Kutanga: Kuderedza Kukwikwidzana Kwematongerwe Enyika

Kumirira kwePrpotioneal (PR) kunopfuura mutoo bedzi wokuverenga nawo mavhoti(icho inochinja zvikuru zvisundo zvinoumba mapato ezvamatongerwe enyika, zvivako zvavo zvomukati, uye mhoteredzo yedemocracy. Kusafanana negadziriro dzose dzinopinza chisarudzo chezvamatongerwe enyika mumapoka maviri makuru, gadziriro dzePR dzinovavarira kushandura muvhoti achitsigira zvakananga muzvigaro zvomutemo. Uku kuchinja kupfurikidza norutivi rwuri rwose rwomufambiro webato: mavakirwe adzore, mafariro adzorere adzore adzore, uye maro adzorerwe adzirerwe nawo munguva ino. Kunzwisisa uku kuchinja kunokosha nokuda kwomupi noupi anoongorora purodziro kana kuti kuenzanisa miuyo yehurumende munyika dzose.

Kunzwisisa Mufananidzo Wezvinotaurwa

Pakati pemimimiriro inovimbisa kuti pesekisi yezvigaro inohwina musangano rehurumende inodzorwa inosanowirirana nechikamu chevhoti charinogamuchira. Ikoku kwakasiyana zvikuru negadziriro dzezvigaro zvakadai seFPTP yokutanga-kare, umo boka ringawina zvigaro zvizhinji nezvigaro nezvisingawaniki zvikuru. Masangano ePR anouya mumarudzi anoverengeka, chimwe nechimwe chine revo dzakajeka dzebato.

Marudzi Okumirira Kuitwa

  • Ndaza PR: Mapati anoisa ndaza dzakatevedzerwa dzavada kubhapatidzwa. Voters vanosarudza mubato, uye zvigaro zvinogoverwa zvakati tsaurei negoverano yebato rimwe nerimwe. Kana vavhoti vakawanda vachigamuchira, vakawanda vanopinda pandandanda yavo vanosarudzwa munhevedzano. Iyi tsika inopa utungamiriri hwakasimba pachisarudzo nomurongwi.
  • Vote inopfuudzwa imwe yoga (STV): Vatengi vanoronga vakwikwidzani vari mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. MaSett anogoverwa negadziriro yehuta, achibvumira vavhoti kudarika mitsetse yebato uye kutaura zvisarudzo pakati pavadaviri mubato rimwe chetero. STV inonetesa udzori hwebato pamusoro poanosarudzwa ndokukurudzira makwikwikwi.
  • . Chitsaro chechigaro chakaitwa-Momber Proportionel: Vatambi vanokanda mabhora maviri(amene) nokuda kwomubhadhari womunzvimbomo (kazhinji kazhinji anoshandisa FPTP) uye chimwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Chitsama chechigaro chose chinogadziridzwa kuti chiwanike mwero, naizvozvo papati inowana zvigaro zvomunzvimbomo ingagamuchira zvigaro zvishoma. MMP inobatanidza mufananidzo womunzvimbomo nomwero wakaenzana uye inoshandiswa munyika dzakadai seGermany neNew Zealand.

Kusiyana - siyana kwemarudzi kunopesvedzera urongwa hwebato, utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu, uye kubatana kwemapoka munzira dzakasiyana - siyana.

Tapuro Pamitambo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika

Kumiririra kwevezvematongerwe enyika kunochinja masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika kubva pasi kusvika ku(8) ukuru hwawo, nhamba, kurongeka kwomukati, zvirongwa zvenhimbe, uye maitiro anodzora. Chinjo yacho haisati ichingovawo zvayo inoyera asi inoyera.

Kurudziro Yevaduku Nemapati Ane Simbi

Mugadziriro yePR, boka rinowana 5% yevhoti rinowanzowana pa 5% yezvigaro. Ichi chikumbaridzo chakaderera chinoderedza mhinganidzo yokupinda nokuda kwemapati matsva namaduku. Mapati eGreen, masangano akananga, mapoka eruwa, uye mapoka echikamu chimwe anogona kuwana ratidziro dzeparamende pasina kuda kuputsa “matanho echikwata chechikwata chemiteveriain-all”. Ikoku kunokurudzira mamiriro ezvinhu ezvamatongerwe enyika akasiyana-ngori. Voters haisati ichadikanirwazve kusarudza“ zvishoma zvezvakaipa zviviri”. [5] zvinogona kuvhotera zvapachokwadi nokuda kweboka rinowirirana nezvaanoda. Munguva inopfuudza, iyi mhaudzo dzinoita nzvimbo dzakasiana-zhinji apo mitengo inosimu inosimudzwa uye inonatswa. Zvisinei, vatsoropotete

Hurumende Dzemasangano Neboka

Nemhaka yokuti hakuna boka rimwe rinowanzohwina voruzhinji chose chose, gadziriro dzePR dzinodokuva dzinovimbisa hurumende dzakabatanidzwa. Zvikamu zvinofanira kukurukura zviteshi zvemiitiro, nzvimbo dzedare, uye zvokutanga zvemitemo nevavangada kushandira pamwe. Ichi chinjo huru dzomufambiro webato munzira dzinoverengeka:

  • Mibatanidzwa yePrecial trole [: Mapati angaumba mapoka pamberi pesarudzo kuti aratidze kuwirirana kungabvira mubatanidzwa, nokudaro achiumba kariro dzomuvhoti.
  • Kuchinja purofiti yePFT [[FLT: 1]: Utungamiriri hweboka hunoda kuva vapfumi vane unyanzvi, kazhinji kazhinji vachiisa nzvimbo dzakakwirira kuti vatsigiri vabudirire.
  • Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira[[FLT: 1]: Zvikoro zvinodzidza kubvisa zvinodikanwa zvinokosha zvishoma nokuda kwezvinonyanyokosha. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kuudzori hwakatsiga, hwechipumburu-pendimari(*) asiwo kupomero dzezvibvumirano zvenzvimbo dzokuchengetera bhizimisi zvinoratidzira zvipikirwa zvenhimbe.
  • [[FLT: 0] Mapoka eIntenational[[FLT: 1]: Dzvinyiriro dzemabhizimisi dzinogona kuwedzera kurukurirano dzomukati, sezvo mapapiro epapati asingabvumirani padzinogamuchirwa.

Kubatanidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika Nokubatanidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika

Mupasi pePR, vavhoti havawanzonzwa kuti vhoti yavo “yakashatiswa.” Mumiitiro yavakuru vakuru, vatsigiri vamativi maduku kazhinji kazhinji vanogara kumba kana kuti nenzira inoshanda.PR inobvisa zhinji yedzvinyiriro iyoyo. Nzvero nguva dzose inoratidzira muvhoti mukuru munyika PR inoratidzira muvhoti mukuru muPR inoenzaniswa negadziriro dzeFPTP, kunyange apo inodzora nokuda kwezvimwe zvinhu. Pfungwa yokuti nhau dzose dzokuvhota dzinoumba zvakananga sei. Panzvimbo pokuisa zvikamu zvinotenderera bedzi, mapoka anofanira kukwidza nokubatanidza nzvimbo yawo kwose kwose. Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera basa repuranga youswa. Kuwedzera, nemhaka yokuti vavhotera vanogona kuva vatsvaki (Mutengo weSV) kana kuti vasarukidza pakati pemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, vanonzwa zvikuru mugadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pezvibvumirano.

Sangano Reboka uye Kusarudza Kwaro

Miitiro yePR inowanzokurudzira dhimoni rinotevedzerwa zvikuru. Pasi pendaza PR, mapati anodzora nhevedzano yavada kufunda, asi maPrimmite kana kuti kokorodzano dzinogoverwa dzingasarudza. Mugadziriro dzakawanda dzakazaruka, vavhoti vanogona kupesvedzera avo vanotevedzerwa kubva pabato vanosarudzwa, vanosunda vatevedzeri kusakurira nhevedzano dzomunhu oga nebatano dzomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kumadziva akasiana------chinja ari pakati pomunhu nepakati. Dzikamo pakati pokudzora kwapakati pevakadzi, namadzitateguru etsika dzinowanzova nevedzero dzinowanzova nemitemo inodzorwa zvikuru munyika dzakawanda.

Zvinetso Zvokumirira Mashoko Aya

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzayo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, PR haisi pasina mari. mativi mamwe chetewo anokurudzira kumirira anogona kuparira zvinetso zvokudzora.

Kuparadzaniswa Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu Ezvamatongerwe Enyika

Apo mapoka akawanda anowana zvigaro, kuumba hurumende yakatsiga anova chishamiso chakaoma. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, sezvinoonekwa muIsrael neItaly panhambo dzakasiana - siana, kusarudza kwapanguva dzose nehurumende dzinorarama nguva pfupi kunogona kusekesa kuvimba kwavanhu. Kuparadzanisa kunogona kupa simba maduku “mugadziri” ayo anobvisa mvumo dzakasiana---shaikwa, anokangaidza mapoka makuru zvikuru uye anovhota zvakafanana. Mitemo yeChession (g., 3% kana kuti 5% yevhoti) inowanzoiswa kumisa kukamukana, asi anobvisawo manzwi echokwadi. Kuwana dzikamo yakarurama idenho inopfuurira.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Kutonga

Kudzora kwomubatanidzwa kunoda kurukurirano inopfuurira, inogona kuderedza kuita zvisarudzo. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti hurumende dzakabatana dzinoita “chikamu chiduku zvikurusa chakabatana” mitemo isati ichifadza munhu wose. Panhau dzokukurumidzira . zvakadai senjodzi dzemari kana kuti chengeteko yenyika, izvi zvinogona kuva chinetso. Kupfuurirazve, zvibvumirano zvakabatana kazhinji kazhinji zvinopa mibatanidzwa yehondo pakati pemapoka, zvichitungamirira kuhondo nemitemo inopesana. Kudikanwa kwokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kungaitawo kuti hurumende dzisazvidavirira zvikuru: vhiyingaringana nyore nyore nokuda kweboka rimwe rokuita basa rakashata apo mhaka inogoverwa pakati pemapoka.

Kuora Mwoyo Nokuodzwa Mwoyo

Nenzira inosetsa, gadziriro imwe cheteyo inoita kuti zvikamu zvive nesimba inogonawo kubvisa vavhoti. Apo kurukurirano dzemibatanidzwa dzinobudisa hurumende dzisingaratidzi muuyo wakananga wesarudzo (muchib., boka rinouya wechipiri ringatungamirira mubatanidzwa weboka rimwe), vavhoti vanonzwa kuti chisarudzo chavo chakashatiswa. Nokufamba kwenguva, chinjo dzinogara dziripo muhurumende uye kuvhengana kunowanzova kwakabatana kunogona kuparira kusava nomukurumbira. Izvi zvinonyanya kurwadza kana mapoka makuru anowanzosiya rimwe boka duku rakakurumbira kubva mumapoka, achishandura mavhoti anoratidzika seasina maturo mumiitiro chaiyo. Voter angachinja kana kuti kuramba kana vanhu vakafunga kuti havane basa navo, “katangwe kezvirongwa. ”

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: PR vs. Geritarian Systems

Kusiyanisa kumirira kwakaenzana negadziriro dzavakuru vakuru kunojekesa kubviswa kwegadziriro imwe neimwe yezvisarudzo inoisa pamapoka.

Masangano Makuru

Kutanga-kare-pokufambisa namamwe masangano akafanana zvinokombamira kuparira makwikwi maviri ane chikamu. Iwaya anodzorwa: rimwe boka kazhinji kazhinji rinokunda voruzhinji vakajeka, richikwanisa kuita muitiro nokukurumidza. Kuderedzawo nhamba yemifungo, kuita kuti hurumende ive nesimba. Zvisinei, zvinoita kudaro nokunyanyomirira nokuronga boka gurusa uye pasi pokumirira duku. Kudzora muzvigaro zvakakotsekana kunganzwa kuti vhoti yavo havana basa, uye masangano anonangidzira mari panhamba duku yemaruwa. Kukwidziridza kwakafara kuendesa kumativi makuru pakati, kunosiya mipeyi yetsika isina kuiswa shure uye dzimwe nguva inopfuuyisa. Boka kazhinji kazhinji kacho rinodzorwa zvikuru kudzorwa kushoko rinodzorwa kumativi akasiyana-kasiyana - siyana.

Betsero dzePR nokuda Kwekukura Kweboka

  • Chiratidzo chomufananidzo: Mapati anoratidzira mhatsa yechokwadi yomufungo wavanhu.
  • kuva nemari kupfurikidza nokuwirirana: Varangi vanogona kuranga vatsigiri pasina simba rokupa kutsika dzayo dzakapesana.
  • Kusimbiswa kwechishoro chinovaka: Mapati maduku anogona kupesvedzera mutemo kunyange kubva mumabhenji anoshora kupfurikidza nezivo chaiyo uye zvibvumirano zvinoyambuka.
  • Muvhoti mukuru [[FLT: 1]: Sezvo vhoti vachiverenga kwose zvakaenzana, mapati anounganidza vavhoti munyika yose.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR Nokuda Kwekukura Kweboka

  • Kusagadzikana kweMakamiriro ezvinhu: Zvikurukuru munzanga dzinenge dzichiparadzana, kuputsika kwenguva dzose kwehurumende kunogona kukuvadza kuronga kwenguva refu.
  • Kuzvidavirira [: Majee anotamburira kupa miuyo kuboka rimwe apo mibatanidzwa inogoverana simba.
  • Kuiswa kwevatungamiriri vebato [[FL:1]: Mumurongedzero wePR yakavharwa, vatungamiriri vanodzora nzvimbo dzapamusoro vane simba guru pamusoro pavadaviri.
  • [[FT:0] Kunyanyisa kunobvira[[FLT: 1]: Kunyange mapoka maduku anonyanyisa anogona kudzora, zvikurukuru nezvikumbaridzo zvakaderera.

Nzvero Dzenhau Dzokumirira Kuratidzirwa

Kunzvera kuti PR yakaumba sei nzvimbo mumativi akasiyana - siyana orudzi kunobetsera kuisa kunzvera kwerondedzero muufakazi chaihwoihwo hwenyika.

Germany: Kubudirira Kwemashoko Akavhenganiswa

Hurumende yeGermany inobatanidza zvigaro zvomunzvimbomo (hafu yeBundestag) nezvigaro zvakaganhurirwa. Chikumbaridzo 5% (kana kuti kuwina zvigaro zvitatu zvemibatanidzwa) chinodzivisa kudimburwa kukuru. Munhau iyi, ichiparira gadziriro yakadzikama yakakomba (CDU/CSU, SPD, FDP, uye gare gare gare maGreens). Hurumende dzeCalhiotion dzakanga dziri tsika, asi dzakadzora zvadzo. Zvikamu zvakakudziridza unyanzvi hwakasimba hwokukurukurirana nenzira inobudirira. Mutevedzero mukuru weGreenssswo neTswo yoKubva kukura mumapoka makuru. Zvisinei, miitiro yazvinongofanana nokukwira kwefrürschland (DH) yakaitwa yakabatana zvikuru, dzimwe nguva dzinoda kudzorwa zvikuru. Hurumende dzinoda kuratidzira kuti nyika yehurumende nhatu dzinodzorwa.

Sweden: Great Turtuut Nebasa raConsenus

Sweden inoshandisa gadziriro yakachinjwa yePR ine 4% yenyika. Inoisa panzvimbo dzakakwirira muvhoti (pamusoro pa 85%). Nzvimbo ine masangano akawanda inobatanidza masangano enzanga edemocracy, madhigirii, mabhurokwa, magirini, uye mapombi akakwirira. Hurumende dzinenge nguva dzose mibatanidzwa kana kuti hurumende duku dzinovimba nead hoc. Masangano eSweden anorangwa zvikuru asi anorovedzawo “matongerwe enyika anowirirana zvikuru.”[1] "comvonex ikamis anodiwa. Sangano duku rinobvumira kuti mativi adzoke zvikuru, sediviswo paringi yeCentrence pakati pemaptry ne-okurudyi. Zvisinei, kudirana kwechikamu cheSweden kushora kuumbwa kwehurumende. Sweden inoratidzira kuti mwero mukuru unotarisirwa nokubatana, asi kudzorwa kwoudzorwa kwoudzokororo, kana bedzi.

New Zealand: Delibrate Shift to PR

New Zealand yakasiya FPTP nokuda kwaMMP muna 1996 pashure pemateru maviri. Chinjo yakashandura nenzira inoshamisa gadziriro yebato. Pamberi pe MMP, mapoka makuru maviri akadzorwa ne “‘Labour naNational. Pashure paizvozvo, mativi maduku akadai seNew Zealand Kutanga, Greens, uye Act yakabuda sevatambi vechigarire. Masangano akava akafanira, achimanikidza mapati kukurukura kugura mipimo yakawanda. Chibvumirano cheVoter pakutanga chakasimuka. Zvikurukurukuru, tsika yakamuka: mitemo yesumo nendaza yave yakaitiranwa nharo. New Zealand inoratidza kuti kugadziriswa kwemaune, zvakanaka kunogona kuita kuti paramende imwe dare pasina kudzo inodzorwa. Chibvumirano 2020, apo Labour akawana rutivi rukuru rukuru rwe “chipfekoro cheMicromedzo, inonyandura kurangarira pamusoro penhau yeMiro yePMP inopa.

Zvimwe Zvisakiso Zvinooneka

  • Neterlands: Yakapesana zvikuru isina mukova, inotungamirira kugadziriro yakakamukana ye 10-13 yemapati muparamende, ichida mibatanidzwa mirefu. Mapati eNetherlands kazhinji kazhinji inyanzvi dzemubatanidzwa, asi kuumbwa kwehurumende kunogona kutora mwedzi.
  • Israel: PR nechikumbaridzo chakaderera yakaparira kudimburirwa kusingachinji kusvikira 3,25% yasimudzirwa kuva 3,25% (uye gare gare 4%) kuderedza kutsemuka. Kunyange zvakadaro, chivako chakabatana chakaoma zvikuru, uye kusagadzikana kwehurumende kwakakwirira.
  • Brazil: Inoshandisa muraudzo wakazaruka PR neruwa rukuru, inobudisa gadziriro yemapoka akakamukana zvikuru (anopfuura mapoka 20 mumusangano). Ikoku kunonyandura bhizimisi nechirango chepati, kunyange zvazvo chinjo muna 2017 dzakatanga zvikumbaridzo zvakasarudzwa kuti zvikurudzire kusimbisa kubatana.

Mhedziso: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunopfuudzira Mumapati Mupetro

Kumirira kwePropotical hakungochinji bedzi nhamba yezvisarudzo. Kunyange zvakadaro, ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti PR, apo inogadzirwa nokuchenjera nezvikumbaridzo zvakasiana, zvakasiyana zvikuru, uye yakavakirwa kukurukurirano. Voters dzinowana zvisarudzo zvechokwadi asi dzinofanira kushandisa mativi akaoma. Kushambadzira pakati pomumiririri nokudzora ndekwechokwadi uye kunopfuurira. Zvisinei, kana ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti PR, apo yakagadzirwa nokungwarira nezvikumbariso zvamazati, inogona kusimudzira mapoka ose ari maviri anomiririrwa uye anokwanisa kudzora ane mutoro. Hapana gadziriro yePR inopa gadziriro inowirirana yedefault colution inoparira kukosha yedefault inomukoshesa pamusoro pazvose. Sezvidzo yezvamatongerwe enyika inodenha kunyange gadziriro hurusarira , zvidzidzo zvinobva kunyika yePR inova inova inowirirana zvikuru nokuda kwokugadziridza.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, ona [[FLT: 0] international IDEA Ectoral System Defactive Defacture shopu yeDificial, 'ACE paElectoral Systems[, uye [[FLT]