Table of Contents

Chitanga Kunzi: Nheyo Mhenyu Yekodzero Dzevanhu veAmerica

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, haisati iri chinyorwa chinogara asi gadziriro mhenyu yakashanduka - shanduka kupfurikidza negadziridzo kuti isvitse zvinodikanwa zvinochinja zvenzanga. Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro remitemo kwakaumba zvakananga kodzero dzavagari vemo nerusununguko rwavanhu vanofarikanya nhasi, kubva kurusununguko rwokutaura kusvikira kukodzero yokuroora waunoda. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu inokosha mukunzwisisa kurwisa kunopfuurira kwekuenzana neruramisiro. Bill of Rights, Reconconvolmentations, uye gare gare gare gare kukura kweFracrandementations kunomirira zviitiko zvakatanhamara zvinotsoropodza munhamburiko inopfuurira kurondedzera nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu mukurwisana nesimba rehurumende nerusaruro.

Nyaya ino inoongorora kuti kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo kwakatsanangurwa sei, kwakawedzerwa, uye kwakashandiswa sei nematare, vashingairi, uye vaiti vemitemo kuti vatange magariro ekodzero dzevanhu muzana remakore rechi21.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Dziviriro Dzamafandesheni

Kuchinjwa kwakaitwa muna 1791, kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga kwekodzero dzemunhu nejeri rokudzivirira rusununguko rwemunhu oga pakutsoropodzwa nehurumende.

Mwedzi Wokutanga: Mutsetse Waishandiswa Pakuenzanisira

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: kutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Nhasi, idzi dziviriro dzinotambanukira kukutaura kwokufananidzira (se mureza uri mu ] TEXAs v. Johnson, 1989), dare rezvamatongerwe enyika renyika ([]] SEPC[FLT], 2010], uye kutaura kwopaIndaneti. Bva gakavaro dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuvenga kutaura, mari yenhimbe, uye murairo wemagariro dzenzanga. Dare rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti mari inotopfuratirwa kana kuti yakashata inodzivirirwa, kunyange zvazvo kusingafarirwi nokuda kwechisimba, uye kushatiswa. Gadziro rokutanga rinoramba richishandiswa nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vomunyika, kutsigira rusununguko rworudzidziso, kupesana, uye kudzoro yenhau dzenzanga.

Kuchinja Kwechina: Kuva Woga uye Kuchengeteka

Game Remension yeChina inorinda kunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, ichida chisakiso chinobvira chemitemo. Muzera remirangariro, mibvunzo yakavanzika yamuka. Dare rakasarudza Riley v. California (2014] kuti mapurisa anoda maruramiro okunzvera serura. Mativi akafanana ] Carbert v. United States[FLT]] [2017]) yakatambanudza dziviriro dzeDziviso dzeChineindemuchina. Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti kunzvera kwechi 18 kunzvera ruzivo rwazvinonzvera, maruramiro avanhu anoshanda munzvimbo dzapamhindi epamhindi ezvigaro zvemari.

Kugadziridzwa Kwezvibvumirano Zvechishanu Nezvechitanhatu: Kuitwa Kwakafanira uye Miedzo Yakanaka

Gadziriro yeFindreF Amendment inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira, dziviriro parurimi, uye inodzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. IPramende yechitanhatu inovimbisa maruramiro kutongwa kwokukurumidza uye kwavose, dare risingasaruri, uye betsero yezano. Nhau dzeLandmark dzakadai se Manda v. Arizona (196]) (1966) inoda mapurisa kuti azivise kufungira mano avo, nepo Gideon v. Wainright [[] [193]) yakavimbisa zano rapamutemo nokuda kwavakwiripo. Iyi dziviriro inokosha kururamisiro yemhosva uye yavedzeidenhwa, yave iri denho kurudzi rwavanhu vazhinji murudzi, uye kurangarira zvitendero zvisina kururama.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reSayer Reformation rinorambidza bheration yakanyanyisa, faindi, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Rave riri repakati painenge iri kurukurirano pamusoro pechirango chorufu, migariro yetorongo, uye mitongo nokuda kwavapari vemhosva vaduku. Mu Rhoper v. Simmons (2005], Dare rakabvisa chirango chorufu nokuda kwavaduku. ]Brown v. Plata [2011], rakatsigira murayiro wedare wakaderera wokuderedza chiverengero chavagari vetorongo nokuda kwokudambura chirevo chaMagariro Asere. Idziro rinoratidzira kuti kupfuurira sei kushandura nokuchinja mufambiro.

Kugadziridza: Kuderedza Rusununguko uye Kuenzana

Pashure peHondo Yevagari Vemo, Masangano eChirungu echi13, echi14, uye echi15 akatenderwa kubvisa uranda uye kugadza kodzero dzakaenzana.

Kuchinja Kwechi13: Kubviswa Kwouranda

Pesvedzero ye13th Amendment (1865) yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvimiriri, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Iri zano rakashandiswa kururamisa kushanda kwokumanikidzirwa mutorongo, nhau yegakava rinopfuurira. Zvisinei, kugadziriswa kwacho kunobatirawo sohwaro hwemitemo inorwisana nokutengesa kwavanhu nezvimiro zvouranda zvazvino uno. Mutauro waro unobvumira Congress kubvisa "madges nezviitiko zvouranda," sezvinotsigirwa [[FLT: 0] Jenes v. Alfred H. [May.] [1968], izvo zvakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mudzimba.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechigumi Negumi: Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nokusawirirana

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Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechishanu: Kupa Kodzero

Chibvumirano che15th Amendment (1870) chakarambidza kuramba kodzero yokuvhota parudzi. Pasinei zvapo neizvi, nyika dzakashandisa mitero yokuvhota, kunzvera kunyora nokunyora, uye kutyisidzira kwamasimba masimba kubvisa Black America. Zvakada Voting Rights Act ya1956 kusimbisa kugadziriswa kwemitemo yeID, kudzorwa, uye kubviswa kwemitero yemari yehurumende. Chisarudzo chedare reProfet cha 2013 mu [FLT: 0] Shelby County v. Harder [[FLT: 1] akabudisa chirongwa chikuru cheVoti yeRekodition, uye kudzora Rekodzi, zvichitungamirira kudzo itsva yemitemo yokuvhotera nokuvhotera.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi NeMitemo Yezana Remakore rechi20: Kuwedzera Kutonga

Sezvo rudzi rwacho rwakashanduka - shanduka, kugadziridza kwokuwedzera kwakawedzera kodzero dzokuvhota kuvakadzi, kuderedza mitero yokuvhota, uye kuderedza zera rokuvhota.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Kusimbiswa muna 1920 pashure perwisano yamakumi amakore, Demeterment yechigumi namapfumbamwe yakarambidza kurambwa maruramiro okuvhota pahwaro hwevatano. Uku kukunda kwamaruramiro avakadzi hakuna kukurumidza kuvimbisa kutora rutivi kwakazara kwezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwavakadzi vemavara, asi kwakaisa hwaro hwemitemo yapashure yakadai seTitle IX (1972) neRhamo Against Women Act (1994). Kugadziriswa kunoramba kuri chiratidzo chokurwa kwoukwane hwevatano uye kwakanongedzerwa muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza rusaruraganda.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechimakumi maviri nemana: Kuwedzera Mitero Yezvinoshatisa

Muna 1964, Kudzorwa kwakaitwa kuti kuregedzese Mitero yokuvhota muvhota. Mitero yapanyika yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMadokero kubvisa vaBlackvheant. Kudzorwa kwakashanda mukubatanidza neVoting Rights Act kubvisa mhinganidzo dzemari kuvhota. Muna 1966, Dare Rapamusoro mu Harper v. Virginia Board of Evolutions

Mutezo Wechimakumi maviri namatanhatu: Kuderedza Nguva Yokufara

Kusimbiswa muna 1971 mukati meHondo yeVietnam, Penjere yamakumi maviri namatanhatu yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18. Kudanidzira kwokuunganidza "kwakakura zvakakwana kurwa, kwakura zvakakwana kuvhota" kwakanzwiwa murudzi rwose. Nhasi, muvhoti wepwere anoramba ari nhau huru, nenharo pamusoro pokuita kuti kuvhota kusvike zvikuru kuvanhu vaduku uye kuderedza zera rokuvhota mukuvhota mukusarudza kwomunzvimbomo.

Kududzira Kutonga: Basa reDare Gurusa

Vatongi, zvikurukuru Dare Rapamusorosoro, vanodudzira kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo ndokurishandisa kurwisano chaidzoidzo dzenyika. izvi zvisarudzo zvinogona kuwedzera zvikuru kana kuti kuganhurira maruramiro avagari vemo.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954)

Ichi chisarudzo chakabatana chakazivisa paradzano yedzinza muzvikoro zvavose zvisina kuwirirana, kuputsa dzidziso ye yakasiana---iwose. Ferguson (1896). Mutongi mukuru Earl Warren akanyora kuti zvivako zvakasiana ndi "zvisina kuenzana." kutonga kwakapa simba Chivil Rights Movement uye kwakava mutevedzeri wokushandisa Iwedi rechi 1450 kudenha rusaruro.

Rudo v. Virginia (1967)

Dare racho rakaputsa mitemo yairambidza kuroorana kwemarudzi akasiyana - siyana, richitaura kuti kuroorana ikodzero inokosha uye kuti kusarudzwa kwemadzinza kunonyanya kuongororwa.

MuBvumo, muMukai!

.Roe v. yakaziva maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kubvisa pamuviri pasi peBumbiro reMitemo reMitemo rechi 144] maruramiro ekodzero yokuva woga. Kwaanenge makore 50, yakadzivirira kuzvidzora kwokubereka. Muna 2022, . Jackson Vakadzi Voutano vanodzora [[[FLT]] Roe [, kudzorera muitiro wokubvisa pamuviri kumashoko. Iyi chinja kunoshamisa kunoratidza kuti kushandura kwemitemo kunogona kuchinja sei nouzivi hwedare, kunotapura mamirioni ekodzero dzevanhu.

Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)

Dare racho ranyoresa roorano yevatano yakafanana munyika yose, richitaura kuti Iwenath Amendment’s Tait Proces and Exlumement Clauses inovimbisa maruramiro okuroora nokuda kwavakwanyina vane mitezo mimwe cheteyo yevatano. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora kuti "Bumbiro reMitemo rinopikira rusununguko kuvose vari mukati maro." ichi chisarudzo chakanga chiri mugumo wamakumi amakore eLGBTQ+ avanamati uye vakava netapuro huru dzenzanga nedzemitemo.

Kutendeseka uye Kuita: Kuchinja Kunodzorwa neBumbiro Romutemo

Masangano enzanga ave achikosha mukuvavarira kuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo uye kudzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu.

Boka Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Vatungamiriri vakaita saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, naJohn Lewis vakaronga nhanho, kugara pasi, uye kunyoresa kuraira kuva norudzi rwakaenzana. Nhamburiko dzavo dzakatungamirira kuChirevo cheCivil Rights Act ya1964, Voting Rights Act yeT. uye Fair Hosley Act ya1968, zvose zvakasimbiswa mugadziridzo webumbiro remitemo. Kushandiswa kwesangano rokuramba kusina masimba masimba uye kupfuudzira pfungwa yavose nechiito chehurumende.

Boka Ravakadzi Ramaruramiro

Kuvambira pasangano resuffige kusangano reRusununguko ravakadzi, vatsigiri vakatsvaka maruramiro akaenzana pasi peBumbiro reMitemo. Aumelt Rights Amendment (ERA), yakatanga kukarakadzwa muna 1923, yakapfuudzwa pakupedzisira neCongress muna 1972 asi yakakundikana kusimbisa. Zvisinei, sangano racho rakawana rukundo rwapamutemo runokosha kupfurikidza nokurongedzerwa, rwakadai se Reed v. Reed (1971] uye Craig v. Boren][76], yakasimbisa kusanonzvera vatano neyose.

LGBTQ+ Ganhuriro Yamaruramiro

Vatsigiri vapakuvamba vakaita saHarvey Milky namasangano akafanana neHuman Rights Campaign yakarwira kubvisa uhutu, kurwisana nemitemo, uye roorano. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Lawnce v. Texas [2003] [2003] yakarova mitemo yesodom, uye [[FLT]] Obergefelv. [20] (20: 5) Chisarumbiso chimwe chetecho chinonyorerwa pamutemo [20])] muchato wetexternet. Nhasi, kurukurirano dzinopfuurira pamusoro pekodzero dzetransgender, kubatanidza kusvika kuzvoutano, zvimbudzi, uye kutora rutivi rwemitambo, kufanana nenyaya dzakaita [FLDT]B. Coond [F]

Makambani Azvino Uno: Upenyu Hwenhenga Hunokosha uye Kupfuura

Black Live Matter, yakawana mukurumbira pashure pokuurawa kwaMichael Brown muna 2014, yanangidzira ngwariro pakushanda kwemapurisa, kusungwa kwavazhinji, uye urudzi. Vashandi vakakumbira kuti mapurisa agadziridze, kubviswa kwemitemo mitsva yekodzero dzevanhu. Kunyange zvazvo zvisingachinji Bumbiro remitemo, idzi nhamburiko dzinokurudzira kutsanangurazve zviripo, zvikurukuru Pendeko yeChina nerechisere.

Nguva Yemberi Yamaruramiro Avagari Vemo Nedudziro Yebumbiro remitemo

Sezvo nzanga inochinja, zvinetso zvitsva zvinomuka izvo zvinoedza ganhuriro dzedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo dziripo.

Kuva Wega Nekuchinja Kwechina

Kufambira mberi kwokukurumidza muruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuongorora kwehurumende, kuunganidzwa kwemashoko, uye kutevedzerwa kwemitemo. Dare repamusorosoro rakatanga kugadzirisa nhau idzi, asi dzakawanda hadzina kugadziriswa. Gadziriro yeChina ingada kumwe kujekeswa kuti idzivirire kuvanzani kwemakombiyuta munguva inoonekwa nechiso, mashoko okuongorora zvinhu, uye uchenjeri hwokugadzira zvinhu. Dzimwe nyanzvi uye vanorwira zvinhu zvakakumbira kuti pave ne "Digational Fourth Amendment" kana kuti zviteko zvitsva zvemitemo.

Ruramisiro Yemhoteredzo Sekodzero Yavagari Vemo

Nzanga dzinowana mari shoma nenzanga dzeruvara kazhinji kazhinji dzinotakura kushata kweshatiso nechinjo yemamiriro okunze. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti kuvadziko yemhoteredzo inoputsa Kudzivirira Kukaenzana uye kuti hurumende ine basa rokudzivirira vagari vose. Matanho akafanana Juliana v. United States[FLT] [haishaiwi]) yakaedza kugadza kodzero yemitemo yepamutemo kumugariro wakatsiga. Sangano reChigadziko cheNkanzurudzo ingatungamirira kududziro itsva dzeGenetimeth Amend Amend Amend Repumend kana kuti kunyange kusimendi yebumbiro itsva yemitemo.

Kusaenzana Kwemari uye Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana

Kupesana kwepfuma kwakawedzera zvinoshamisa, kuchitapura kusvika kudzidzo, utano, dzimba, uye kumiririrwa nemitemo. Bumbiro remitemo harivimbisi kuva nomwero mune zvemari, asi vamwe vanotaura kuti kusaenzana kukuru kunoderedza kutora rutivi kwehurumende yehurumende uye kunoputsa mudzimu wedziviriro yakaenzana. Kudzorwa pamari yechikoro, betsero dzavose, uye mibhadharo yedare yedare yeutsotsi inowanzoda Hurumende yeNhengo yeNhengo yeMirefu. Zvinetso zvenguva yemberi zvemitemo zvingatsvaka kusimbisa kodzero dzemari.

Kuchinja Kutsva Kungabvira

Nepo zvakaoma kupfuudza, kugadziridzwa kwakakarakadzwa kunobatanidza Auncimelt Rights Amendment (ERA), kugadziridzwa kwokudzora mari yenhimbe (kuchinja CIMISA United), uye kugadziridzwa kwokugadza maruramiro okuvhota. Ruwa rweColumbia rungabatanidzawo chinjo yebumbiro remitemo. Kupfuurira kwekurukurirano pamusoro peidzi mirangariro kunochengeta Bumbiro reMitemo chinyorwa chipenyu.

Kupedzisa: Rwendo Rwunopfuurira Rwokuenda Kururamisiro

Kugadziridza kuBumbiro reMitemo hakusati kuri zvigadzirwa zvenhauwo zvazvo; izvo zvishandiso zvipenyu zvinoumba maruramiro avagari vemo eAmerica iri yose nhasi. Kuvambira paBill of Rights kusvikira kuReconstruments uye kupfuura, wedzero imwe neimwe nokududzirwa zvinoratidzira nzwisiso inopfuudza yorudzi yorusununguko nokuenzana. Zvisarudzo zveMitemo, kusarura, uye masangano enzanga zvinopfuurira kusunda miganhu yezvinodzivirirwa neBumbiro reMitemo.

Nokudzidza kugadziridza nokukumbira kwazvakaita, vadzidzi nevadzidzisi vanogona kunzwisisa kukosha kwokuvimbisana, kunyora pamutemo, uye kuedza kuramba vachiruramisira vose.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, nzvera rugwaro rwakazara rweBumbiro reMitemo paNational Archives, hwirudzura zvinoitika zvechiratidzo pa Oyez, uye dzidza pamusoro pekodzero dzazvino uno dzevagari vemo kupfurikidza namasangano akafanana ne [[FLT:] ACLU[ uye .NAACFFUF UFFFFFFFFFFFFFFF UFFM .]