi muenzaniso unovakirwa nemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, gadziriro dzemitemo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, uye dziviriro yerusununguko rwevagari vemo.

Rousseau: Kuunganidza Mutongo Wako Woga

Chibvumirano chaRousseau chinosundwa nechishuvo chokuwana rusununguko rwechokwadi kupfurikidza nokutora rutivi murusarudzo. Hurumende haisati iri sangano rakaparadzana kupfuura vanhu asi chishandiso chokutonga kwavanhu vose. Uyu muenzaniso unosimbisa kunaka kwevagari vemo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga, uye wirirano. Inozivisa rondedzero dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, nzanga yehurumende, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzechisoshari chazvino uno.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kunoita Kutonga Kwenzanga Kwemazuva Ano

Pasinei nokuti rakatanga muzana remakore rechigumi nerechigumi nerechisere, Contract Theory yeSocial haisi nyaya yokungoda kuziva nezvenhau chete, rinoramba richizivisa masangano ezvematongerwo enyika emazuva ano uye kururamisa kwaanoita.

Pfungwa yokuti hurumende dzinofanira kuvakirwa pa chibvumirano chakasimbiswa muzvinyorwa zvokuvamba zvehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zvikurusa. United States Constitution inovamba namashoko epanguva dzose “ Isu Vanhu,” tichikwidziridza zvakananga pfungwa yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chinobuda muvagari vemo. Chibvumirano cheHumelero chinowana zvakajeka paLocken, chinosimbisa kuti hurumende dzinowana “ masimba adzo adzoro kubva mukubvumirana kwechidzoreso kutsika-pasi#821; uye kuti vanhu vane kodzero yokuchinja kana kuti kubvisa hurumende inova inoparadza kodzero dzavo.

Mutemo wazvino uno wamarudzi ose unoratidzirawo kufunga kwoushamwari. Treats, kokorodzano, uye zvibvumirano zvokuvamba zvamasangano akafanana neChibatanwa chaMarudzi zvakavakwa panheyo iyo inotaura kuti inobvuma nokuzvidira kusungwa nemitemo inogoverana mukutsinhana nokuda kwebetsero dzebatira pamwe norugare. Masangano ekodzero dzavanhu, zvikurukuru, anodzokororwa pakodzero dzomuzvarirwo, dzisingataurwi idzo hurumende isingagoni kuputsa.

Munharo dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzapanguva imwe cheteyo, mutauro webvumirano yenzanga unowanzokumbirwa pakukurukura garikano yenzanga, tarisiro youtano, dzidzo, uye zvinhu zvavose. Nharo dzokuti vagari vanobhadhara mitero ndokuteerera mitemo mukutsinhana nokuda kwokuwana mibato nedziviriro ishandisirwo yakananga yepfungwa yemhindu. Nenzira yakafanana, nharo pamusoro pekupinda munyika nenzvimbo dzinogara munyika dzinogara munyika dzinodavirwa: Vatami vane misengwai kuhurumende, uye misengwai iyo hurumende inayo kwavari?

Kukanganisa Kwaunoita: Nei Zvitendero Zvichiongorora

Social Contract Theory yave ichipesvedzera zvikuru, asi yakakwevawo kutsoropodza kwakakomba kubva kumipimo mizhinji.

Kupomerwa Kwengano Yenhau

Hapana magwaro enhau akanyorwa panguva imwe chete apo vanhu vakaungana kuti vanyatsobvumirana nezvemasangano avo ezvematongerwe enyika.

Vadziviriri verondedzero yacho vanopindura kuti chibvumirano chenzanga hachisati chichinzi chive chiitiko chaichoicho chenhau. Chishandiso chetsika ̬ nzira yokufunga pamusoro pechinoruramisa chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhau haisati iri kana chibvumirano chacho chakaitika asi kana kurangarira kuri kunogovera nhauro inogombedzera yeicho tinofanira kuteerera mutemo.

Kuzvitutumadza Uye Kusaruramisira Kwezvakaitika Kare

Chibvumirano chenzanga, chaizvoizvo, kazhinji kazhinji chakabvisa zvikamu zvikuru zvevanhu.Vakadzi, vanhu vane ruvara, vanhu vorudzi, varombo, uye vasina zvinhu vaisiyiwa nguva dzose muzvibvumirano zvapakuvamba zvakatanga nyika dzazvino uno. Chibvumirano chamagariro avanhu chakanga chiri, muzvinoitika zvizhinji, chibvumirano pakati pavarume vachena vakakwaniswa.

Vazivi vechikadzi vakadai se [[FLT: 0] Carole Pateman, mubhuku rake [[FLT:]] Chibvumirano chevatano , chakataura kuti chibvumirano chetsika chamagariro chakavanzika chaita ̴ chibvumirano chevatano nechavakadzi ̵ icho chinotsiva varume. Nenzira yakafanana, [[FLT:]] KRAP. , mu , [[FLT:]] Contractal Conctives syst [[FLFFF:7], chinoramba kuti chibvumirano chamagadziro chamagariro chavanhu iZvo ideiwokuto inoitwa.

Chinetso Chokubvumira Chaizvo

Kunyange kana tikabvuma kuti kubvumirana ndiko hwaro hwechiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika, mubvunzo unoramba uripo: Ko munhu anoberekwa munzanga anobvumirana chaizvoizvo here? Vanhu vashomanene zvikuru vanobvumirana zvakananga nezvinodikanwa zvebvumirano yenzanga. Tacit revo ne̬ kubvumirana kwokupfuurira kana kuti kugamuchira betsero kunoitwa ne̬ imhaka isina simba. Munhu anoberekwa munzanga anogona kunzi zvirokwazvo akabvumirana nemitemo yake? Kana kubva kuchida kusiya imwe Ù musha, mhuri, uye tsika, chisarudzo chokugara hachitongori chakasununguka. Ichi chirambidzo chinomutsa mubvunzo kana chibvumirano chenzanga chichigona kubvumiranwa zvapachokwadi musengwa wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kubvuma: Nei Chirango Chichine Basa

Pasinei zvapo nezvikanganiso zvayo, Social Contract Theory inoramba iri chimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvinowanika zvokufunga pamusoro peruramisiro, chiremera, uye ukama pakati pomunhu nehurumende.

Muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri nerekutanga, mutauro webvumirano yenzanga unowanzokumbirwa munharo pamusoro pa [FLT: 0] mutoro, kuva woga kwemipimo, uye misengwa yemitengidziro yemichina. Apo vashandisi vanobvuma mipimo yebasa, vanopinda muchimiro chebvumirano nesangano ravanhu. Apo hurumende dzinounganidza mashoko pamusoro pavagari vemo, mibvunzo inomuka pamusoro pokuti kunzvera ikoko kunoputsa chibvumirano chakakwana pakati pehurumende navanhu. Rondedzero yacho inozivisawo kurukurirano pamusoro peruramisiro [[FLT:]: Misengwai inoita zvizvarwa zvazvinopamhina vanhu? Ko chibvumirano chamagariro chinogona kutambanurwa nguva yose?

Vazivi vakaita John Rawls akamutsidzira gamuchidzanwa reSocial Contract muzana ramakumi maviri nerondedzero yake yeruramisiro seruramisiro. Rawls akabvunza kuti inheyoi dzeruramisiro dzakasununguka uye dzinonzwisisa vanhu vaizosarudza kana vasingazivi nzvimbo yavo vamene yenzanga, matarenda, kana kuti migariro — a anoedza akadana ̴ nzvimbo yapakuvamba 𔄭 seri kwepano “ kusaziva. &8222; basa rake rinoratidzira kuti chibvumirano chive chigamuchimuko chazvo chenzwisiso chouzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mugumisiro: Simba Risingaperi Repfungwa Yakapfava

Social Contract Theory ipfungwa iri nyore asi inokosha: chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chiri pabvumirano yaavo vanodzorwa. Kupfurikidza nokubvunza kuti vanhu vane mufungo vaizogamuchirai kana vakanga vachitanga kukwasva, rondedzero inogovera mupimo wokunzvera nawo masangano chaiwo enyika. Inotiyeuchidza kuti hurumende hadzisi maidi omuzvarirwo ̬ izvo zvisikwa zvavanhu zvinofanira kuwana chiremera chavo kupfurikidza nokubatira zvakanaka zvavose.

Kubva kuHobbes ’ kunodenhawo kubvunza mibvunzo yakaoma pamusoro pokuti ndiani anobatanidzwa mubvumirano, kana kubvumirana kuri kwechokwadi, uye izvo ruramisiro inoda kwatiri. Mibvunzo iyoyo inoda kukurumidza nhasi sezvayakanga yakaita muzana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe, uye haingabviri kuti tiende nokukurumidza.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamagwaro ehwaro, ona rugwaro rwakazara rwaHobbes ’s Leviatan[ inowanika kupfurikidza na [[FLT:] Projecttenberg[[[[FLT:]] na [FLT][FL:3] na [Kubata] kwazvino uno kwerondedzero &̱ ma [[FLT]] [[FLT]]