Chitanga: Kushongedza Kunoita Vatongi

Chivako chegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yehurumende chinosarudza kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei pakati pechiremera chikuru nenharaunda dzacho. Uku kuparadzirwa kunopesvedzera nenzira yakakomba simba rechinzwano chorudzi nemwero wezvigaro zvenharaunda. Pakati pemienzaniso yakasanhamarisa pane idisvidal[ uye festerl[[FLT]]l]l [[FLT]] . Masero maviri anogara pamicheto yakasiana yemativi makuru, rimwe nerimwe nemiitiro yakajeka yakasiana nokuda kwokuenzanisa kweizvo zvarose. Kunzwisisa masangano awo anokosha nokuda kwavezve ezvamatongerwe enyika, vagadziri vemiitiro, vagari vemitengo, uye vagari vemo vanotsvaka kuyera gadziriro dzenyika dzazvino uno.

Nyaya ino inogovera kunzverwa kwakakura kwegadziriro dzekonfiterano nehurumende, kunzvera hwaro hwadzo hwerondedzero, mhindumupindu yenhau, kuzadzika kwenyika chaikoiko, uye kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pechinzwano nechisarudzo. Tichanzvera kuti gadziriro imwe neimwe inoumba sei ukama pakati pehurumende dzenyika nenharaunda, kutengeserana kwakabatanidzwa, uye zvidzidzo zvinogona kutorwa nokuda kwedenho dzenguva ino dzokutonga.

Kurondedzera Tsika Yemakakatanwa

Gadziriro yebvumirano yehurumende (yakawanda inonongedzerwa kwairi seyakabatana) mubatanidzwa wehurumende yakazvimirira, inotonga kuti igovere nokuzvidira masimba akaganhurirwa kuchiremera chikuru. Muiyi gadziriro, nyika dziri mutezo dzinoramba dziripo nokuda kwemadonzo makuru anorondedzerwa bedzi (nenzira inodonongodzwa) ayo akaomera hurumende imwe kubata iri yoga, yakadai sedziviriro, kuwirirana kwedzimwe nyika, kana kuti mari imwe. Chiremera chikuru hachina mano okuita kuti kuda kwacho kuve kwakananga pavagari vemo venyika; panzvimbo pezvo, chinofanira kuvimba nebatira pamwe chete uye kubvumirano yehurumende.

Hurumende yepakati haigoni kubvisa mitero, kusimudza hondo painenge iri, kana kuti kupfuudza mitemo inoshanda zvakananga kuvanhu vasina kukwaniswa nenyika dziri mutezo. Zvisarudzo zvinowanzoda kudzorwa kana kuti kutenderwa kwakabatana, kupa hurumende imwe neimwe uchangamire hweruwa hunoshanda pamusoro pemitezo mikuru.

Mienzaniso Yenhau Yedzidziso

Muenzaniso wenhau wakakurumbira zvikurusa ndi United States pasi peChikamu cheConfederation (1781-1789). Pashure pokuzivisa kuzvimirira kubva kuBritain, nyika dzapakuvamba gumi nenhatu dzakaumba mubatanidzwa wakasununguka uyo wakachengeta uchangamire hwehurumende imwe neimwe, rusununguko, uye kuzvimirira. Hurumende yepakati yakanga iri Dare reUniversal Congress risina simba remitero kana kuti bhizimisi renyika inodzorwa. Kusakwanisa kusimudzira mari kana kuti kumanikidza zvibvumirano zvakatungamirira kunyongano yemari uye kusagadzikana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, pakupedzisira kwakaparira kugamuchirwa kweU.S.

Muenzaniso wemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru i EUN Union (EFLT:1]], iyo inoratidzira mavara akati. Nyika dzeEU dzinoramba dziri dzvuru, asi dzakapa masimba akati kuti (zvakadai semiraudzo yezvokutengeserana, mutemo wemari weEURO, uye gadziriro dzemari dzemitezo yeEuro yeURONCONE(to weInternational commission, Council of the European Union, uye Paramendimendix yeEurope. Zvisinei, EU haisi chibvumirano chakakwana chakakwana chakakwana nemhaka yokuti masangano ayo anogona kubudisa mitemo inosunga zvakananga mitezo yavo yemitezo, uye vagari vemo veEurope yeRuramisi yePUS ine chiremera chokududzira mutemo. IEU proce commuchiniquence, chikachikachika chaidzonge * chitsaruso chenyika (Unich).

Dzimwe bvumirano dzenhau dzinobatanidza Suisse Confederacy (1291-1798)] [1] ibvumirano isina donzo yamacanton iyo bedzi yakashanduka kuva nyika yehurumende muna 1848(na] ] . [121], mutengi weFrance wenyika yemitengi. MuAfrica, upenyu hupfupi ] SSELAa Confederation (19989)[FLT] yakabatana neSenegalga naGenegamesi pasi pechibvumirano, asi yakakundikana nemhaka yokusvetuka nokushaikwa kwetsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Simba uye Kusava Nesimba Kwekutaurirana

Simba

  • Utongi hwenharaunda hwakachengetwa: Nyika dzeChibatanwa dzinogona kuwirirana nezvinodiwa zvomunzvimbomo pasina kudzongonyedzwa nechiremera chiri kure.
  • Kujeka nokuedza: nyika dzakasiana - siana dzinogona kushanda se “mibato yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” miitiro yokuedza inogona gare gare kugamuchirwa nedzimwe.
  • [[FOL:0] Consensus - bing: Kunoda kukurukurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira, kuchigona kuita zvibvumirano zvakasimba zvikuru apo zvinosvikwa.

Utera

  • Kuita chisarudzo chisingashandi: Zvinodikanwa zvisina tsinhirano zvinowanzotungamirira kukuvhara vhudzi nokusakwanisa kupindura kunjodzi (mutoo, U.S.S. yaisagona kuunganidza uto renyika kuti idzvinyirire Rupanduko rwaShay muna 1786).
  • Kuchengetwa kweWeak: Chiremera chikuru chine simba duku rokumanikidza kuwirirana kunobva kunyika, kuchitungamirira kuzvinetso zvakasununguka.
  • Chinzwano chorudzi: Pasina masangano akasimba avose, kuzivikanwa kunowanzoramba kwakavakirwa panharaunda panzvimbo perudzi, kuchiita kuti kubatana kuve kwakatapukira kuparadza.

Kurondedzera Tsika Yemabharani

Gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa uchangamire pakati pehurumende huru nehurumende dzeruwa (dzinowanzonzi nyika, maruwa, kana kuti macanton). Mitengo yose iri miviri inowana chiremera chayo mubumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro rinogovera masimba akananga kune rimwe nerimwe, uye haigoni kuchinja pasina payakarenga kugona kuchinja kuparadzira. Federalism yakagadzirirwa kuwana nzvimbo yapakati: hurumende huru inobata nhau dzeitiro hanya yenyika (magariro, muitiro wokumwe, kutengeserana kwemari, kutengeserana kwehurumende), nepo hurumende dzeruwa dzichitarisira nhau dzomunzvimbomo (kufambisa, zvokufambisa, zvokufambisa, kushandiswa kwenyika).

Mugadziriro dzehurumende, vagari vemo vanozviisa pasi pemitumbi miviri inodzora: hurumende yenyika nehurumende yavo. Bumbiro remitemo rinobatanidza zvikurukuru ndaza yamasimba anoverengwa nokuda kwehurumende yapakati, namasimba anosiiwa kumitezo. Iyi gadziriro inoparira uchangamire hwehurumende umo mwero yose iri miviri inoshanda yakazvimirira mukati memazambuko ayo, bva inowanzobatira pamwe ndokubatira pamwe kupfurikidza neukama hwehurumende.

Mativi Makuru Egadziriro Dzemapuraneti

  • Kukamuranisa kwamasimba: Hurumende dzenyika nenharaunda dzine masimba adzo oga uye akabatana akarongwa zvakajeka mumutemo wakakwirira.
  • bhicameral commission: Kazhinji kazhinji chigaro chomutemo chenyika chinobatanidza imba inomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo (mutoo, Imba yaVamiriri) uye imba inomirira nyika zvakaenzana (mue., Dare) kudzivirira fariro dzomunharaunda.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mudare rinotonga rakazvimirira: Dare rebumbiro remitemo kana kuti dare rapamusoro rinopedza gakava pakati pemwero yehurumende.
  • Utongi hweruwa hwezvamatongerwe enyika: nyika dzine bumbiro remitemo radzo dzimene, masangano okugadza chigaro, vakuru vakuru, uye vatongi.
  • Mutero unogoverwa:[ Mwero yose iri miviri inogona kubvisa mitero yehozho, kunyange zvazvo hurumende yenyika zvikurukuru ine manyuko makuru emari.

Mienzaniso Yakatanhamara Yavanhu

United States igadziriro yehurumende, yakagadzwa neBumbiro reMitemo ra1787. Hurumende yehurumende yakatara masimba (Makurukota, Chikamu 8), apo Amenduro yegumi inochengeta mamwe masimba ose kunyika kana kuti vanhu. Nokufamba kwenguva, simba rehurumende rakafutunurwa kupfurikidza neCHEMCHECHECILAS, Hurumende yeYamagariro, uye kupa mapurogiramu echiRungu, asi masangano anochengeta chiremera chinokosha munharaunda dzakafanana neruramisiro yeutsotsi, dzidzo, uye kutarisirwa kwenyika.

Germany muenzaniso wakatanhamara wegadziriro yesangano rebatira pamwe (inowanzonzi “hurumende inotonga”). Hurumende yorudzi (Bund) sistatestes, asi nyika (Länder) inoshandisa mitemo mizhinji. Bundesrat (imba huru) inomirira hurumende dzeLänder, inodzipa pesvedzero yakananga pamitemo yenyika inotapura fariro dzavo.

Indiya yakagamuchira gadziriro yomubatanidzwa ine fungidziro huru yokugarisanisa mhatsa huru mumutauro, rudzidziso, uye rudzi. Bumbiro remitemo rinoronga zvisaririra pasi peHuruwa reUnion, Hurumende, Rusano, uye muganhu weMarudzi. Pasinei zvapo nerwisano, mutemo weUnion uripo. Pasinei zvapo negadziriro yehurumende, India yakapupurira nhambo dzenzvimbo yepakati, zvikurukuru mukati memigariro inotambudza.

Dzimwe hurumende dzinobatanidza Canada, Australia, Brazil, uye [[FLT]] Mexico. Zviratidziro zvose zvakasiana nemigariro yomunzvimbomo [wmuenzaniso, gadziriro yeCanada inobatanidza chimuko chomubatanidzwa wehurumende (g. Quebec nedziviriro dzoruwa netsika).

Simba Neutera Hwemadhipatimendi

Simba

  • Kubatana pakati pechinzwano nemhatsa: Hurumende dzinobvumira nzvimbo kuchengeta uzivi hwakajeka nepo dzichibetsera kugadziriro yenyika imwe cheteyo.
  • [ kukwanisa kudzora: Zvinetso zvomunzvimbomo zvinogona kupedzwa munzvimbomo, zvinetso zvorudzi, kudzivisa mirau yeukuru imwe.
  • Secte pasimba rapakati:[[FLT: 1] United States inogona kushanda sezvinorwisana nechiremera chorudzi, ichidzivirira rusununguko.
  • Kuchinja nokuvandudza: United States inogona miitiro youpiona (musati, chinjo yegarikano, mirau yemhoteredzo) iyo gare gare ingapararira munyika yose.

Utera

  • Nhatsa nezvinooma: zvikamu zvakawanda zvehurumende zvinogona kutungamirira kumativi anodzorwa, kusashanda zvakanaka kwehurumende, uye kuvhiringidzika.
  • [ Kusaenzana pakati pemashoko: nyika dzepfuma dzingagovera mabasa ari nani kupfuura ayo ane urombo, kuchikwidza itiro hanya dzekusasarura.
  • rwisano dzeruwa: dzinoramba dzichirwisa pamusoro poukuru hwakafanira hwamasimba emwero mumwe nomumwe zvinogona kutungamirira kuhondo dzapamutemo nedzezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Pretale for grainbon: hurumende dzakakamuraniswa pamwero yose iri miviri inogona kuvhiringidza muitiro wetsinhirano.

Kuenzanisa Confederal neFederal Systems: Unity -- Indectivenomy Trade-express

Gadziriro dzose dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinofanira kupedza rwisano pakati pechishuvo chechiito chakabatana (mubatanidzwa) nechishuvo chokuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo (zvisingashandiswi). Kubatanidzwa nokudzorwa zvinomirira mativi maviri akasiyana - siyana akadai.

Mubvumirano, utongi hunowedzerwa panzvimbo dzakaganhurirwa pakushaikwa kwechinzwano chorudzi. Hurumende yepakati ine simba shoma rokumanikidzira mipimo yavose, kubvisa pfuma, kana kuti kuunganidza chiito chakabatana nokuda kwamadonzo enyika. Ikoku kunogona kuva kwakafanira apo nyika dzinobatanidzwa dzinogoverana kuganhurirwa zvishoma uye dzinoshuva kubatira pamwe bedzi munharaunda dzakaganhurirwa [“ dzakafanana muukama hwokudzivirira kana kuti nzvimbo yakasununguka. Zvisinei, kurwisa kubatira pamwe chete kuita nenzira yakasimba, zvikurukuru munguva dzehondo kana kuti njodzi yemari. Chinyorwa chenhau chenhau chinoratidzira kuti masangano mazhinjisa ose anotendeukira muzvinopinzwa kana kuti zvimwe muchadenga, sezvo zvichishaiwa nharaunda yesangano kuti zvikwanirinde zvinetso zvakare kwenguva refu.

Mugadziriro yehurumende, chinzwano chamarudzi ose chinoiswa pachine muganhu apo chinodzivirira utongi hwenharaunda kupfurikidza nezvipikirwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende yepakati ine chiremera chokushandisa mitemo yenyika, mutero, uye kugovera zvinhu zvavose, asi nyika dzinochengeta mamiriro ezvinhu anozvidzora. Dzikamo inogona kuchinja munguva: Samubatanidzwa wehurumende unogona kuva pakati nepakati (seku United States pashure peNew Decial) kana kuti yakafanira zvikuru (somuCanada kupfurikidza nedevocration). Pfundo rinokosha ndeyokuti masangano ehurumende anogona kuchinja migariro pasina kuputsa, nemhaka yokuti ane migariro yechisarudzo chakabatana nokuita nokusarutsirana.

Fundo Yenhau: Kubva Mubvumirano Kuenda Kusangano muUnited States

Kuchinja kubva paNhevedzano dzeConfensition kuenda kuBumbiro reMitemo kunoratidzira utera hwemusikirwo hwechibvumirano. Munsi meZvikamu, Congress haagona kumutsa hondo yokudzivirira kurwisa kurwisa kweBritain pamuganhu, kwaisagona kudzora kutengeserana pakati pehurumende (kutungamirira kukurwa kwehondo nedzinodzorwa), uye kugona kubhadhara zvikwereti zveHondo yeRhindumusmus. Kusakwanisa kuita chiito kuReveucivengi (kumukira kune chikwereteso kwavarimi vane chikwereti muMassachusetts) kwakapwisa vatungamiriri vazhinji kuti hurumende huru yakanga iri madikanwa. Bumbiro reMitemo rakavapo rakaita kuti pave nomutungamiriri wehurumende ane simba, mutungamiriri wenyika, uye mano okudzora mutero uye kushambadzano. Uku kuvandudza kubatana kukuru kubatana kwenyika nenyika nokubudirira, kunyange zvazvo kuchipfuurira kupfuudza maruramiro enyika.

Fundo Yenhau: European Union Seforoma Yehwanyari

European Union inowanzorondedzerwa se “bvumwa kuti. Nemhaka yokuti nyika dzayo dzinochengeta uchangamire, asi dzakava nehurumende dzakashanduka. EU ine mari yayo imene (yomubatanidzwa weeurozone), bhangi rapakati (ECB), paramende yakasarudzwa zvakananga, uye dare rine dare rine murairo unosunga nyika dziri nhengo. Asi, EU haina mutemo wakabatana wokumwe, haina uto rehondo, uye inogona kuita mukati memasimba anogoverwa zvakananga neTrea. Mubatanidzwa unoramba uri kuedza kwakasiyana muuchangamire hwokubatanidza pasina kuita nyika inodzorwa yose. Njodzi dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Njodziyo yeYuro yeYuro, njodzi yokutama, Brexit-a, Brexit, inoedza zvose zviri zviviri zvirongwa zveEUS, kuzivisa purofiti dzinoda kudzorwa kwoumbidzano (mutenzi).

Kuedza Kubatana Kwenyika Dzose uye Kubatana Kwemaruwa Mumatongerwe Enyika Azvino Uno

Chisarudzo pakati pegadziriro dzechibvumirano nedzehurumende hachisiwowo hacho dzidzo; chine miuyo mikuru inoshanda. Nyika dzakatarisana nenzanga dzakadzika dzedzinza, mitauro, kana kuti zvitendero kazhinji kazhinji dzinorangarira unani sechishandiso chokubatanidza nyika pamwe chete kupfurikidza nokupa utongi kumapoka mashoma. Mienzaniso inobatanidza Bheligium[ [yakakakakamukana] (yakakakakakamukana pakati penzanga dzedzinza nerechiFrench), chishandiso chokubatanidza chiSpain (ne nzanga dzakafanana neBaltic naVacquean , uye [FLT:]]] Ethiotaian [[FLT]] organ , (yakabatanidzwa madzinza amone) mumitsetse yedzinza ramarudzi. Munerongemubatanidzwa, “kuedza kudzivirira chibvumirano.

Nenzira inopesana, mienzaniso yemipimo haitongoshandiswi nokuda kwenyika dzazvino uno nemhaka yokuti dzakaneta zvikuru zvokusagona kutarisira upfumi hwakaoma negadziriro dzegarikano. Zvisinei, nheyo yebvumirano inopfuurira mumasangano namativi okushambadzira, uko nyika dzinobatira pamwe asi dzichichengeta uchangamire hwakazara. African Union na Association of Southeast Atlantian Nations (ASCENT) inoshanda pazvisarudzo zvebvumirano zvechibvumirano zvechibvumirano, zvinoganhurira mano avo okuita dare rakabatana.

Gakava rinopfuurira munyika dzakadai se Myamar (panorayira vanhu vashoma vanobva kunyika imwe kuti vazvigadze) uye Sudan[ (ipo yakaedza hurumende inodzorwa murugare rwa2005 inoita kuti pave norugare) rinoratidza kuti gadziriro yesangano renyika inogona kusarudza kana nyika inoita kuti ive norugare rusingagumi kana kuti ipinde muhondo yavagari vemo. Kana gadziriro yehurumende ichitarwa seyakaipa (g. g., kugoverwa kwemanyuko), inogona chaizvoizvo kuratidzira zvigumbuso zvomunharaunda panzvimbo panzvimbo panzvimbo pokuzvipedza. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro dzehurumende dzapakati dzinogona kuputsa nyika, zvinobatanidza masangano ezvikamu.

Basa Rebumbiro Remitemo Nemabasa Emitemo

Masangano ose ari maviri echibvumirano nehurumende anotsamira pagwaro rapamutemo rakagadzwa iro rinobvisa kuparadzirwa kwesimba. Mubvumirano, chibvumirano kana kuti mubatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji zvinogona kubviswa nehurumende iri mutezo(secsessition inowanzobvumirwa. Mugadziriro yehurumende, bumbiro remitemo nderepamusorosoro, uye secession inowanzova isiri pamutemo kana kuti yakaoma zvikuru (sezvinoratidzirwa neHondo yevagari vemo yeU.S.). Bumbiro remitemo rinosimbisawo nzira yokutsigira kuparadzirwa kwesimba, iro rinogona kuva rakaoma (rinotsiva simba guru renyika) kana kuti rinochinjika.

Matare eBumbiro reMitemo anoita basa rinokosha mukududzira miganhu yechiremera. Somuenzaniso, muUnited States, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaumba unani kupfurikidza nenhau dzechiratidzo chenhau dzakadai se *McCulloch v. Maryland* (1819), iyo yakatanga masimba anorehwa ehurumende yehurumende yehurumende, uye * United States v. Lopez* (1995), iyo yakatangazve simba rehurumende pasi peChounist Claus. Sango remitemo rakafanana riripo muGermany (Dare reMitemo reFederal Constitution), India (Sango yeSuperme), uye mamwe manyuro.

Mugumisiro: Kusarudza Kudzikama Kwakarurama

Sangano kana kuti gadziriro dzehurumende hadzina kukwirira mumuzvarirwo; kukodzera kwadzo kunotsamira pamashoko akapoteredza enhau enzanga, mhatsa, uye nharidzano dzezvamatongerwe enyika. Kodzero dzinobudirira pakuchengeta kuzvitonga asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinokundikana kugovera tsinhirano inobudirira nechinzwano. Masangano anorovanya dzikamo inogara kwenguva refu asi anoda kurukurirano yenguva dzose negadziridzo kudzivisa kuwira mukuva pakati kana kuti zvimwe kuputsanya pasi pemasimba echipuriga.

Nokuda kwavaiti vemiitiro, chidzidzo chikuru ndechekuti nhau dzokugadzira. Kuparadzirwa kwemasimba kunofanira kuonekwa kuti ndekwechokwadii. Mune zvimwe zviitiko, aymetric unitys(kune nharaunda dzakasiyana - siyana dzine madhigirii akasiyana ezvinzvimbo). Mune dzimwe, muenzaniso wakavhengana ungabatanidza kuchinjika nesimba rehurumende. Pakupedzisira, kubudirira kwegadziriro ipi neipi kunotsamira pakuda kwevatungamiriri nevagari vemo kuremekedza mitemo yemitemo, kubatanidzwa mukugadzirisa zvinhu zvine rugare, uye kuisa zvakanaka pamigumisiro mishoma.

Kupfurikidza nokufunda gadziriro dzekodzero nehurumende, tinowana nzwisiso muzvisarudzo zvehwaro zvinoumba nzanga dzezvamatongerwe enyika. sezvo nyika inova inobatana zvikuru asi yakakamukana zvikuru, iyi mienzaniso yakaisvonaka inopfuurira kupa zvidzidzo zvinokosha nokuda kwokubatanidza udzori hunoshanda uye hunoremekedza zvose zviri zviviri mhatsa.