Mutemo Weutsotsi: Icho Mugari Wose Anofanira Kuziva Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzavo

Mutemo Weutsotsi: Icho Mugari Wose Anofanira Kuziva Pamusoro Pekodzero Dzavo

Kunzwisisa musiyano pakati pomutemo wehurumende newematsotsi kunokosha kuvagari vemo vose. Mapazu maviri emutemo aya anodzora mativi akasiyana - siyana enzanga uye ane nzira dzakasiyana - siyana, kodzero, uye migumisiro. Nyaya ino ichaongorora misiyano mikuru pakati pomutemo wehurumende newemhaka, ichisimbisa zvinofanira kuziva nezvekodzero dzavo. Tichaongorora midzi yenhau yegadziriro imwe neimwe, mutoro wezvibvumikiso, migumisiro chaiyo, uye kodzero dzinoshanda. Panosvika mugumo, uchava nenzwisiso yakasimba yemashandiro emitemo iyi uye kuti inoita sei muupenyu hwako hwezuva nezuva.

Mutemo Wehurumende Chii?

Mumutemo wehurumende, boka rinounza nyaya yacho rinozivikanwa semupurisa, nepo boka riri kupomerwa mupomerwi. Chinangwa chokupa mhosva hachisi chokuranga asi kupedza kurwisana uye kugovera mishonga, kazhinji kacho muchimiro chemari inobhadharwa kana kuti basa rakati.

Mitemo yehurumende inoronda mavambo ayo kumutemo weRoma wakare uye yakabatanidzwa gare gare muNapoleonic Code. MuUnited States, mutemo wehurumende unoshanda kunhau dzehurumende nedzehurumende umo mumwe mubato womunhu oga unopomera mumwe. Mitemo inodzorwa nemirau yetsika nemirau yedare, zvakadai seFederal Ruramo rweCivil Procedure.

Mavara Makuru Omutemo Wenyika

• [[FOLT:0] Bhibhedhi yeChibvumikiso: Mutengi anofanira kubvumikisa nhau yavo kupfurikidza nokufungisisa ufakazi, uko kunoreva kuti sezvingabvira zvikuru kupfuura kuti kutaura kwavo ndokwechokwadi.
• [[[FT:0] Kubhadharwa: Nhau dzevagari vemo dzinoguma nekuvadziko dzemari, mirairo, kana kuti chiito chakati panzvimbo pokuiswa mutorongo. Kurangwa kunogona kupiwa muzvimwe zviitiko kudzivisa mufambiro unonyadzisa.
• Rudzi rwemhosva:[ Nemhaka dzavagari vemo dzinobatanidza kutaura kwokukuvara kwomunhu oga, kuputswa kwekakavadzano dzebvumirano, zviitiko zvechatanuro, nhau dzinonetsa dzamuridzi wenzvimbo, uye hondo dzezvinhu zvoungwaru.
• Partiff:[ Mutevedzeri ndiye mubato anotanga kukwirira mhaka; mukwirirwi ndiye mukwiridziri anopomerwa mhaka. Hurumende inogonawo kuva muwirirano yezvipfeko zvehurumende, zvakadai semukakavadzano dzemitero kana kuti nhau dzakatanhamara.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama zvikuru mumakambani egadziriro yavagari vemo, Mitemo yeCivil Procedire inogovera gadziriro yakakwana yematare ehurumende.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Navose Emhosva Dzavagari Vemo

Mutemo Wakaipa

Somuenzaniso, kana mutyairi akamhanya magetsi matsvuku orova munhu anofamba, munhu anofamba netsoka anogona kukwidza mhosva yemari inobhadharwa, mari inorasikirwa, uye kurwadziwa nokutambura. Mutoro uri pamunhu anopomerwa kuti aratidze kuti zviito zvomupomerwi wacho ndizvo zviri chisakiso chokukuvara.

Mutemo Unobvumiranwa

Dare ringapa mibayiro kana kuti kuronga kuti zvinhu zviitwe, zvakadai sokumanikidza mutengesi kupedza kutengesa zvinhu.

Mutemo Wemhuri

Kazhinji nyaya idzi dzinobatanidza kukakavadzana kwepfungwa, uye nyaya huru yedare ndiyo inonyanya kubatsira mwana.

Mutemo Wematsotsi chii?

Asi mutemo wematsotsi unosanganisira nyaya dzinoitwa nehurumende apo munhu anopomerwa mhosva yokutyora mitemo yakagadzirirwa kudzivirira vanhu vose uye kuchengetedza garikano.

Mutemo weutsotsi une mavambo ekare, uchibva mumitemo yakadai seKirefu yaHammurabi nemutemo weEngland. Mitemo yazvino uno youtsotsi inorondedzera utsotsi uye inopa zvirango zvakavakirwa paukombi hwemhosva. Dzidziso youchangamire huviri inobvumira zvose zviri zviviri hurumende nehurumende kupomera mufambiro mumwe chetewo kana ukaputsa mitemo yose iri miviri.

Zvinhu Zvikuru Zvinoshandiswa Nomutemo Wematsotsi

• [[FOLT:0] Bhibhendi roUfakazi: Hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa mhaka yomukwirirwi pasina panikiro ine mufungo, iyo iri mupimo wakakwirira zvikurusa wechibvumikiso mugadziriro yapamutemo. Ikoku kunovimbisa kuti vanhu vasina mhaka havapiwi mhaka.
• Kubuda: [ mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinogona kuguma nefaindi, basa renzanga, kuedzwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti kunyange chirango chorufu (mune dzimwe nharaunda). Nharidzano chirango, kudzorwa, uye kugadziriswa.
• Mienzaniso yenhau: Inobatanidza kuba, kudenha, mhaka dzemirimo, kuponda, uye mhosva dzemichero yezuva setsotsi. Matsotsi anorongwa sezvirango, zvikanganiso, kana kuti mabhinya akavakirwa paukombi.
• Partition:[ Hurumende (mupomeri) inounza mhaka kurwisana nomukwirirwi (anopomerwa). Munyajambwa haasati ari mutezo kunhau yacho asi angapupurira sechapupu kana kuti kutsvaka kudzorerwa.

[[Nto:0] Cornell Legal Information Institute[[FL:1] inopa kupetwa kwakaisvonaka kwemifungo yomutemo woutsotsi namashoko.

Marudzi Anozivikanwa Navose Emhosva Dzeutsotsi

Mhosva Dzechisimba

Idzi mhaka dzine zvirango zvakakomba nemhaka yokuti dzinokuvadza zvakananga vanhu.

Utsotsi Hwezvinhu

Kunyange zvazvo vasingakuvadzi zvakananga mumuviri, vachivhiringidza kuchengeteka uye kuvimba munzanga.

Utsotsi hwevechena

Kubiridzira, kutengesa, uye kuvigwa kwezviratidzo zvinowira muutsotsi hwetsotsi. Idzi mhaka kazhinji kazhinji hadzina masimba masimba asi dzinogona kubatanidza kurasikirwa nemari. Vashushi vanonangidzira ngwariro pavavariro nokushandiswa kwokunyengera kuwana mari kana kuti zvinhu.

Kuenzanisa Mutemo Wevagari Vemo Nowematsotsi

Somuenzaniso, munhu anodenha angatarisana nezvoutsotsi hwose hunoitwa nehurumende uye kukwirira mhaka kwapamutemo kunochengetwa nanyajambwa nokuda kwekuvadziko. Kunzwisisa misiano mikuru kunobetsera vagari vemo kuziva chokukarira mumashoko ose ari maviri.

• Mativi akabatanidzwa: Mumutemo wehurumende, gakava riri pakati pebato ravanhu. Mumutemo woutsotsi, mhaka inounzwa nehurumende (mutsivi) nomunhu.
• Mipimo yemitemo: Mutoro wechibvumikiso wakaderera muzvinoitika zvehurumende (ufakazi hukuru) uchienzaniswa nemhosva dzoutsotsi (kunze kwepanikiro ine mufungo).
• [[[FOLT:0] :[ Mutemo wavagari vemo unoparira chaizvoizvo muripo kana kuti murairo wokuita kana kuti kurega kuita chimwe chinhu. Mutemo weutsotsi unogona kutungamirira kufadzo, kudzorwa, kuiswa mutorongo, kana kuti mimwe mipimo yokuranga.
• Tsamba: Zvose mhaka dzavagari vemo nedzoutsotsi zvingabatanidza majaji, asi ukuru nezvinodikanwa zvisina muganhu kazhinji kazhinji zvinosiana. Matare eutsotsi imitezo 12 inowanzova inowirirana nokuda kwepwiso, nepo matare avagari vemo anogona kuva maduku uye pane dzimwe nguva kusvika chisarudzo kupfurikidza noruzhinji kana kuti chiverengero chikuru.
• Appels: Kukwirira kunowanika mumiitiro yose iri miviri, asi zvivako nemiitiro zvinosiana. Munhau dzehurumende, zvikumbiro zvinowanzobatanidza mibvunzo yomutemo panzvimbo peidi. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, vakwirirwi vane dziviriro dzakafara dzebumbiro remitemo panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri uye vanogona kukwirira pazvikanganiso muufakazi kana kuti muitiro.

Nokuda kwefananidzo ine udzame, [ American Bar Association inogovera zvinhu pamusoro penzira iyo matare anobata nayo marudzi akasiyana - siyana enhau.

Apo Mutemo Wavagari Vemo Noweutsotsi Unopera

Rimwe ramapfundo anokosha zvikurusa nderokuti mufambiro mumwe chetewo unoparira zvose zviri zviviri mhaka nedanho. Somuenzaniso, kana mumwe munhu akadenha nebhatiri, hurumende inogona kuvapomera mhaka, uye nyajambwa anogona kuvapomera nokuda kwekuvadziko mudare ravagari vemo. Miuyo yacho inova yakasununguka: mukwirirwi angawanwa asina mhaka mudare ramatsotsi nemhaka youfakazi husina kukwana asi achingorasikirwa nesuturo yavagari vemo kana mupurisa akawana mutoro wakaderera woufakazi. O.S.Simpson idare rakakurumbira renheyo iyi.

Chimwe chinoitika nemirau iyo inogovera zvose zviri zviviri zvirango zvoutsotsi nemishonga yavagari vemo, zvakadai seRacketeer Ipueput and Corruptions Organizations Act (RICO) kana kuti mitemo yokusachengeteka.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Kunzwisisa kodzero dzako mumhosva dzevagari vemo nedzematsotsi zvinokosha pakuongorora mitemo.Pazasi pane kodzero dzinokosha dzinoshanda, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe dzakakurumbira zvikuru mukutonga kweutsotsi.

• Chiruramiro kumifananidzo: Muzvose zviri zviviri mhaka dzavagari vemo neutsotsi, vanhu vane maruramiro okumirira pamutemo. Mumitongo yeutsotsi, kana usingagoni kupa gweta, hurumende inofanira kugovera imwe (Ivhuramisiro yeChitanhatu). Munhau dzehurumende, hauna maruramiro okugadza zano, kunyange zvazvo mamwe mapurogiramu epamutemo angabetsera.
• Kurudyi kuDare Rakanaka: Munhu ari wose ane kodzero kukutonga kwakarurama, uko kunobatanidza maruramiro okupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, zvapupu zvinopikisana neapine, uye ane mutongi asina rusaruro kana kuti dare rinobetsera. Muitiro unodikanwa muRemendments yeshanu neyegumi namana unodzivirira idzi maruramiro.
• Chiruramiro Chokuramba Wakanyarara: [Mutemo weFirefu Yeshanu] unodzivirira vanhu pakumanikidzirwa kuzvipupurira vamene mumhaka dzoutsotsi. Iyi maruramiro haashandi zvakananga mumhaka dzehurumende, asi chipupuriro chechokwadi chinodikanwa; zvisinei, unogona kuramba kupindura kana kuchizokupinza mumhosva.
• Kurudyi rwokukwidza: Kana paine patati isingagutsikani nemugumisiro wenhau, kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro okukwidza chisarudzo kudare rapamusoro. Mumhaka dzoutsotsi, mukwirirwi ane kodzero huru yokukwidza, nepo muroveri mhaka kazhinji kazhinji asingagoni kukwidza mhaka nemhaka yengozi dzakapetwa kaviri.
• Kudzivirirwa paPirigiti: Pemendi yeshanu inorambidzawo kutongwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokuregeredzwa kana kuti kupwiswa. Iyi dziviriro haishandi kusutu dzehurumende, idzo dziri zviitiko zvakaparadzana.

Kunokosha kubvunza gweta rine rezi kana ukabatanidzwa mugakava rapamutemo. [[FLT: 0] LT Uncedo

Misiyano Yemipimo Nemisirira Yenguva

Nhau dzavagari vemo nedzeutsotsi dzinotevera mipimo yakasiana---mbimbikidza. Nhau dzeutsotsi dzinokurumidza nemhaka yamaruramiro okuedza anokurumidza() "Defferendiers" dzinofanira kuunzwa kutongwa muchiverengero chakati chamazuva (mutoo, mazuva 70 muProto yeSangano rePurcery Act). Mhaka dzavagari vemo dzinogona kutora makore, zvikurukuru kana kuwana kuri kurefu kana kuti kurasa kuiswa. Mumutemo weutsotsi, hurumende ingashandisa zvirevo zvikuru kuti ipomedze, nepo nhau dzevagari vemo dzinoshandisa zvichemo nemhinduro.

Munyaya dzoutsotsi, kuwana kwaganhurirwa zvikuru nemhaka yekodzero dzeFind 5 Amendment dzomukwiridziri nomusengwa kuzivisa ufakazi hwokupa mhaka (kutonga kwechiBrady).

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka

Pasi apa pane pfungwa dzisina kururama dzinogara dzichijekeswa:

• Miscroct: “Kana ndikawina mhaka yavagari vemo, mukwirirwi anoenda kujeri.” Chaichoiwoicho: Jail chirango chetsoro. Matongo avagari vemo anoguma bedzi nerutongeso rwemari kana kuti zvirevo zvedare.
• Kuchinja: “Hurumende inogona kundipomera nokuda kwokuputswa kwebvumirano.” Kuva chaikoiko: Chibvumirano inhau yavanhu vose pakati pemapati okutoti hurumende iri mubato webvumirano.
• Miscroect: “Kana mhaka yetsotsi ikaguma nechikumbiro, nyajambwa haagoni kupomera.” Uchokwadi: Munyajambwa anogona kuisa sutu yakaparadzana nokuda kwekuvadziko pasinei zvapo nemuuyo woutsotsi.
• Miscrect: “Mutoro wechiratidzo wakafanana mumiitiro yose iri miviri.” Uchokwadi:[ hwakakwirira zvikuru mumutemo woutsotsi kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Kutapura Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kuziva musiyano uri pakati pomutemo wehurumende nowematsotsi kunobatsira vagari vemo kuziva paungava uchida kubatsirwa nemutemo.

Kuparwa kwemitemo kunobatsira munhu wose, kunyange nokusaina chikwereti, kuroora, kana kuti kushuma mhosva.

Nzira Yokutsvaka Nayo Betsero

Kana uchidavira kuti une nhau yapamutemo, kutanga kupfurikidza nokunyora zviitiko uye kuchengeta ufakazi. Ipapo bvunza gweta iro rine ruzivo munharaunda yakafanira yomutemo. Masangano eyamuro yapamutemo angagovera mabasa apachena kana kuti akaderera nokuda kwavanhu vanowana mari yakaderera. Masangano mazhinji ehurumende ane mabasa anobatsira. Nhaka, dzakadai sokusungwa kwoutsotsi, une maruramiro kugweta uye unofanira kutaura maruramiro ako okuramba wakanyarara kusvikira zano rasvika.

Zviwanikwa zvedzidzo, kufanana ne Dare redzidzo reZvinyorwa zvedzidzo , zvinopa nhungamiro pamuitiro wedare wokunzwisisa.

mhedziso

Muchidimbu, mutemo wehurumende newematsotsi unoita mabasa anokosha mukuchengeta nhevedzano neruramisiro munzanga. Nokunzwisisa misiano iri pakati peidzi nzvimbo mbiri dzapamutemo, vagari vemo vanogona kudzivirira zviri nani kodzero dzavo ndokushandisa gadziriro yapamutemo apo zvinenge zviri madikanwa. Kana vachitarisana negakava rehurumende kana kuti utsotsi, kuziva kodzero dzako inhano yokutanga kukuita kuti pave neruramisiro. Yeuka kuti mutoro wezvibvumikiso, magariro, miuyo, nemiitiro unosiano unosiana zvikuru. Nguva dzose bvunza gakavarati anokwanisa nokuda kwezano rinowirirana nemamiriro ako ezvinhu akananga.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, rangarira kunzvera enisaikoropidhiya yezvepamutemo pamutemo wavagari vemo ne U.S. Dhipatimendi renhungamiro yeRuramisiro kutsika yeruramisiro yetsotsi[. Ramba uchiziva, uye ushandise kodzero dzako nenzira ine mufungo.