Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika asingaoneki igadziriro yemarongerwo anoitwa kufambidzana kwavanhu. Anorondedzera kuti simba rinoparadzirwa sei, kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei, uye kuti pfuma inoshandiswa sei munzanga dzose.Kubvira panguva yaunomuka uchienda kurudungwe rwechikoro rwakagadzwa nedare rechikoro romunzvimbomo, kumitero inonyimwa pauri, gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoumba chinyararire nhevedzano youpenyu hwezuva nezuva. Kunzwisisa aya masangano haasati ari bedzi muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yezvirongwa zvedzidzo nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anoda kufamba munyika yazvino uno, kutsigira chinjo, kana kuti kungonzwisisa bedzi mishumo yenhau iyo inodzora zvokudya zvedu.

Nyaya ino inoputsa marudzi makuru egadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, inonzvera kuti dzinopesvedzera sei kuvapo kwezuva nezuva, uye inonzvera basa rinokosha rinoitwa navagari vemo mukuumba kudzora kwavo vamene. Ungave uri mudzidzi akasangana neiyi mifungo kwenguva yokutanga kana kuti mudzidzisi achitsvaka gadziriro yakajeka, iyi rondedzero inogovera nzwisiso ine revo yokuti gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoshanda sei — uye nei dzichikosha.

Chii Chiri Tsika Yezvamatongerwe Enyika?

Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika igadziriro yegadziriro dzakarongwa nedzamasanga dzinodzora nzanga. Inobatanidza masangano anoumba, anogombedzerwa, uye anodudzira mitemo — nenzira yakajeka mutezo wedare, mukuru, uye mutongi (pamwe cheteyo) pamwe chete nemipimo, tsika, uye miitiro zvinosarudza kuti simba rinoshandiswa sei. Sangano rezvamatongerwe enyika harisipori pakati; rinochinja mukupindura dzvinyiriro dzomukati, pesvedzero dzokunze, uye mipimo inochinja yavanhu vaanotonga.

Pamavambo payo, gadziriro iri yose yezvamatongerwe enyika inofanira kupindura mibvunzo mitatu inokosha: Vatongi vanotonga sei? Vapi vanosarudzwa kana kuti vanobviswa? Imiganhui, kana ipi neipi iripo pachiremera chavo? Mhinduro kuiyi mibvunzo dzinoparira mhatsa yakafara yemiitiro inooneka mupasi rose. Britanica yokupinda kwegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika inogovera rondedzero yedzidzo yakakwana, asi mirangariro inoshanda inosvika kure.

Zvikamu zvegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinowanzobatanidza bumbiro remitemo (rakanyorwa kana kuti risina kunyorwa), gadziriro yapamutemo, mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika kana kuti mapoka, uye mashandiro nokuda kwokutora rutivi kwavose. Mugadziriro dzakatsiga, izvi zvinhu zvinogadzira mikoto inodeya kuzivikanwa nokuda kwechisarudzo cherwisano neparadziro yamanyuko. Mugadziriro dzinoshata-petwa kana kuti dzinodzorwa nechiremera, dzingabatira zvikurukuru kusimbisa simba rakakwirira anodzora.

Marudzi Emasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Masayendisiti ezvematongerwo enyika anoronga zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana: nhamba yevanhu vane simba, nzira yokutungamirira nayo, mwero wokudzora hurumende panzanga, uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzevanhu. Zvinotevera ndizvo zvirongwa zvinonyanya kuonekwa mune zvematongerwo enyika.

Utongi Hworuzhinji

Democracy, kubva kuchiGiriki dēmokratia [kutonga kwavanhu], nzvimbo dzine chiremera chakakwana mumaoko avagari vemo. Kureva kusarudza kwenguva dzose, makwikwi; dziviriro nokuda kwerusununguko rwavanhu rwakadai sokutaura kwakasununguka negungano; kutonga kwomutemo; uye judiciary yakasununguka. Hapana democracy yazvino uno idemocracy yakananga yakananga; panzvimbo pezvo, inoshanda semimiriri yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, umo vagari vemo vanosarudza vamiriri vama kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo nokuda kwavo.

Democracism inouya mumifungo yakasiana------kufunga. Mugadziriro yeparamende (muchib., United Kingdom, Canada, India) mukuru mukuru anotorwa kubva kudivi rehurumende uye anozvidavirira kwairi. Mugadziriro yapurezidhendi (g., United States, Brazil) mukuru mukuru akasarudzwa uye akazvimirira pasangano. Zvose zvine simba noutera, asi zvinogoverana musengwa kurusarudzo rwenhambo nenhambo nehuzhinji hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukuwirirana nomushumo wegore we [FLT: 0] House yegore renyika ye, nhamba yedemocraficracy yakaderera munyika yose mumakore achangobva kupfuura, muitiro unoratidza kuderera kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yese.

Kunyora

Chiremerera chinopa simba mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti mutungamiriri muduku, pasina kuzvidavirira kuruzhinji. Chishoro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinodzvinyirirwa, sarudzo (kana chikachengetwa) hachisati chiri chamakwikwi apachokwadi, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinodzorwa zvakasimba. Vagari vane maruramiro akaganhurirwa okuronga, kunyunyuta, kana kuti kutsoropodza hurumende. Gadziriro dzavafundisi kazhinji kazhinji dzinozviruramisa dzimene kupfurikidza nokufadza kurunyaradzo, dzikamo, kuzivikanwa kworudzi, kana kuti kusimukira kwoupfumi.

Mienzaniso inovambira pajuntas yenhau dzehondo (mutoo, mujere rejastika) kusvikira kuhurumende dzekare dzakavapo panguva imwe chete (muchib. Vietnam) nedzoudzvinyiriri (muchirevo, Belarus pasi paAlexander Lukastenko). Hurumende dzoumbhali dzinogona kusiana muukuru, kubva ku “udzvinyiriri” hunoshivirira nzanga kuudzvinyiriri hune utsinye hunotsamira pakunzvera kwakapararira uye masimba.

Kudzvinyirira

Udzvinyiriri hunomirira chimiro chakanyanyisa choudzvinyiriri umo hurumende inotsvaka kudzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu nehwemunhu oga. Kudzidziswa kwendangariro, kuongororwa kukuru, kunamatwa kwohunhu, uye paradzirwo inotungamirirwa nehurumende. Hurumende dzoudzvinyiriri kazhinji kazhinji dzine boka rimwe kana kuti mutungamiriri anotaura kuti ndidzo dzoga pazvokwadi uye dzinoraira ruvimbiko rwose. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Germany yeNazi, Soviet Union pasi paStalin, uye North Korea nhasi.

Udzvinyiriri hunosiana noudzvinyiririwo zvahwo mugwinyiro yahwo: hunovavarira kwete bedzi kudzvinyirira kusabvumirana asi kuitazve mugariro wavanhu nenzanga mukuwirirana nepfungwa yakati. [[FLT: 0] Encyclopædia Britannica inotsinhira kuti udzvinyiriri hunoratidzirwa nepfungwa yakasanorongwa, boka rimwe, uye gadziriro yokudzora kwamagandanga kwamapurisa.

Monarchy

Monarchy igadziriro umo munhu mumwe, anowanzova mambo kana kuti mambokadzi, ane nzvimbo yehurumende nokuda kwoupenyu, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nenhevedzano yenhaka. Muumambo hwakakwana, mambo ane simba risina muganhu (musaudi Arabia, Oman). Muhurumende yapamutemo, masimba amambo anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti tsika reparamende, uye anobatira zvikurukuru somufananidzo wetsika (umh., United Kingdom, Japan, Sweden).

Miganhu yehurumende yazvino uno yebumbiro remitemo inoshanda zvikuru samaredhiyoni ehurumende dzinosarudzwa, hurumende dzichishandisa chiremera chaichoicho.

Komonisiti

Chikomonizimu ipfungwa uye rudzi rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Murondedzero, chinoisa muchiono nzanga isina boka, isina nyika umo mutoo wokugadzirwa uri woga. Mumatoo, nyika dzekomonisiti dzamakumi maviri nezana rapakati (Soviet Union, China, Cuba, North Korea, Vietnam) dzakatanga kutonga kumwe nehurumende nehumwe hwemari neganhuriro huru parusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Chibvumirano cheKomonisiti chinodzora chaizvoizvo mativi ose esimba, uye kusarudza kunobatira kuchisarudzo chebato reRaith.

Gadziriro dzecommunist dzakava nengozi. China, somuenzaniso, yakagamuchira chinjo dzemari dzakasimudzirwa mumisika apo yaichengeta chimiro chebato reLenin. Muuyo igadziriro yakavhengana inowanzonzi “chikamari yokutonga.” North Korea inobatanidza pfungwa dzecommunist nehurumende inodzvinyirira. Shoko rokuti “communist” nhasi rinorondedzera masangano akasiyana - siyana ehurumende, asi vanogoverana kurambwa kwamakwikwikwi akasiana - siana uye kubatanidzwa kwedzimbahwe.

Kufambira Mberi Kwematongerwe Enyika Nokufamba Kwenguva

Gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika hadzina kugadziriswa; dzinobuda murwisano dzenhau, chinjo, chinjo dzemari, uye chinjo dzetsika. Kuchinja kubva muudzori kuenda kuruwa muEurope, kubviswa kwesimba pashure peHondo yeNyika II, uye kuputsika kweSoviet Union zvose zvakaumbazve mepu yezvamatongerwe enyika yenyika yose. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumupindu kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei dzimwe nyika dziri dzinotsiga kupfurikidza nokudzora hurumende nehurumende inodzorwa navanhu.

Zvinhu zvinoparira chinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika zvinobatanidza kukura kwezvemari (rondedzero yokuchinja kwazvino uno inotaura kuti nzanga dzakapfuma dzine bviro huru yokuderedza udzvinyiriri), masangano enzanga (mutoo, sangano rekodzero dzavagari vemo muUnited States), dzvinyiriro yokunze (mutoo, Europe Union yokuwedzera kwemigariro yemigariro yemari), uye chinjo yeruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu (umhinde, muchina wokutsikirira, Internet). Asi hapana chinhu chimwe chinovimbisa muuyo wakati. Nzira yenyika inotsamira pamubatanidzwa wayo wechienzi wamasangano, vakurukota, uye vagari vemo vanoraira.

Chimwe chirongwa chinopesvedzera i “kuchinja kwedemocratic” muenzaniso, unozivisa matanho: rupo (kuvhura rusununguko rwakati), budiriro (sarudzo yokutanga), uye kubatana (mipimo yedemokrati inodzorwa nedemokrase). Chinjo haisati iri nguva dzose; nyika zhinji dzinova nokudzokera shure kana kuti kudzokera kuudzvinyiriri. miraudzo inobva kuV-DEM Institute inodzikira democracy, inoratidzira kuti sapa 2024, nyika dzakawanda dzinova dzinoita kuti kudzorwa kudzosa.

Kuenzanisa Masangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika: Mienzaniso Yenyika Chaiyoiyo

Kuti unzwisise kuti masangano ezvematongerwo enyika anoshanda sei, zvinobatsira kuenzanisa nyaya dzakanyatsoitika.

United States (Democratic Purezidenti Republic). Simba rinokamuraniswa pakati pamapazu matatu ehurumende. Kusarudza kwakasununguka kwenguva dzose uye kwakasununguka, kunyange zvazvo itiro hanya pamusoro pokuvamba, mari yenhimbe, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwavavhoti dzichipfuurira. Sangano rinopa rusununguko rukuru rwavagari vemo nenzanga yevagari vemo yakabudirira, asi zvamatongerwe enyika zvakawedzera kurongeka uye kuvimba kwakaderera mumasangano.

CHICHINA (Chikamu chimwe chirefu). Party yeChina yechiKomonisiti inodzora masangano ose enyika, ehondo, uye ezvemari. Zvisarudzo zvakaganhurirwa kunzvimbo dzenzvimbo dzomunzvimbomo uye hazvikwikwikwidzi nokuda kwoutungamiriri hwakakwirira. Hurumende inoshandisa kunzvera, kuongorora, uye kudzora kwapamutemo kudzora. Kukura kwemari kwakabvisa mazana amamirioni amamirioni muurombo, asi maruramiro ezvamatongerwe enyika anoganhurirwa zvakakomba.

Saudi Arabia (Abhusate Monacy). Mambo ane chiremera chavakuru vakuru, chemitemo, uye chokutonga. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anorambidzwa, uye hapana sarudzo dzinoitwa nokuda kwenzvimbo yorudzi. Sarudzo yemitemo yakavakirwa pamutemo weSharia, uye mapoka ekodzero dzavanhu anonyora ganhuriro dzakakomba dzakakomba parusununguko rwekutaura, maruramiro avakadzi, uye mapoka mashoma orudzidziso.

North Korea (Trutarian Dictacyship). Mhuri yaKim yakatonga chifo cha 1948, nesekete rakapararira rohunhu. Hurumende inodzora mashoko ose, inodzivisa chishoro chipi nechipi, uye inochengeta rimwe ramauto makurusa enyika ane wirirano yavagari vemo. Vagari vemo vanorarama mukunyimwa nokunzverwa kukurusa, pasina kutora rutivi kune revo kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutapura Kunoita Masangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Nyika yakaumba zvakananga mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika.

  • Maruramiro neRusununguko. MaDemocracism anowanzovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rwokubudisa, rwegungano, uye rworudzidziso. Gadziriro dzoutongi dzinowanzoganhurira idzi maruramiro, kuita mhoteredzo yengwariro nerekuzvidzora. Mumaruwa outotarianism, kunyange kurukurirano dzapachivande dzingacherekedzwa.
  • Mikana yezvamatongerwe enyika inosarudza miitiro yemitero, mitemo yavashandi, kodzero dzezvinhu, uye ukuru hwokupindira kwehurumende muupfumi. Masangano eDEmocratic anokombamira kuva nehurumende dzakasimba zvikuru dzegarikano, kunyange zvazvo kusati kuri chose chose. Gadziriro dzemitemo dzinogona kuwana kukura kunokurumidza (g. China), asi kazhinji kazhinji pandyiko yekodzero dzebasa nedziviriro dzemhoteredzo.
  • [ Throsa. Kudzidzisa, mari, uye kusvika kudzidzo zvisarudzo zvose zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Ma Democrac anowanzosimudzira kufunga kwokutsoropodza nedzidzo yavagari vemo. Hurumende dzehurumende dzechiOrchiasteritarian dzingashandisa dzidzo sechishandiso chokudzidzisa pfungwa, kudzora kuti nhauroi uye pfungwa zvinodzidziswai.
  • Urashi hwematongerwe enyika hunosarudza kana tarisiro yezvoutano ichirangarirwa sechinhu chakarurama kana kuti chinhu. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hwakawanda hune gadziriro dzapasi pose dzezvoutano; United States inotsamira pamienzaniso yemivhenganiswa neinishuwarenzi yomunhu oga. Masangano anoshanda anowanzova anotarisirwa noutano kana kuti anoganhurira kusvika kwakavakirwa pakuvimbika kwezvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Justice. Tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinotapura kuti nzanga dzinodaidza sei kusaenzana, rusaruro, uye maruramiro maduku. MaDemocracia anopa mativi apamutemo nokuda kwamapoka akaderedzwa kuti ade chinjo. Masangano authoritarian angaramba kuvapo kwekusaruramisira kwegadziriro kana kuti kudzvinyirira kuenzana.
  • Holy Safety. Mutoo womutemo uye mapurisa akazvimirira zviratidzo zvehurumende dzinoshanda. Muhurumende dzinodzvinyirira, mapurisa nemauto okuchengetedza angashandiswa kudzivirira hurumende panzvimbo pevagari vemo, zvichitungamirira kukupfigirwa kwomutemo uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwekodzero dzevanhu.

Mienzaniso iyi inoratidza kuti masangano ezvematongerwe enyika haasati ari rondedzero dzisiri dzechokwadi; anosarudza kuti ndiani anowana chii, rini, uye sei (uye kana uchigona kutaura zvakasununguka pamusoro pako.)

Basa Revagari Vemo Mumasangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kunyange gadziriro yakavanzwa zvikurusa yezvamatongerwe enyika haigoni kuvapo chose chose pasina chimiro chakati chokutora rutivi muvagari vemo.Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, kubatanidzwa ikoko kukuru uye kunokosha. Mumaorobha, kunodzorwa nokumanikidzirwa. Bva kwose kwose, vagari vemo vanowana nzira dzokupesvedzera nadzo hurumende yavo, kungava kupfurikidza nemikoto yetsika kana kuti dzvinyiriro yamasanga.

Kurumisa

Kudzosera mashoko ndicho chimiro chakananga zvikurusa uye chakapararira chokutora rutivi. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, inosarudza vatungamiriri ndokusarudza mibvunzo yemiitiro. Zvisinei, muvhoti anosiyana zvikuru-kwirira neUnited States, anopaza sarudzo dzapurezidhendi mu60%, nepo nyika dzakafanana neAustralia inoraira kuvhota uye inosvika mwero inopfuura 90%. Kutsvaka maruramiro amene inhau yezvamatongerwe enyika, nekurukurirano pamusoro pemitemo yevondi, kurambwa kwechifelon, uye kunyoreswa kwokuzvidira uko kunogona kutora rutivi.

Kutora Rutivi uye Kukwikwidza

Kutora matanho kunopfuura kuvhota. Kushora, kushora, zvikumbiro, uye kusateerera kwavagari vemo zvakaparira chinjo dzenhau, kubva pakuguma kworusaruraganda muSouth Africa kusvikira kukutambanudzwa kwekuenzana kweroorano munyika dzakawanda. Mugadziriro dzinodzvinyirira, zviito zvine ngozi huru, kubatanidza kuiswa mutorongo kana kuti masimba masimba. Internet yakaderedza miganhu kuronga, asi inogonesawo kuongorora kwehurumende uye kubvisa zvinyorwa zvehurumende. Activigo inoramba iri mutoo une simba nokuda kwavagari vemo kuti vataure zvichemo nokukumbira kuzvidavirira.

Kubatanidzwa Kwenzanga uye Kudzora Kwomunzvimbomo

Democracy haigumi pabhokisi rechikoro. Kutora rutivi mumasangano ezvikoro, masangano evavakidzani, kugarwa kwenzendo, uye madare etaundi zvinoumba mhoteredzo yapedyo umo vanhu vanogara. Kudzora kwakarongwa kunopa mikana yakawanda yokupesvedzera vagari vemo yokupesvedzera zvisarudzo zvinotapura upenyu hwavo hwezuva nezuva ($parks, chengeteko yavose, mitero yomunzvimbomo. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunoona kuwedzera mubhajeti yemari yokubhajesa, umo vagari vanosarudza zvakananga kuronga mari yavose.

Nzanga Yavagari Vemo Nemapoka Anofarira

Masangano asiri ehurumende, masangano, masangano ezvounyanzvi, uye mapoka okunyengera anomirira fariro chaidzoidzo uye anoita kuti hurumende dzizvidavirire. Chaunga chavagari vemo chine simba ichiratidzo chehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzine utano. Mumiitiro yehurumende inodzvinyirira, chaunga chavagari vemo chakazvimirira chinowanzorambidzwa kana kuti chinobatanidzwa. Mano okuumba batano pasina mvumo yehurumende ndicho chiratidzo chikuru chorusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kumhanyira Hofisi

Vagari vanogonawo kuva rutivi rwetsika imene kupfurikidza nokumhanyira nzvimbo yavose. Nepo iyi nzira ichida zviwanikwa netsigiro, inopa nzira yakananga zvikurusa kutsika yokuumba. Muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, munhu upi noupi anosvitsa zvinodikanwa zvokuva nomwero anogona kushanda; mugadziriro dzehurumende dzinodzora, vanoda kutendwa vanofanira kutenderwa nebato rinotonga kana kuti hurumende.

Masangano Ezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokupindira Kwenyika Yose

Nyika inodzorwa nehurumende ingamanikidza mutengesi ane simba pakutengesa kodzero dzevanhu; denda ringafumura utera hwegadziriro dzakasiyana - siyana dzezvoutano; kurwisa kwekombiyuta kungabva kumapoka ehurumende dzinodzvinyirira. Kunzwisisa kusiyana kwegadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika kunokosha kuti pave nepfungwa yeukama hwemarudzi ose uye zvinetso zvenyika yose.

Masangano anodzora nyika yose akadai seUnited Nations Trade Organization, uye International Criminal Court anoratidza mubatanidzwa wetsika dzezvematongerwe enyika, kazhinji achirwisana nezvinonetsa uchangamire hwenyika.

mhedziso

Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoumba kuumbwa kukuru kwoupenyu hwedu() rusununguko rwatinofarikanya, mabanza atinoronda, ruramisiro yatinogona kusvika, uye chengeteko yatinorerutsa. Haisi mitoo yokufungidzira iri kure asi mararamiro anovapo nesarudzo imwe neimwe, kunyunyuta, kutonga kwedare, uye gadziriro dzemitemo. Kuvadzidzi navadzidzisi zvakafanana, vanonzwisisa aya masangano nhano okutanga kukuziva, vagari vemo vanoshingaira avo vanogona kudzivirira mipimo yedemocracy, kudenha kusaruramisira, uye vanobetsera kukutonga kwenzanga dzavo vamene.

Sezvo nyika yose inochinja - chinja (8) nokudzokera kumashure kwehurumende yeruzhinji mune dzimwe nyika uye masangano matsva okudzora kunenge kuchioneka mune dzimwe nzvimbo — kudikanwa kwokugona kurava nokunyora mune zvematongerwe enyika hakuna kumbobvira kwavapo zvikuru.