Table of Contents

Kodzero dzokupa mari dzinomirira chinhu chinokosha chokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kuva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vose vakakodzera vane banza rokutora rutivi nenzira ine revo mumuitiro wevhoti. Aya maruramiro anosarudza kwete bedzi kuti ndiani anogona kukanda mavhoti asiwo kuti sarudzo dzinoitwa sei, kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzinosvikwa sei dziripo sei, uye kuti idziviriroi iripo kudzivisa rusaruro. Kunzwisisa mhindumupindu, gadziriro yapamutemo, uye denho dzinopfuurira dzakapoteredza kodzero dzokuvhotera kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kubatanidzwa nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nomutoo unoziviswa uye unobudirira.

Rwendo rwokuenda kunzvimbo yose muUnited States rwave rwakava rwakareba uye rwakaoma, rwakaratidzirwa nezvose zviri zviviri fambiro mberi nemhinganidzo. Kuvambira pakuvamba kwenyika, apo kuvhota kwakaganhurirwa kuvaviriri vamarudzi vechichena, kusvikira kugadziriro yanhasi inobatanidza, maruramiro okuvhota akawedzera kupfurikidza nokugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wechiratidzo chenyika, uye kupfuurira kupfuurira. Kunyange zvino, nharo dzinopfuurira pamusoro penzi yokudzikamisa kusununguka nechengeteko, uye nzira yokuvimbisa nayo kuti muvhoti ari wose anokwanisa anogona kushandisa nayo maruramiro avo makuru kuti atsigire mukusarudza vamiriri vavo.

Hwaro Hwokutsigira Kodzero dzeAmerica

Chisarudzo ichi chakaratidza zvose zviri zviviri gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvomugumo wezana ramakore rechi 18.

Nheyo iri seri kwezvinodikanwa zvezvinhu yakanga yakavakirwa muchitendero chokuti varimi vaiva nedanda rechigarire munzanga uye naizvozvo vaizoita zvisarudzo zvine mutoro zvikuru pamusoro pokutonga. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisawo nzvero dzorudzidziso kuva nechokwadi chokuti varume vechiKristu bedzi vaigona kuvhota, kuganhurirazve vavhoti. Izvi zvaireva kuti vakadzi, vanhu vakapinzwa muuranda, vanhu veBlack America vakasununguka munyika zhinjisa, MaIndia okuAmerica, uye vachena vasina zvinhu vose vaibviswa mumuitiro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Nyika shomanene dzakabvumira varume vakasununguka vechiBlack kuvhota, uye New Jersey yaibatanidzawo vakadzi vasina kuroorwa uye chirikadzi vaiva nenzvimbo, vachiratidza kuti kunyange muRepublic yapakuvamba, masangano aisvika maruramiro okuvhota.

Kukura Kwevarume Vachena

Kukura kukuru kwokutanga kwekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States kwakaitika mukati mezana ramakore rechi 19, apo hurumende dzakavamba kubvisa zvinodikanwa zvouvari hwezvinhu nokuda kwavarume vachena. Mukati memavambo ezana ramakore rechi 19, zviremera zvehurumende zvakatanga kuganhurira chinodikanwa chezvinhu chokuvhota, zvichigamuchira murangariro wehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu nokupesvedzera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwavarume veboka ravachena vanoshanda.

Pakasvika 1856, vachena vose vaigona kuvhota(chinodikanwa nokuda kwokuva nenzvimbo chakabviswa, North Carolina ichiva mugariro wokupedzisira kubvisa ichi chinodikanwa muna 1856. Ichi chinjo yakawedzera zvikuru zvikuru vasarudzo, kunyange zvazvo yakangobvisa voruzhinji vavagari vemo vakavakirwa padzinza nevatano. Kukura kwechichena kwechirume kwakamirira chinjo kugadziriro yedemokrati zvikuru, asi iyo yakaramba yakaganhurirwa zvikuru uye kubviswa.

Kuvakwazve Nevimbiso Yechirume Chitema

Hondo yevagari vemo nemigumisiro yayo zvakaunza chinjo huru kukodzero dzokuvhota.Mutemo weCivil Rights wa1866 wakabvumira kuva mugari wemo kuvanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States, pasinei zvapo noruvara kana kuti uranda hwakapfuura, uchibvumira vagari vose vemo veUnited States kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana mumutemo. uyu mutemo unoputsa mutemo wakaisa hwaro hwokuwedzerazve kodzero dzokuvhota.

Gemende yechi14 inotambanudzira kuva mugari wemo ku "vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States," ichibatanidza Civil Rights Act ya186 sorutivi rweBumbiro reMitemo. Zvisinei, Pession yechi 14 yakawana kuva mugari wemo nokuda kwavaranda vakasunungurwa navanhu vatema asi haina kubatanidza maruramiro okutora rutivi mune zvamatongerwe enyika, kubatanidza kuvhota.

Kuchinja uku kwakanzi kwaireva kufambira mberi kukuru muhurumende yeAmerica, zvichinzi zvichipa vanhu Black maruramiro okuvhota pazvikonzero zve “dzinza, ruvara, kana kuti kuiswa muuranda. Kuchinjwa uku kwakaratidza kuti vanhu vaBlack vane kodzero yokuvhota munyika yose.

Kumuka Kwokudzvinyirirwa kwaJim Crow Nokubudiswa Kwejeti

Sezvineiwo, chipikirwa chePramende Yechi15 chakashorwa nokukurumidza nenhamburiko dzakarongwa dzokuparadza vavhoti Black, zvikurukuru muSouth. Yaichimbova nyika dzinopa vatongi vakapfuudza mitemo nezvinogadziriswa zveMitemo yokuparadza nenzira inobudirira Black uye vachena vaisarudza vachena vasina kusimba kupfurikidza nemitero yokuvhota, kunzverwa kwokunyora, zvikamu zvasekuru nemimwe ganhuriro, zvakashandiswa mumutoo wokusasarura.

Iyi mitero yaida vavhoti kuti vabhadhare mari vasati vaisa mari yavo, iyo vagari vemo varombo vakawanda vaisagona kubhadhara. Kuedza kwokunyora nokunyora kwaiitwa nenzira yokushandisa, neBlack vaikumbira kunyora vaipiwa mibvunzo yakaoma zvikuru apo vachena vaigamuchira mitero yakapfava. Mitemo, kubatanidza mitero yokuvhota, kunzvera kurava nokunyora uye zvitsama zvasekuru, zvakatangwa muruwa rwakawanda rweSouthern, zvichidzvinyirira kodzero dzevoro dzeBlack kusvikira muna 1965.

Zvikamu zvavanasekuru zvakabvumira vanhu vamwe navamwe kuvhota kana vanasekuru vavo vakanga vakakodzera kuvhota pamberi pomusi wakati, zvikurukuru pamberi peHondo Yavagari vemo. Sezvo chaizvoizvo pasina vaBlack America vakanga vane vanasekuru vamaBlack vavhota hondo isati yatanga, ikoku kwakavabvisa nenzira inobudirira nepo kwakabvumira vachena vasingagoni kurava. Masimba masimba nokutyisidzira zvakaodzazve vagari vemo vechiBrack mukuedza kunyoresa kana kuti kuvhota.

Mukati menhambo iyi, Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa raiwanzotsigira nhamburiko dzehurumende dzokusarura dzinza duku; gare gare bedzi muzana ramakore rechi20 mitemo iyoyi yakanga ichitonga zvisina murairo.uku kubvumirana kwedare kwakabvumira kusaruramisira kwakarongwa kwavavhoti veBlack kupfuurira kwamakumi amakore.

Kushatirwa Kwavakadzi Ne Amendedzero yechi 19

Nepo varume vechiBlack vakawana maruramiro okuvhota anorondedzerwa muna 1870, vakadzi vamadzinza ose vakaramba vabviswa mubhokisi rebhora mumativi mazhinjisa. Sangano ravakadzi, iro rakanga richishingaira chifo chapakati pezana ramakore rechi19, rakawana simba guru mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 20.

Muna 1869, Wyoming yakava nyika yokutanga chibviro cheRepublic yapakuvamba kupa vakadzi vhoti, uye mumakumi amakore akatevera, nyika dzine makumi maviri dzakatevera nhevedzano. Uku rukundo rwenzvimbo yehurumende dzakavaka simba nokuda kwokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.

Pashure pamakumi amakore okuramba nokurwisa nokuda kwokuchinja, Hurumende yechi 19 yakagamuchirwa muna 1920, ichipa vakadzi veAmerica maruramiro okuvhota. Chibvumirano chakataura kuti maruramiro okuvhota haasati achizorambwa kana kuti kurambidzwa neUnited States kana kuti nehurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano." Ikoku kwakaratidzira kukura kukuru kwomuvhoti, zvakapeta zvishoma nhamba yavavhoti vakakodzera.

Zvisinei, kupfuudza kwayo hakuna kumisa zvikurukuru miganhu yokuMaodzanyemba yokudzivisa vakadzi vashomanene pakuvhota kupfurikidza nokupfuudzirwa kwemitemo youori.Vakadzi vechiRungu, vakadzi vechiLatina, vakadzi veAsia, uye Marudzi eAmerica kazhinji kazhinji vakatarisana nemhinganidzo dzimwe chetedzo idzo dzakadzivisa varume venzanga dzavo kuvhota, kubatanidza kunzverwa kwokunyora nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, uye kutyisidzira.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Nokuda Kwemamwe Mapoka Akaganhurirwa

MaIndia ekuAmerica

Vagari veAmerica vakatarisana nedenho yechienzi mukuwana maruramiro okuvhota. Dare Rapamusorosa rakatonga muElk muw. Wilkins kuti MaIndia ekuAmerica haasi vagari vemo sezvinorondedzerwa neMenderero Mvudzi ye14, kunyange ayo ari ku “mutero". chisarudzo ichi chakaparira mhinganidzo huru kukutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Congress yakaita kuti Indian Citizenshiship Act muna 1924, ichipa kodzero yokuvhota maIndia okuAmerica akaberekerwa muUnited States. Zvisinei, pasinei zvapo nokuenda kwayo, dzimwe nyika dzakapfuurira kurambidza maIndia ekuAmerica kubva pakuvhota, ichishandisa mabasa akasiyana - siyana epamutemo uye miitiro yokusasarura. Kwaizotora makumi amakore okukwidziridza nokupfuudza vamwe vasati vaAmerica vagona kushandisa kodzero dzavo dzokuvhota munyika dzose.

VaAmerica vokuAsia

VaAmerica vakatarisana neganhuriro dzakakomba pazvose zviri zviviri kuva mugari wemo nekodzero dzokuvhota.

Mukupera kweHondo yeNyika II apo United States neChina zvakanga zvashanda seshamwari, Exclussion Act yeChina pakupedzisira yakabviswa, uye vatami veChina nemhuri dzavo dzakaberekwa neAmerica vakava vaAmerica vokutanga veAsia vakwaniriswa nokuwana dzinza rokuberekwa naro (nachovhota). Mamwe mapoka eAsia eAmerica akawana maruramiro akafanana mumakore akatevera, kunyange zvazvo kuenzana kwakazara mumutemo wokutama nokuzvimirira zvaisazouya kutozosvikira muma 1960.

Michina Miduku

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri namatanhatu chinopa vaAmerica vane makore 18 okukura maruramiro okuvhota, akagamuchirwa muna 1971. Iyi gadziridzo yakadzorwa zvikurukuru neHondo yeVietnam, seizvo vashingairi vakataura kuti kana vakura vamakore 18 vakura zvakakwana kuti vanyoreswe ndokurwira nyika yavo, vanofanira kuva vakuru zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Kuderedza kwaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvikira ku 18, kunowedzera mamirioni avanhu vaduku kuva vakasarudzwa.

Ruwa rwavagari vemo veColumbia

23rd Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1961, yakabvumira vagari veAmerica vanogara muRuwa rweColumbia kuvhota nokuda kwapurezidhendi nomutevedzeri wapurezidhendi. Pamberi pekupinda kwayo D.C. vagari vaigona bedzi kuvhota mahofisi iwayo ane kunyoresa kwapamutemo mune imwe yenyika dzorudzi. Zvisinei, D.C. vagari vanongoshaiwa kumirira kwakazara kwedare, nenhume isina kubatira muNzvimbo yavamiriri.

Mutongo Wekodzero Dzevanhu wa1965: Chiitwa Chinoratidzwa Nechinzvimbo

Pasinei nokuchinja kwemitemo yaivimbisa kodzero dzokuvhota, rusaruro rwaipfuurira kutadzisa mamiriyoni evanhu vokuAmerica, kunyanya vagari vemo vechiBlack vokuSouth, kuvhota.Pakazosvika 1960, vaitsigira kodzero dzehurumende vakanga vaita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dzive chinhu chinokosha musangano ravo.

Nzira Yokuchinjira Kuchiito Chokupa Kodzero

Mutemo wacho wakaitika mwedzi minomwe pashure pokunge Martin Luther King atanga nhimbe yeSouthern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) yakavakirwa muSelma, Alabama, nechinangwa chokumanikidza Congress kuti ipedze mutemo wakadaro.

The Selma campaign culminated in a planned march from Selma to Montgomery, the state capital. The unprovoked attack on March 7, 1965, by state troopers on peaceful marchers crossing the Edmund Pettus Bridge in Selma, Alabama, en route to the state capitol in Montgomery, persuaded the President and Congress to overcome Southern legislators' resistance to effective voting rights legislation. The brutal violence, broadcast on national television, shocked the nation and created overwhelming pressure for federal action.

Gadziriro Huru Dzomurayiro Wokupa Kodzero

Voting Rights Act yakasainwa mumutemo naPurezidhendi Lyndon B. Johnson mukati moukuru hwesangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo pana August 6, 1965. Maererano neBato reRuramisiro reUnited States, Mutemo unorangarirwa kuva chikamu chinobudirira zvikurusa chomutemo wekodzero dzehurumende wati wamboitwa.

Yakagadzirirwa kuita kuti kodzero dzokuvhota dziitwe dzinodzivirirwa neMitemo yeChigumi Negumi Neshanu kuUnited States Constitution, Mutemo wacho wakatsvaka kodzero yokuvhota vanhu vashoma vemarudzi munyika yacho yose, zvikurukuru kumaodzanyemba.

Mutambo wacho waiva nourongwa hwakasimba hunoverengeka:

  • Chikamu 2 chinorambidza hurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo kugadza mutemo upi noupi wokuti "unoisa mukuramba kana kuti kuiswa muvhozhokero yekodzero yevagari vemo vapi navapi yokuvhota nemhaka yedzinza kana kuti ruvara" kana kuti mitezo muboka romutauro rishomanene
  • Dzimwe gadziriro dzakarambidza kunzvera kurava nokunyora uye zvimwe zvishandiso zvakafanana zvakanga zvichishandiswa kare kubvisa dzinza duku
  • Chikamu 5 chinoda zviremera zvine nhau yorusaruro kuti uwane mvumo kubva kuBato reRuramisiro kana kuti dare pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota, muitiro unozivikanwa se "preclarence"
  • Zvinodikanwa zvehurumende dzakati kuti dzigovere betsero yomutauro kuvavhoti munzanga umo mune kuisa ngwariro yavagari vemo vasina unyanzvi muChirungu zvakawedzerwa kuChibvumirano Chokuisa Kodzero Muna 1975

Kubatsira Kunoita Kupa Vanhu Kodzero

Pakazopera 1965, chikamu chimwe muzvina chemiriyoni chitsva chevaVrack chakanga chanyoreswa, chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chakaitwa nevanoongorora vehurumende, uye pakazosvika gore ra1966, zvina chete munyika dzokumaodzanyemba 13 dzeAfrica dzakanga dzava ne50 muzana yakanyoreswa kuvhota.

Nzvero yakaratidza kuti Act yakanga yabudirira uye muvhoti akawedzerwa zvikuru akanyoresa, zvikurukuru pakati pavanhu vechiBlack. Mumakore pashure pekufamba kwekodzero, kupesana kwemwero yokunyoresa pakati pevachena navaBlack vhotai kwakaderedza kubva pamapfundo 30 muzana mukuvamba kwama 1960 kusvikira kuma8 muzana anongodudza makore gumi gare gare.

Mutemo wave uri nhoo inobudirira zvikuru pakuronga kuderedza kana kuti kurerutsa simba rokuvhota renzanga nenhau yokuderedzwa, uye iyi dziviriro yave ichibetsera zvikuru mumiitiro yakafanana nokuchinja, iyo yakatungamirira kukusarudzwa kwamazana ehurumende, hurumende, uye vanoda ruvara munharaunda munyika nenhau yorusaruro.

Voing Rights Act ya1965 yakagamuchirwa ndokusimbiswa muna 1970, 1975, uye 1982, ichiratidzira musengwa webhiparitari wokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota kwamakumi amakore anoverengeka.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Zvokupa Kodzero

Chisarudzo Cheruwa cheShelby

Dare Repamusorosoro reUnited States rakashora Mutemo Wekodzero Dzevanhu pakutonga kwaro Shelby County v. Horer, richigadzirira nyika nehurumende kudzivirira vavhoti kuti vasarudze mitemo inorambidza.

Dare harina kumisa Loisi yose yekodzero, asi panzvimbo pezvo rakabvisa muitiro waishandiswa kusarudza kuti idzoi dzinoda kurongwa. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakawana mutoo wokusarudza kuti inzvimboi dzinoda kurongwa pachine nguva mberi ndokusiya kuCongress kuti igadziridze uye igadzirise nzira yaro, iyo inogona kuita panguva ipi neipi. Zvisinei, Dare harisati raita mutemo wokudzorera iyi dziviriro inokosha.

Pashure pechisarudzo chacho, inotaura kuti kusati kuchafanira kuwana tendero yehurumende yemitemo yokuvhota itsva yakaparira nhevedzano yemitemo iyo yakakuita kwakaoma zvikuru kuvhota, uye nzvero yeBrennan Center yakaratidza kuti mukaha wedzinza mumuvhoti wakura mumiganhu yakafukidzwa kare neChikamu 5.

Mumakore akatevera kutonga kwacho, hurumende dzakapfuudza ganhuriro itsva pakuvhota, kubatanidza mitemo yemuvhoti mutsva, ganhuriro pakuvhota kwapakuvamba, uye kuvharwa kwezviuru zvenzvimbo dzokuvhota munyika yose. idzi chinjo dzakatapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vavhoti vashomanene, vakweguru vanovhota, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vakaderera.

Kuderera Kwechikamu 2

Muna 2021, Dare Repamusorosoro reHurumende reDhemocratic Committee Supreme rakadudzirazve Chikamu 2 cheVoting Rights Act ya1965, kuchinetesa zvikuru kupfurikidza nokududzira "kukwana kwemigariro" kunoreva kuti hakurambidzi kazhinji kazhinji mitemo yokuvhota iyo ine tapuro dzinoparadza pamapoka ayo yaitsvaka kudzivirira.

Dare Rapamusoro Rakaita Kuti Zvive Zvakaoma Kuendesa Kumatare Muchikamu 2, Kuwedzera Kuganhurira Zvishandiso Zvinowanika Kudenha Miitiro Yokuvhota Yorusaruraganda.Izvozvi zvakaita Kuti Zviomere Masangano Ane Kodzero Dzavanhu uye Zvakaomera vavhoti kudenha mitemo inoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwenzanga duku.

Zvinodikanwa Nemirau Zvazvino

Zvinodikanwa Zvikuru Zvokuva Akakodzera

Nhasi, kuti vavhote musarudzo dzehurumende muUnited States, vanhu vamwe navamwe vanofanira kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvikuru zvinoverengeka. Vanofanira kuva vagari vemo veU.S., vane makore anenge 18 okukura paZuva reSarudzo, uye vanosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvokugara zvavo. Nyika zhinjisa dzinoda vavhoti kunyoresa pamberi poMusi woKuvhota, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichipa kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero.

Vasingasaruri vehurumende nehurumende havagoni kuvhota sarudzo, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chiduku chenharaunda chichibvumira vagari vemo vasingagari vemo kuvhota musarudzo dzakati dzomunzvimbomo, dzakadai seboka rezvikoro. Ikoku kunoratidzira nheyo yokuti kuvhota musarudzo dzehurumende nehurumende ikodzero yakachengeterwa vagari vemo.

Ganhuriro Dzokugovera Kodzero

Mitemo inowanzodzosera kodzero dzokuvhota pajeri kana kuti pakuvhota, uye dzimwe nyika dzinobvisa zvikwereti zvemhosva youpenyu pashure pejeri. Mitemo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemabhoro inosiyana zvikuru nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzinodzorera kodzero dzokuvhota padzinenge dzasunungurwa mujeri, nepo dzimwe dzichida kupedza kusunungurwa kana kuongororwa. Mitezo mishomanene inobvisa zvachose vanhu vane mhosva dzakati kuti kana vakasagamuchira ruregerero kana kuti kodzero dzavo dzichidzorerwa mumwe nomumwe kuburikidza negadziriro yakaparadzana.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kusawirirana kwechigarire hakutsigiri nzanga shomanene uye hakunei nokunyanyisa, nepo vatsigiri vachiomerera pakuti mugumisiro wakakodzera woutsotsi hwakakomba.

Kusiyana - siyana Kwehurumende Mune Zvokuita

Izvi zvinoreva kuti nzira dzokuvhota dzinogona kusiyana zvikuru munyika nenyika, zvichiita kuti pave nemitemo nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana - siyana munyika yose.

Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mitemo yevhoti inoda vavhoti kuti vape zvimiro zvakati zvokuzivisa vasati vagadzira bhoti. Iyi mitemo inosiana murumano, nedzimwe nyika dzichigamuchira mhatsa yakafara yezvinyorwa uye dzimwe dzinoda kuzivikanwa. vanotsigira vanotaura kuti zvinodikanwa zveID zvinodzivisa kubiridzira ndokuwedzera chivimbo chavanhu mukuvhota, nepo vashori vachiomerera kuti vanoparira mhingani dzisiri madikanwa, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavakweguru, vashomanene, uye vavhoti vakaderera avo vangava sezvingabvira zvikuru kuva nezvinyorwa zvinodikanwa.

Vamwe vakanyoresa vavhoti, uko vagari vemo vakakodzera vanongonyoreswa pavanenge vachishanda nemasangano ehurumende akadai seDhipatimendi reMotor Vehicles.

Kuvandudza Kuwanika

Kutanga Kufarira Zvokudya uye Kuramba Vachidya

Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vagari vemo kukanda mavhota pamunhu mukati menhambo yakatarwa paZuva Rokusarudza, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitora mazuva anoverengeka kana kuti mavhiki. Ikoku kunobetsera kuderedza mitsetse mirefu paZuva Rokuvhota uye kunogovera kuchinjika nokuda kwavavhotera vangava nebasa, mhuri, kana kuti mimwe misengwa inoita kuti kuvhota kuome pazuva rakananga.

Kuvhota kwazovawo zvishandiso zvinokosha zvikuru zvokuvandudza kuwanikwa. Mumagamuchidzanwa, mavhota aisipo aiwanika bedzi kuvavhoti vaiva nepembedzo dzakananga, zvakadai sokuva kunze kwetaundi paZuva roKusarudza kana kuti kuva nourema. Zvisinei, nyika zhinji dzakatamira ku "no-excuse" kuvhota kwapasipo, kuchibvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa kukumbira tsamba mubhengi. Dzimwe nyika dzakaendazve, kutumira mapepa ose akanyoreswa.

Masangano okuvhota nematsamba anogona kuwedzera zvikuru kutora rutivi kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakakodzera zvikuru uye kusvikika. Kunobetsera zvikurukuru kuvavhoti vane urema, avo vanoshanda maawa akawanda kana kuti asiri enguva dzose, vabereki vane vana vaduku, uye vavhoti vakwegura vangava nechinetso chokuenda kunzvimbo dzokuvhota.

Nzvimbo Dzinoshatisa Dzinobhadharika

VaAmerica vane Dicculture Act (ADA) vanoda kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzisvike kuvavhoti vane urema. Ikoku kunobatanidza upwiviro hwomuviri, zvakadai semazambuko, miparera inosvikika, uye matende okuvhotera ayo anogarwa mawiricheya. Nzvimbo dzokushambadza dzinofanirawo kugovera michina yokuvhotera inosvikwa, yakadai semichina ine zvokuvhotera zvenzwiro yevota mapofu kana kuti vane chiono chakaderera, uye maturusi anobvumira vavhoti vane uregereti hwakaganhurirwa kukanda mabhiri pasina kuvhota.

Kupfuura kuwanikwa kwomuviri, nzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzokuvhota zvinhu zvinokosha. Nzvimbo dzokushambadzira dzinofanira kuparadzirwa zvakaenzana munzanga dzose, nokurangarirwa kwokuwana zvokufambisa zvavose nokuparadzirwa kwenzvimbo dzinosarudzwa vavhoti. Kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhotera, zvikurukuru munzanga shomanene nedzinowana mari shoma, kwazova chinhu chikuru mumakore achangobva kupfuura, sezvo kunogona kuparira madaro marefu uye kumirira nguva dzinodzivisa kuvhota nenzira inobudirira.

Zvirongwa Zvakajeka uye Zvinobhadharika Zvokunyoresa

Gadziriro dzokunyoresa paIndaneti dzakaita kuti basa racho rive nyore munyika dzakawanda, dzichibvumira vagari vemo kunyoresa kana kuti kuvandudza mashoko avo kumusha.

Mugadziriro ino, vagari vemo vakakodzera vanonyoreswa kuvhota kana vakasarudza kuvhota nemasangano akati ehurumende. Uku kunochinja mutoro kubva kumunhu kuenda kuhurumende, kuchiva nechokwadi chokuti vagari vemo vakakodzera zvikuru vanonyoreswa uye vanokwanisa kuvhota.

Kukurukurirana zvakajeka pamusoro pekusvitsa nguva yokunyoresa, zvinodiwa, uye miitiro zvinokoshawo.Nyika dzinofanira kupa mashoko mumitauro yakawanda kuti dzibatsire nzanga dzisati dziri mutauro wokutanga, uye dzinofanira kushandisa mikoto yakawanda — kubatanidza mawebsite akawanda, masangano anobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye manyuko enzanga — kuti dzisvike vavhoti vose vakakodzera.

Kubatsira Mutauro

Kunzanga dzine vanhu vakawanda vasingagoni kunyora Chirungu, rubatsiro rwemitauro runokosha kuti munhu atore rutivi rune revo. Voting Rights Act inoda dzimwe nyika kuti dzipe vanhu vanoshandisa mitauro miviri uye zvokuvhota, uyewo rubatsiro rwevashandi vokuvhota vane mitauro miviri. Izvi zvinovimbisa kuti mhinganidzo dzemitauro haidzivisi vagari vemo kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota.

Kubatsira mutauro kunopfuura kungoshandura mavhota, kunosanganisira kupa zvokushandisa pakudzidzisa vanhu mumitauro yakawanda, kubatsira mitauro munzvimbo dzinovhoterwa, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvinhu zvokunyoresa nazvo zvinowanika mumitauro inotaurwa nezvikamu zvinokosha zvenzanga yacho.

Dzidzo Yezvikepe Nemubato

Vavhoti vazhinji vakakodzera havatori rutivi musarudzo nemhaka yokuti havana mashoko pamusoro penzira yokunyoresa nayo, kwokuvhota nayo, kuti izivikanwoi yavanoda, kana kuti chichava pachirongwa chebasa.

Dzidzo inobudirira inosvika vanhu kwairi, ichishandisa masangano enzanga anovimbwa nawo, zvikoro, maraibhurari, uye dzimba dzokunamatira kuparadzira mashoko. Inofanira kuva isingatsigiri mashoko. Inofanira kuva isingatsigiri, ichinangidzira ngwariro pakuvhota panzvimbo yokutsigira nokuda kwevanoda kutendwa kana kuti nzvimbo. Maturusi emagetsi, kubatanidza mawebsite neapps zvinobetsera vavhoti kuwana nzvimbo dzavo dzokuvhota, kunzvera nzvimbo dzavo dzokunyoresa, uye kudzidza pamusoro pezviito zvevachadaviri, zvazova zvinokosha zvikuru.

Basa Rokuronga Kusarudza

Kutungamirira Kwounyanzvi Nekusatora Makuriro

Sarudzo dzakarurama nedzinosvikika dzinoda vatarisiri vesarudzo vane unyanzvi, vakasanorovedzwa vanogona kudzora nhevedzano yakaoma yesarudzo vachichengeta chivimbo chavose. Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo vanofanira kudzikamisa zvinhu zvakawanda zvokutanga: kuva nechokwadi chechengeteko nokudzivisa kubiridzira, kuita kuti kuvhota kuve nyore uye kwakakodzera, kugadziriswa nenzira yakarurama uye nenzira inobudirira, uye kuchengeta chivimbo chavanhu.

Kana vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vachinzi vanotsigira mumwe munhu kana kuti muvhoriyamu, zvinoderedza chivimbo chevanhu mumigumisiro yacho. Nyika dzakawanda dzakatanga kutungamirira basa resarudzo, risiri repartisan, kunyange zvazvo zvirongwa chaizvo zvichisiyana.

Pfuma Yakakwana Nezvirongwa

Sarudzo yakachengeteka, inowanika inoda zvinhu zvinokosha. Vakuru vakuru vechisarudzo vanoda mari yakakwana nokuda kwezvishandiso zvokuvhota, rovedzo yomushandi wokuvhota, dzidzo yokuvhota, kuchengeteka kwekombiyuta, uye vashandi vehurumende. Kufadza kunogona kutungamirira kumitsetse mirefu, kukundikana kwemidziyo, vashandi vanovhota vasingarovedzwi, uye zvimwe zvinetso zvinoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma zvikuru uye kusekesa chivimbo mumuitiro wacho.

Zvishandiso zvokuvhota zvazvino uno zvinokosha kuti pave nezvisarudzo zvakarurama, zvinonyatsoshanda. Izvi zvinosanganisira kwete michina yokuvhota chete asiwo zvishandiso zvokuvhota, zvishandiso zvokuvhota zvinowanika, uye marobhoti okugadzira maposi anoiswa mumapepa. Madhirobhu anofanira kugara achichengetwa, kuongororwa, uye pakupedzisira kutsiviwa sezvo anopera.

Kushambadza Nokurovedza Vanoita Zvemaoresa

Kutsvaka nokurovedza nhamba dzakaringana dzevashandi vanovhota idenho inopfuurira, zvikurukuru sezvo nzvimbo yegamuchidzanwa yavashandi vevhotaro ($retires) yazova yakaoma zvikuru kuwana mashoko nemhaka yeitiro hanya dzoutano nezvimwe zvinhu.

Rovedzo yomushandi wokuvhota inobudirira inovimbisa kuti vashandi vanzwisise miitiro yokuvhota, vanogona kushandisa michina yokuvhota, vanoziva nzira yokubetsera nayo vavhoti nemhinganidzo dzomutauro, uye vanogona kubata zvinetso zvinomuka. Vakanyatsorovedzwa, vashandi vokuvhota vane unyanzvi vanobetsera zvikuru kuzvinoitika zvakanaka zvavavhoti uye dare rasarudzo rakaisvonaka.

Kudzikamisa Kuchengeteka Nokuzivikanwa

Chimwe chezvinetso zvikuru mumiitiro yokuvhota kudzikamisa kudikanwa kwechengeteko yesarudzo nevavariro yokuita kuti kuvhota kusvike kuvagari vose vakakodzera.Idzi vavariro hadzisi dzomuzvarirwo murwisano, asi dzinogona kuparira kusawirirana mukushanda.

Kusarudza Kuchengetedza

Kusimbisa kuti sarudzo dzakachengeteka uye kuti dzinoguma nemuuyo wakarurama unoratidzira kuda kwavavhoti kunokosha kuhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nhano dzechengeteko dzinobatanidza kubvumikisa kuva asina kuvimbika muvhoti, kudzivisa unyengeri, kudzivirira pakuvhota pakombiyuta, uye kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvakarurama zvevavhoti. Idzi inharidzano dzapamutemo uye dzinokosha dzinofarikanya tsigiro yavose.

Zvisinei, matanho okuchengetedza anofanira kusanorongwa kudzivisa kuparira mhinganidzo dzisiri madikanwa kukuvhota.

Kuitwa Kwomuitiro Unotsigirwa Noufakazi

Muitiro wokuvhota unobudirira unofanira kuvakirwa paufakazi pamusoro pezvinetso chaizvoizvo nemiuyo sezvingabvira yezvigadzikiso zvinokarakadzwa.

Nenzira yakafanana, pakunzvera tapuro dzemiitiro yokuvhota, kunokosha kutarira mashoko chaiwoiwo pakutora rutivi kwomuvhoti, zvikurukuru pakati pamapoka akasiana - siana avagari vemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yokugamuchira Kodzero

Kuramba Kuchinetsana

Kodzero dzinopiwa kodzero dzinoramba dziri nhau dzekurukurirano huru yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusabvumirana kunopfuurira pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvemuvhoti, kudzorerwa kwamaruramiro okuvhota nokuda kwavanhu vane zvitendero zvokuvhota, murairo wetsamba nevhota, basa rechiremera chehurumende mukupesana nehurumende mukutarisirwa kwesarudzo, uye dzimwe nhau dzakawanda. iyi kurukurirano dzinoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana pamusoro pedzikamo yakafanira pakati pechengeteko nokuwana, pamwe chete nokurangarira kwakasiana kwemugariro wazvino uno wekodzero dzokuvhota muAmerica.

Kuderera kweChibvumirano chekodzero dzevanhu cheDare Rapamusorosoro kwakaparira kuti pave nemutemo mutsva wehurumende wokudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota. zvikarakadzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvakatangwa muCongress, kunyange zvazvo mapoka anosarira akadzikatidza kutora. Kukakavadzana pamusoro pomutemo wekodzero dzokuvhota kunomutsa mibvunzo yakakura pamusoro pokuva nehurumende yehurumende uye basa rakakodzera rehurumende yerudzi mukutungamirira kusarudza.

Kuvandudza Unyanzvi

Ruzivo rwezvinogadzirwa runogovera mikana nedenho dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota. Kunyoresa paUniversity kwakaita kuti kunyoresa kwapakombiyuta kuve nyore kuwana uye kwakarurama munyika dzakawanda. Mabhuku okuvhota pamagetsi anogona kudirana cheki ndokuderedza zvikanganiso. Ruzivo rwokuvhota runowanika runogona kubatsira vavhoti vane urema kuisa mavhoti pasina kumira zvakanaka.

Kukakavadzana kwemakombiyuta pamusoro pokuvhota kunoratidza kusawirirana uku: Kunyange zvazvo kuvhota paIndaneti kuchigona kuwedzera kuwanikwa, nyanzvi dzezvochengeteka dzakamutsa kunetseka kuti zvinhu zvakadaro zvinogona kukanganiswa nokukanganiswa nokushandiswa zvisina kutsakatika.

Kuchinja Kweupenyu

Chinjo dzechiverengero chavagari vemo dzeAmerica dzichapfuurira kuumba nharo dzekodzero dzokuvhota. Nyika iri kuva yakasiana zvikuru, navagari vemo vari kuwedzera veLatino, Asia America, uye ndudzi dzavanhu. Uku kuchinja kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kune revo rezvinodikanwa zvebetsero yomutauro, muvhoti, uye nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvakafara zvikuru.

Kuchinja kwechizvarwa kunokoshawo. Vavhoti vaduku vane kariro dzakasiana pamusoro poruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nebetsero, uye vangava sezvingabvira zvikuru kutsigira zvinhu zvitsva zvakadai sekunyoresa paIndaneti uye zvisarudzo zvokuvhota paposisi zvakawedzerwa. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuvimbisa kuti muvhoti akura, uyo angasava anorerukirwa zvikuru noruzivo rworuzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, anogona kupfuurira kutora rutivi zvizere kunoramba kuchikosha.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Pakodzero Dzevamwe

Dzichitarira kuti dzimwe kodzero dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinogona sei kugovera mashoko akapoteredza anobetsera nokuda kwekurukurirano dzeAmerica. Nyika dzakawanda dzinoita kuti Zuva Rokusarudza rive zororo kana kuti kuita sarudzo pakupera kwevhiki kuti dziite kuti kuvhota kuve kwakakodzera zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzine kuvhota kwokumanikidzira, dzichida kuti vagari vose vakakodzera varote kana kuti vapiwe zvirango.

Nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinotorawo nzira dzakasiana - siana dzokuzivisa muvhoti, kuvhota netsamba, uye kuvhota kwapakuvamba. Nepo gadziriro yenyika imwe neimwe inoratidzira nhau yayo chaiyo, tsika, uye masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, kunzvera miitiro yamarudzi ose kunogona kukarakadza bviro dzokuvandudza maruramiro okuvhota nerokuvhota.

Kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti United States ndeyechienzi pakati pehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakasimbiswa mutambanuko apo utarisiri hwesarudzo hunoitwa zvakanaka uye hunosiana nehurumende nenzvimbo.

Kukosha Kwokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano Chokuberekana

Kuvimbisana kwechibvumirano chekuvhota kunosanganisira kwete kungovhota chete asiwo kuramba uchiudzwa nyaya dzevoruzhinji, kuonana nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kubatanidzwa mumasangano omunzanga, uye kuita hurukuro yavose, kunokosha nokuda kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vane utano hwakanaka.

Voter jiroute muUnited States munhau yave iri yakaderera kupfuura mudzimwe hurumende dzapasi dzakawanda dzakasimbiswa, kunyange zvazvo yakawedzera zvikuru musarudzo dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Turnout inosiana nenzira ine mufungo neboka ravagari vemo vagaramo, navakwegura, vakapfuma, uye vakadzidza zvikuru pamwero yakakwirira kupfuura vagari vemo vaduku, varombo, uye vasina kudzidza. Uku kutsaura kunoreva kuti muvhoti haaratidzi zvizere chiverengero chavagari vemo chinodikanwa, mutezo wemiuyo yokusarira.

Kuvhota kunowedzera kunoda kugadzirisa zvose zvinopinganidza uye pfungwa yomunhu oga. Kuita kuti kuvhota kusvike uye kuve nyore kunogona kubatsira, asi naizvozvowo dzidzo yevagari vemo inogona kubatsira vagari vemo kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inotapura sei upenyu hwavo uye kuti vanogona sei kuhupesvedzera.

Matanho Anoshanda Okudzivirira Nokupa Kodzero

Nokuda Kwemitambo Yomunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vanogona kuita nhano dzinoverengeka kuva nechokwadi chokuti vanogona kushandisa maruramiro avo okuvhota:

  • Anonyoresa kuvhota pakuvamba: Nzvera nguva yaunonyoresa yenyika ndokunyoresa pachine nguva. Qinisekisa kuti kunyoresa kwako kunoshanda pamberi pesarudzo imwe neimwe.
  • Gara uchiziva pamusoro pezvinodikanwa: Ziva kuti izivikanwoi kana kuti mamwe magwaro waifanira kuunza kuvhota munyika yako. Nzwisisa mitemo yehurumende yako pamusoro pokuvhota kwokukurumidza, kuvhota kwousingatengi, uye miitiro yeZuva rorudzo.
  • [ mberi: Sarudza kuti uchavhota rini uye kupi. Kana kuvhota kuri munhu, ziva nzvimbo yako yokuvhotera nemaawa. Kana uvhotera nepositi, kumbira kora yako nokukurumidza ndokuidzosa nokukurumidza.
  • Ziva maruramiro ako: Nzwisisa kuti ikodzeroi dzaunadzo somuvhoti, kubatanidza maruramiro okubetsera kana uchiida, maruramiro eroti kana uchigona kubvunzwa, uye maruramiro okushuma zvinetso.
  • [ Tsigira vamwe vhoti: Govana mashoko pamusoro pokunyoresa nokuvhota neshamwari nemhuri. Sanozvipira somuvhota kana kuti nechitima chokuvhota. Tsigira masangano anoshanda kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota.

Nokuda Kwenzanga Nemasangano

Masangano enzanga, mapoka ehurumende, uye masangano okuvhota anobatsira anoita mabasa anokosha mukudzivirira nokuwedzera kodzero dzokuvhota:

  • Kunyoresa kweVotration kunokurudzira: ronga nhamburiko dzokunyoresa vavhoti vakakodzera, zvikurukuru munzanga dzisingapiwi.
  • [ Dzidzo yedzemari: Ipa mashoko akajeka, asingatsigiri pamusoro penzira yokunyoresa nayo, kwokuvhota, uye chichava pabhoti.
  • Rubatsiro rwemitauro: Kupa zvinhu nebetsero mumitauro mizhinji kubatira nzanga dzakasiana - siana.
  • [ yamuro yokuvhota: Betsera vavhoti vasina chokufambisa vanosvika kunzvimbo dzokuvhotera kana kuti kuvhota tsamba.
  • [ Kuongorora kweProto: Chitima ndokuisa zviteshi zvokuvhota kuti zvichengete zvinetso zvokuvhota uye kushuma.
  • Basa rekuvhota: Basa remitemo inowedzera kusvika kwokuvhota uye kudzivirira kodzero dzokuvhota.
  • [ : Kudenha mitemo nemiitiro zvinosarura vavhoti kana kuti kuita mhinganidzo dzisiri madikanwa dzokuvhota.

Nokuda Kwavaiti Vemitemo Navakuru Vehurumende Vamajeri

Vaya vane mutoro wokuita nokushandisa mutemo wokuvhota vanofanira kuisa pakutanga zvose zviri zviviri kuwanikwa nokuchengeteka:

  • [ Mikana yokuvhota yakapararira: Kuvhota nokukurumidza, kusarega kuvhota, uye kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chete apo kunobvira.
  • [[[FUNDO: 0] govera mari yakakwana yokuvhota nayo, rovedzo yomushandi wokuvhota, uye kutarisirwa kwasarudzo.
  • Chengeta mapepa evoti akarurama: Chengeta kunyoresa kusvikira pamusi apo uchiva nechokwadi chokuti vavhoti vakakodzera havabvisiwi zvisina kufanira.
  • Ita kuti nzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzisvike: kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzvimbo dzose dzokuvhota dzinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zveADA uye dziri munzvimbo yakakodzera.
  • [ Rubatsiro rwomutauro: Ipa mabhuruti, zvokushandisa, uye betsero mumitauro inotaurwa nezvikamu zvinokosha zvenzanga.
  • [[FUMENT:0] zivisa zvakajeka: Chipa mashoko akajeka, akarurama pamusoro pokunyoresa, miitiro yokuvhota, uye zvinodikanwa kupfurikidza nemikoto mizhinji.
  • Mitemo inotsamira paufakazi: Shandisa mashoko nokunzvera kuziva zvinetso chaizvoizvo uye zvigadzikiso zvinobudirira.
  • [[ITSOMBO: 0] Chengeta kujeka: Kutungamirira sarudzo nomutoo wapachena, unojeka unovaka chivimbo chavanhu.

Kupedzisa: Kurwira Kupiwa Kwekodzero Kunoramba Kuchirwiwa

Nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota muUnited States inhau yokuwedzera kwapashoma napashoma kunodzorwa nemhinganidzo nerwisano dzinopfuurira. Kuvambira padanho rakaganhurirwa renhambo yamavambo kusvikira kugadziriro yanhasi yakabatanidzwa zvikuru, kukura kumwe nokumwe kwekodzero dzokuvhota kwakada nhamburiko inotsigirwa navatsigiri, vatsigiri, uye vagariwo zvavo vanoraira maruramiro avo okutora rutivi muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Asi basa racho harina kupera. Zvinetso zvinokosha zvasara, kubatanidza kuneta kweVoting Rights Act, ganhuriro dzenzvimbo dzehurumende dzinoita kuti kuvhota kuve kwakaoma zvikuru nokuda kwavamwe vagari vemo, kusasarura muvhoti mumapoka echiverengero chavagari vemo, uye gakava rinopfuurira pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo chengeteko nokuwana. Nhau inokosha yokuti ndiani anoenda kuvhota uye kuti vanogona kuita kudaro zviri nyore sei inoramba ichipokanidzana.

Kudzivirira nokuwedzera kodzero dzokuvhota kunoda kungwarira uye kuvimbisana nemativi ose enzanga. vagari vemo vamwe navamwe vanofanira kushandisa kodzero yavo yokuvhota ndokubetsera vamwe kuita zvimwe chetezvo. Masangano enzanga anofanira kupfuudzira basa rawo rokuvhota, kugovera dzidzo nebetsero, uye kutsigira miitiro iri nani. Vagadziri vemitemo navakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanofanira kuisa pakutanga zvose zviri zviviri chengeteko nokuwana kwavo ufakazi nenheyo inokosha yokuti vagari vose vanokwanisa kuvhota.

Kupa kodzero dzemunhu wacho ndiyo fandesheni yokunzwisisa nhau yekodzero dzokuvhota, kurongwa kwemitemo kuripo iye zvino, uye zvinetso zviri kuramba zvichiitika, tose tinogona kubatsira kuita kuti hurumende yeruzhinji ive yakanaka, inowanika, uye inowanikwa.

Nokuda kwamashoko akawanda pamusoro pekodzero dzokuvhota uye nzira yokunyoresa nayo kuvhota, shanyira Votte.gov, chisakiso chehurumende chokuvhota. Kudzidza pamusoro pemitemo yekodzero dzepoto namaruramiro okuvhota, masangano akafanana ne [[[FLT:] Brennan Center yeChirevo na[FLT] COM] COM [[FF:]] COM [FLT] COM] Union [[FLT:][5]] inogovera mitengo inopa mitengo yakakura nefundo. [[FLT]

Nokuramba tichiziva nezvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, kushingaira, uye kushanda kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vagari vose vakakodzera vanogona kuvhota, tinokudza kuzvipira kwevaya vakarwira kodzero dzokuvhota uye kunobatsira kuvaka ramangwana rehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu.