Bhuku Rekodzero Dzavanhu Senheyo Yokutenda Kuduku

Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa muna 1791, inomira sechimwe chezviitwa zvinokosha zvikuru munhau yebumbiro remitemo. Iyi bvumirano gumi yokutanga kugadziridza kuU.S. yakaitwa kuti iganhurire simba renyika uye idzivirire rusununguko rwomunhu. Marudzidziso mashoma, iyi chinyorwa chave chiri chinhu chipfupi chokuchinja. Yakatanga gadziriro yapamutemo yakabvumira zvitendero zviduku, zvisina kubatana, kana kuti zvisingafarirwi kuti zvivepo, muitiro, uye kukura pasina kuparadzwa norudzidziso rwakakurumbira rwenyika. Kubva kuAmerica yapakuvamba yeBaptist neQuaker kusvika kuMaskhs azvino uno, vaMuslim, vaSis, uye Zvapupu zvaJehovha, Bill wekodzero dzemitemo yakagovera hwapamutemo hwaro kuti huvepo, munyika iyoyo yakanga yakabudirira, chiKristu.

Kudzivirira kwakapiwa naBill of Rights hakuna kuoneka pasina chinhu. Vagadziri venhau vakasanoziva nezvenhau yeropa yeEurope yehondo dzorudzidziso, kubvunzurudzwa, uye machechi ehurumende akatangwa ayo akatambudza vapanduki. Varume vakaita saJames Madison naThomas Jefferson vakanga vazvionera vamene kudzvinyirirwa kwezvitendero zvishoma zvechitendero muVirginia nedzimwe nyika. Iyi nhau yakavasunda kuti vasunungure rusununguko rworudzidziso sekodzero dzinokosha, kwete kungokudzwa nehurumende. Somuuyo, Bill wekodzero dzekodzero dzakaita mhoteredzo yapamutemo umo marudzidziso mashoma angagona kutaura kuti amire pamberi pomutemo, nheyo inoenderera mberi kushandura kupfurikidza nokududzira dare uye kugadziridzwa kwemitemo.

Kunzwisisa kuti Bhizi rekodzero dzakafanira kudzivirira sei pamutemo zvitendero zvishoma kunoda kuti tiongorore kwete bedzi mashoko okugadziridza asi mazana emakore okupa rondedzero, mutemo, uye kuchinja kwetsika uko kwakaita kuti mashoko iwayo arevere. Nyaya yacho ndeimwe yefambiro mberi, mhinganidzo, uye kukurukurirana kunopfuurira, asi mubatanidzwa unowirirana wacho musengwa wemitemo wokudzivirira hana yomunhu mukurwisana nesimba revoruzhinji.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Kushandisa Mitemo Kunovimbisa Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

First Amendment ine dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakananga zvikurusa nedzine simba nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma. Gadziriro dzawo dzorudzidziso dzinoumbwa nezvikamu zviviri zvakasiyana asi zvinowirirana: Kugadzwa kwaClaus neFree Expression (Kuzvidzora) pamwe chete, zvinogadzira nhoo yebumbiro remitemo inodzivisa hurumende kutsigira rudzidziso rwakati kana kuti zvimwe kupindirana nomuitiro worudzidziso woga woga. Nokuda kwezvitendero zvishomanene, iyi dziviriro mbiri inokosha nemhaka yokuti inokurukura tyisidziro mbiri dzakasiana: kutaura kutsigirwa kworudzidziso rukuru runoderedza vamwe, uye kurambidzwa kwehurumende kwemiitiro yorudzidziso rushomanene iyo ingaratidzika kuva yechienzi kana kuti isingagamuchiriki kumi.

Kutangwa kwaClaus: Kusatora Rutivi uye Kusasarura

Chivako chaClaus chinorava nenzira iri nyore: "Korefe haasati achizoita mutemo pamusoro pokugadzwa kworudzidziso". Ikoku kwakadudzirwa neDare rapamusoro-soro kureva kuti hurumende haigoni kutendera, kutendera, kana kuti kusimudzira rudzidziso rupi norupi pane rumwe. Nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma, iyi nheyo ndeyehwaro. Inodzivisa hurumende kushandisa pfuma yavose kufambisira mberi kutenda kwavose, zvakadai sokutsigira munyengetero muzvikoro zvavose kana kuti kuratidzira zviratidzo zverudzidziso papfuma yehurumende munzira inokarakadza kutsigira kwapamutemo. Lémon v. Kurtzman (111) akatanga chisarudzo chezvikamu zvitatu zvinoramba zvichipesvedzera: mutemo unofanira kuva nedonzo rawo renyika, harifaniri kuvamba kana kukanganisa rudzidziso, uye kusafanira kunyanyoshatisa rudzidziso.

Ichi chinodikanwa cheRevolverity chave chichikosha zvikuru mudzidzo. Mu Vitaire (62) uye Avington District v. Schempp [1963], Dare rapamusoro rehurumende raidavira kuti munyengetero wakarongwa uye kuraviwa kweBhaibheri muzvikoro zvavose zvakaputsa Kugadzwa kwaClause. Izvi zvisarudzo zvakapokanidzwa panguva yacho, neMitemo yakawanda yokupomera Dare rorudzidziso rokubvisa upenyu hwapachena. Zvisinei, nokuda kwemarudzidziso rushoma, izvi zvakanga zviri dziviriro. Vadzidzi vechiJudha, vadzidzi veKaturike, vaSuluputu, vasingatendi kuvapo kwaKristu, uye vana havana kumanikidzwa kutora rutivi rwechechi sezvikoro zvakaumbwa nechechi. Chitendero chakaumbwa nemhomwe chezvitendero. Chitendero chechechi chirevo.

Kutangwa kwenhau kwapamisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi kwakakurukura nhau dzakafanana neratidziro dzorudzidziso. Van old v. Perry (2005] uye Mcreary County v. ACLU (2005][2005]]] Dare rakapa miuyo yakasiana yakavakirwa pamashoko akapoteredza. Mitemo ine gumi inoratidzirwa paTexas reruwa, inodudza zvimiro zvaro zvaro zvisingashandiswi uye mashoko enhau. Yapashure yakarova ratidziro pasi mudare reKentucky nemhaka yokuti kuiswa kwaro nemashoko akapoteredza akakarakadza rudzidziso. Nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma aya anosimbisa pfundo akapoteredza:. Kugadza kwaClaus hakudikada kubviswa zvinyorwa zvose zvoupenyu hwerudzidziso, asi kubvisa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa kupfurikidza kwesimba rehurumende kupfurikidza nechitendero chapamutemo.

Kushandisa Claus Zvakasununguka: Kudzivirira, Kwete Kungodavira Chete

The Free Exening Classias inotaura kuti Free Classias ichaita kuti Dare risaite mirau isati iri inorambidza kuishandisa kwakasununguka. Iyi gadziriro inodzivirira maruramiro avanhu okushandisa rudzidziso rwavo pasina kudzongonyedzwa nehurumende. Crucily, Dare Rapamusoro rave richisiyanisa kare pakati pechitendero nomufambiro. Nepo hurumende isingagoni kudzora zvitendero zvose, inogona kuisa mirau pamiitiro yorudzidziso kana mirau iyoyo ichibatira fariro inogombedzera hurumende uye inosanorongwa. Mhaka yechokwadi ndi Reynolds v. United States (1879)[FLD:1], apo Dare rinotsigira kurambidza barika, kurangarira kuti zvitendero zvisakarurama zvisingabvumirwirwi pamutemo izvo zvinopesana nemitemo youtsotsi.

Kwakawanda kwezana ramakore rechimakumi maviri, Dare rakashandisa muedzo wedzikamo wakaparira dzvinyiriro huru kurovedzo yorudzidziso. Mu SSber v. Verner (1963), Dare rakataura kuti hurumende haingagoni kuramba betsero dzourovha kumuAdventist weSexuantis uyo akaramba kushanda paChitanhatu, Sabata rake. Chisarudzo chaida nyika kuratidzira fariro inomanikidzira pamberi pokuremedza muitiro worudzidziso. Iyi nzira yakasimbiswa mu Wissinsin. Yoderb [5]] [5], apo Dare redare rakatonga kuti vaAmish vasagona kutumira vana vavo kuchikoro chisere, sezvikoro zvakakwirira zvokupinda zvamarudzidziso. Iyi yakaisa miganhuro yemitemo yetsika yetsika yechitendero nokuda kwemiteveri yakakwirira.

Nzvimbo yapamutemo yakachinja zvikuru ne Employment Division v. Smith (1990). Muchiitiko ichocho, Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti kusatora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji mitemo inoshanda yaigona kusimbiswa kunyange kana vairemedza muitiro worudzidziso, chero bedzi mutemo wakanga usati uri kudzosa rudzidziso chairwo. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza vaparadzi veAmerica veNational American vaishandisa zvitendero zverudzidziso uye vainyimwa betsero dzouro pashure pokunge vadzingwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwemirimo. Dare rakatonga kuti Hurumende yakanga isina musengwa wokugovera kusunungurwa kworudzidziso pamutemo wapamutemo wapamutemo. Chisarudzoso chaidzorwa zvikuru nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma, sezvo yakabvisa muedzo unoshuviwa unogutsa nokuda kwemitemo mizhinjisaremutoro yechitendero panzvimbo pokutsvaka kudzivirira kushambadzwa kwemite.

Congress yakapindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza Freedom Reconsole Act [RFRA] ya 1993, iyo yakadzorera muedzo unosunda wemitemo yehurumende. RFRA pachayo yakaganhurirwa neDare repamusoro mu [FLT:]City of Boerne v. Florares [[1997] , iyo yairangarira kuti Korosagona kushandisa mutemo kutsanangura. Zvisinei, RRA inoramba ichikosha nokuda kwenhau dzomubatanidzwa, uye magariro mazhinji akapfura akapfuudza zvimiro zvawo zvomutemo. Kutamba pakati peFree Ceast Creece, RFFFFFF, uye rudzi rwemitemo rwetsika rwemitemo, runopfuurira kugadzira mamiriro emitemo.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Rinoshora Kudzivirira Kworudzidziso

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunoita kuti tinzwisise kuti Bill of Rights yakatsanangurwa uye yakashandiswa sei nokufamba kwenguva, kazhinji kacho dziviriro dzinowedzera kudzivirira zvitendero zvishomanana kunyange kana zvematongerwo enyika aidzivenga.

Zvapupu zvaJehovha Nokuwedzera Kwekodzero Dzemaitiro Okurovedza Muviri

Hapana boka rorudzidziso rakaita zvakawanda kukukura kwemiitiro yokushandisa mahormone kupfuura Zvapupu zvaJehovha. Muma1930 na 1940, mitezo yorudzidziso urwu rushoma yakatarisana norusaruro rwakapararira nechitambudzo chapamutemo nokuda kwouevhangeri hwavo nokuramba kukwazisa mureza. Dare Gurusa rakasarudza nhevedzano yenhau muyazvo dzakatanga kutaura kwakasununguka uye kushandisa nheyo dzakasununguka. Mu Canwell v. Connecticut [1940] , Dare raidavira kuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvaisagona kudikanwa kuwana reze yemipiro nokuda kwamabhuku azvo, ichitonga kuti suo-muroo yaidzwa norudzidziso. Iyi yakanga iri nhau yokutanga kushandisa Free Creast Crea Exmeecence kupfurikidza nokufutunulation, kufutunura kukuru kwechitendero.

Mu West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), Dare rakatonga kuti Zvapupu zvaJehovha zvaisagona kugombedzerwa kukwazisa mureza weAmerica kana kuti kudzokorora chipikirwa cheAllegiance muzvikoro zvavose, sezvo ikoku kwakaputsa zvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso mukurwisana nokunamata zvidhori. Murangariro waMutongi Robert Jackson waiva nechimwe chezvikamu zvakakurumbira zvikurusa mumutemo wemitemo: "Kana pane nyeredzi ipi neipi yakagadzwa muboka redu ramabumbiro emitemo, ndiko kuti hakuna dare rapamutemo, rakakwirira kana kuti duku, rinogona kurumbidza chichava chegamuchidzanwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika, rudzidziso, rudzidziso, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvomurangariro."

Nyaya idzi dzakatongwa munguva yokufunganya kukuru kwenyika, neHondo Yenyika II ichikurudzira kuwirirana kwourudzi. Kuda kweDare kudzivirira kutenda kwevoruzhinji kwaidiwa nehurumende kusiri kumanikidzwa neutsinye hwavanhu kwakaratidza simba reBill of Rights rokuongorora pfungwa huru. Nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvakatevera zvezvitendero zviduku, nyaya dzeZvapupu zvaJehovha dzakatanga nheyo yepamutemo yaigona kudiwa apo hurumende yaiedza kumanikidza kutevedzera miitiro inoputsa zvitendero zvepachokwadi zvechitendero.

Marudzidziso eAmerica Nokuchengetwa Kwetsika

Miitiro yorudzidziso yamaIndia yakagovera zvikurukuru mibvunzo yapamutemo yakaoma nemhaka yokuti inowanzobatanidza nzvimbo tsvene, kushandiswa kwemiitiro kwemiitiro, uye miitiro yakasiana zvikuru namagamuchidzanwa orudzidziso okuMadokero. Chivimbo chekodzero chakagovera dziviriro dzakati, asi nhau yapamutemo yakavhengana. Mu Lyng v. Northwest Indian Ceteriveventive Association (1988)[FLD], Dare Rapamusoro raidavira kuti hurumende yehurumende ingagona kuvaka mugwagwa nomunzvimbo inoyera musango renyika, kunyange zvazvo kuita kudaro kungaparadza miitiro yorudzidziso yeYurok, Karo, uye Tolowea. Dare rakarangarira kuti Free Expressice Calaus haisidziviridzi mumi yehurumende, inongodzorwa bedzi mutsika yorudzidziso.

Ichi chisarudzo chakasimbisa ganhuriro dzeFree Express Claus Act yeReligion America mukudzivirira marudzidziso eNative America ayo akabatanidzwa nenzvimbo dzakati. Mukupindura [[FLT: 0] Lyng nenhau dzakafanana, Congress yakapfuudza [ Hurumende yeIndian Freedom Transformation Act [19978] nedzokutsiva nharaunda dzinotaura nenzvimbo tsvene uye kushandiswa kwepeti kuti dzishandiswe mumiitiro yorudzidziso. Iyi miraudzo yakagovera dzimwe dziviriro kupfuura zvaidikanwa neConstitution. [[FLT:] Nyika yeI] Great Africa inoda zvikuru kudzivirira uye chibvumirano chakajeka chaMaringi.

VaMuslim, VaSikh, uye Nhau Dzorudzidziso

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, zvinoitika zvaibatanidza zvipfeko zvorudzidziso zvakaedza miganhu yedziviriro dzemarongerwo ebasa. Vakadzi vechiMuslim vaitsvaka kupfeka hijab Commission v. Abercroe & Lamp; Fitchs, Inc. (15).[FLT], Dare rapamusoro rairambidza kusarurana kworudzidziso mubasa. Mu Acrouption Commissionsionsion , kutonge kana mushandirwi agona kuratidza kuti muitiro wake worudzidziso waizoparira nhamo isina kufanira. [[FLT], Dare rapamusoro-soro rakaramba kuti mushandirwi aisagona kubhadhadhadha mukadzi wechiMuslatini nemhaka yokuti hLBB yakarwisana nebumbiro remitemo yekambani, kutogaro romushandirwi wake angagona kuratidza kuti muitiro wake worudzidziso rwaa.

Varume vechiSikh navakomana vakatarisana nenhau dzakafanana nezvinodikanwa zvorudzidziso zvokupfeka ngowani ndokuchengeta vhudzi risina kugerwa. Kupomera kwakawanda kwakadenha mapikicha echikoro, zvinodikanwa zvehondo, uye mitemo yebasa izvo zvaidzivisa vaSikh kucherekedza kutenda kwavo. Holt v. Hobts (2015) chisarudzo chaibatanidza musungwa wechiMuslim aitsvaka kukudza hafu yendebvu nokuda kwezvikonzero zvorudzidziso. Dare rakashandisa RLUIPA uye rakarangarira kuti jeri harigoni kusimbisa muitiro waro usingachengeti pasina ratidziro fariro inogombedzera. Nepo iyi nhau inonyorwa zvakananga yomuitiro wechiSulum, kurangarira kwaro kwaro kwakashandiswa kudzivirira kupfeka kworudzidziso nemiitiro yetsika yechiSikhn mumasangano esangano.

Nemhaka idzi dzinoenzanisira kushanda kunopfuurira kweBill of Rights nemirau ine chokuita nayo yokudzivirira miitiro miduku yorudzidziso. sezvo nzanga yeAmerica inova yakasiana zvikuru mune zvorudzidziso, matare anokumbirwa nenzira inowedzera kudzikamisa rusununguko rworudzidziso mukurwisana nezvimwe fariro dzapamutemo dzakadai sokusanoita basa zvakanaka, chengeteko yavose, uye chengeteko yetorongo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nedudziro Dzinochinja

Kudzivirira kwepamutemo kwakatangwa neBill of Rights kunopfuurira kuedzwa nemigariro mitsva uye kutsinhirana nemitemo yenzanga. Marudzidziso maduku nhasi anotarisana nezvinetso izvo vagadziri vemichina vaisagona kukarira, kubva pakodzero dzemhindu dzemhindu dzenzanga dzorudzidziso kusvikira kumibvunzo pamusoro pokusabvumirwa kwechitendero kubva kumitemo inorwisana nekodzero dzekodzero. Kududzirwa kunopfuurira kweFirst Amendment muaya mashoko kuchasarudza mwero womunguva yemberi worusununguko rworudzidziso nokuda kwezvitendero zvishoma.

Kusunungurwa Kworudzidziso Nemitemo Yokuvenga

Imwe yenharaunda dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzomutemo worudzidziso wazvino uno unobatanidza rwisano pakati pekushandisa kworudzidziso nedziviriro dzinorwisana neshanje, zvikurukuru nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Mativi akafanana Mastercard Thop, Ltd. v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208)[FLL:1] na[FLT:] 303] Creanive LLC v. ENCES [20023] yakaedza kana varidzi vebhizimisi vanogona kuramba basa remichato yorudzidziso rwakavakirwa pazvitendero zvavo zvorudzidziso. Izvi zviitiko zvinoisa Free Classional Creus pamitemo inorambidza kusarura mitemo yapamgarira vatano.

Nokuda kwamarudzidziso maduku, izvi zvinoitika zvinopa mufanikiso wakaoma. Kune rumwe rutivi, nheyo yokuti zvitendero zvorudzidziso zvinogona kururamisa kusashaikwa mumitemo inowanzoshanda inokosha kudzivirira miitiro yorudzidziso isingadikanwi. Kune rumwe rutivi, kusabvumirwa kworudzidziso uko kungabvumira rusaruro kukuvadza mamwe mapoka maduku, kubatanidza LGBTQ+ vanhu avowo vari mitezo yezvitendero zvishoma. Dare repamusoro rechitendero rakaedza kudzora kunyanduka kupfurikidza nokunangidzira kunanga pamaidi akati nokushandisa kunzvera kwamashoko akapoteredza. [[FLT: 0]] Masterbichop[[FLT: 1]], Dare rakawana kuti Coloravigal Rights Rights Com Com Com Commission Comment yavement Committenity yakaratidza ruvengo kurudzidziso rwaro, kuputsa Free Clausle. Muchie. [[FF]30]

Zvisarudzo izvi zvakatsoropodzwa nevamwe sezvinoita kodzero yechitendero yokusarura uye kurumbidzwa nevamwe sezvinodzivirira zvakakodzera nokuda kworusununguko rwechitendero. Nokuda kwezvitendero zviduku, migumisiro yacho inokosha zvikuru nokuti izvo zvinotanga muenzaniso ungagona kushandiswa kudzivirira miitiro yechitendero mishomanene inoitiranwa nharo kana kuti isingadiwi. Kududzirwa kwakakura kwevasingabvumirwi mune zvechitendero kungadzivirira vakadzi vechiMuslim vanoramba kubatana nevarume nokuda kwezvikonzero zvechitendero, mabhizimisi echiJudha echiJudha anoswedera pedyo neChitanhatu, kana kuti MaIndia eAmerica anoshandisa dhigirii mumiitiro. Panguva imwe cheteyo, nheyo dzemitemo dzepamutemo dzingagona kutsigira kusarura mamwe mapoka, zvichiita kuti pave negakava rekodzero dzevagari vemo.

Mupfekero Worudzidziso Muzvikoro Zvavose Namabasa

Mibvunzo pamusoro pezvipfeko zvorudzidziso inopfuurira kumuka mugadziriro dzedzidzo nedzemabasa. Vadzidzi vechiSikh vakatarisana neganhuriro pakupfeka kirpans (mapanga echiIslam), vadzidzi vechiMuslim vakarambidzwa kupfeka zvipfeko zvehijab mumakwikwi emitambo, uye vadzidzi vechiJudha vakarangwa nokuda kwokupfeka yargulkes. Gadziriro yemitemo yakagadzwa neFree Execle Claus, RFRA, uye hurumende inorwisana nemitemo inorwisana nemitemo inodzora inogovera hwaro hweidzodzo dzinodenha idzi ganhuriro, asi miuyo kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pamaidi chaiwo nemisiano yehurumende.

Nhevedzo yeMibato yeMabasa yakashandiswa kukumbira pokugara panzvimbo yeBvutu reMvumo (EOC) yakagovera nhungamiro pamupfekero worudzidziso nokutsvinda, ichida vashandirwi kuti vagamuchire miitiro yorudzidziso kutoti kuita kudaro kwaizoparira nhamo dzisina kufanira. Iyi mirau yave ichishandiswa kuraira pokugara nokuda kwemisoro yeMislim, mbatya dzeSikh nendebvu, yechiJudha, uye maRastaster brackers. Zvisinei, nhungamiro yeEOC haina simba romutemo, uye matare akasvika mhedziso dzakasiana muzvinoitika zvinobatanidza chengeteko, zvinodikanwa zvomutengi. [[FLT:] Nheswokunzvera yechiJudha [FFFOLD] yakabatanidza matare ezvitendero.

Muzvikoro zvavose, Tradition in Public Schools Nhungamiro dzorudzidziso dzakabudiswa neBato reDzidzo dzakagovera kujeka kwakati, asi kujeka kunoramba kuri kwavose. Vadzidzi kazhinji kazhinji vane maruramiro okupfeka zvipfeko zvorudzidziso sorutivi rwokushandisa kwavo kwapachena kworudzidziso, muhudzo kuganhurirwa kune ganhuriro dzine mufungo dzakavakirwa pakotsekano kana kuti kudzongonyedzwa. Nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma, izvi zvinoreva kuti zvigogona kubvisa nguvo dzorudzidziso nokuda kweitiro yakananga nekotsekanonge kuripo. Zvisinei, zvikoro zvinogona kusimbisa kazhinji kazhinji mirairo yokupfeka iyo mumuitiro worudzidziso unorema, ichida vadzidzi kutsvaka pokugara kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe.

Maonero Anoita Zvinhu Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Akasiyana - siyana

Nzira yokudzivirira nayo marudzidziso maduku kupfurikidza neBill of Rights yakasiana munzira dzinoverengeka. Kusafanana nenyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzinochengeta chechi dzakagadzwa kana kuti gadziriro dzechitendero dzapamutemo, United States inorambidza kuvakwa kwechitendero kwapamutemo. Ikoku kunoparira mhoteredzo yapamutemo umo marudzidziso ose anofungidzirwa kuva akaenzana nomutemo, kunyange zvazvo kuchiitwa, rudzidziso rwakawanda runowanzobetserwa nebetsero dzetsika nedzesangano. Kuenzanisa America nedzimwe nyika kunosimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba neganhuriro dzemitemo dzezvitendero zviduku.

MuFrance, nheyo ya inobata zvikuru vakadzi navasikana vanopfeka machembere. (dismatic]) yakadudzirwa kuganhurira ratidziro dzorudzidziso munzvimbo dzavose, kubatanidza zvirambidzo zvokupfeka zviratidzo zvorudzidziso zvinooneka muzvikoro zvavose. Ikoku kwakatapura zvikuru vakadzi navasikana vanopfeka madhekisi, pamwe chete navaSikh vanopfeka ngowani. VaAmerica, nokupesana, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivirira maruramiro okupfeka zvipfeko zvorudzidziso, vanorangarira kutaura kwakadaro sekutaura kwakadzivirirwa nokushandisa kwakasununguka. Uku kuratidzira simbiso yakasimba yePringidzo yokutanga pakudzivirira kutaura kworudzidziso panzvimbo pokudzivisa kusatora rutivi kwenyika.

Munyika dzine marudzidziso akatangwa nehurumende, akadai seEngland namarudzi mazhinji echiMuslim, marudzidziso maduku kazhinji kazhinji anotarisana nourema hwapamutemo uhwo hungava husiri hwapamutemo pasi peBill of Rights. Kushaikwa kwechitsama chehurumende munyika idzodzi kunoreva kuti hurumende inogona kufarira pamutemo rudzidziso rumwe, kuparira kuvadziko nokuda kwezvitendero zvishoma. Zvisinei, kunyange muUnited States, Chibvumirano chaClaus chakadudzirwa kubvumira zvimiro zvakati zvehurumende zvokugara kworudzidziso, zvakadai savafundisi vanonyoreswa pamutemo uye kuhestora mitero nokuda kwamasangano orudzidziso, izvo zvingadenhwa mumamwe magariro.

Kukura kwepasi pose kwourudzi hworudzidziso nokutambudzwa kwezvitendero zviduku kwakamutsidzira fariro mumuenzaniso wemitemo yeAmerica. Zvishandiso zvekodzero dzavanhu zvemarudzi ose, zvakadai se International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights , zvinobatanidza gadziriro dzinodzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso, asi miitiro yokuchengeta haina kusimba. Chinoitika cheAmerica chinokarakadza kuti dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakabatanidzwa netsika dzinozvimirira dzemitemo uye dzechitendero, zvinogona kugovera dziviriro dzinobudirira nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma, kunyange munzanga ayo ane rudzidziso zvikurukuru.

Nguva Yemberi Yorusununguko Rworudzidziso Nokuda Kwokutenda Kuduku

Bill of Rights yakabvumikisa kuva inochinjika nenzira inoshamisa kumigariro inochinja, asi nguva yemberi yorusununguko rworudzidziso nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma inotarisana nedenho dzinoverengeka dzinokosha. Kuchinja kwemipimo yetsika kuri kuchinja, United States ichiva yakasiana zvikuru mune zvorudzidziso uye iri yechiKristu zvishoma. Maererano nePublic Religion Research Institute, pesenti yeAmerica inozivisa sechiKristu yakaderera zvikuru, nepo goverano yavanhu vashoma vorudzidziso navasina rudzidziso yakakura. Iyi chinjo yemitengo iri kudzo inochinja zvamatongerwe enyika nemitemo nokuda kwezvirevo zvorudzidziso.

Nhau dzinoverengeka dziri kubuda dzichaedza kudzivirira kwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma. Kumuka kwouchenjeri hwokugadzira nokunzvera kwemichina kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvandika yorudzidziso nedziviriro yemashoko nokuda kwenzanga duku. Kuwedzera kuzivikanwa kwechitendero chisiri chechitendero sezvitendero nokuda kwezvinangwa zvepamutemo kuchada matare kurondedzera miganhu yechitendero mumamiriro matsva. Kudyidzana kwenyika dzezvitendero kupfurikidza nokutama kuchapfuurira kuvamba miitiro mitsva yorudzidziso ingasakodzera zvakanaka mumapoka epamutemo aripo.

Nyanzvi dzemitemo dzakawedzera kurayira kuti pave nokunzwisisa kwakasimba zvikuru kusaenzana kwezvitendero kunopfuura kusarurana.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi kweBhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Bill of Rights yave ichibetsera mukuumba dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwamarudzidziso maduku muUnited States. Kuvambira panheyo dzapafandesheni dzeFirst Amendment kusvikira kugadziriro dzomutemo dzakaoma kutsigira dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo, gadziriro yemitemo yeAmerica yakatanga chishandiso chakaoma zvikuru chokudzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso. Constitution Center yeNational Constitution inogovera pfuma huru munhau nedudziro dzeidzi dziviriro, ichipa nyanzvi navagari vemo mukana wakafanana wokunzwisisa kuti mutemo wemitemo yemitemo yemitemo wakavandukira sei kudzivirira mhatsano dzerudzidziso.

Apo denho dzinosara, chibvumikiso chomutemo wemitemo weAmerica chave chiri mukuwedzera dziviriro nokuda kwezvitendero zviduku. Kushandiswa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso, kwaichimbonzwisiswa zvikurukuru sedziviriro pakumanikidzirwa zvakananga nehurumende, zvino zvinobatanidza kutaura kwokugara, kushaikwa kwakaenzana kwebetsero dzavose. Chikamu chakagadzwa, chinomborondedzerwa sechirambidzo chakaneta parusarudzo rwehurumende, zvino chinoda kusatora rutivi kwehurumende pakati pamarudzidziso napakati porudzidziso rusiri rudzidziso. Izvi zvinoitika zvakaparira mhoteredzo yapamutemo umo marudzidziso mashoma anogona kukura, kunyange apo miitiro yawo inenge isina kurovedzeka kana kuti inomutsa nharo kuvoruzhinji.

Nyaya yokuti Bill of Rights yakaumba sei dziviriro dzapamutemo nokuda kwamarudzidziso mashoma isati yapera. Nhau itsva, mitemo mitsva, uye masangano matsva enzanga zvichapfuurira kuedza miganhu yerusununguko rwechitendero. Asi gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzwa muna 1791 inopa hwaro hwakasimba hwokudzivirira kodzero dzevoruzhinji. Nokuda kwamamirioni eAmerica anoshandisa zvitendero zviduku, Bill of Rights inoramba iri chinyorwa chipenyu chinodzivirira zvikuru zvitendero zvavo nemiitiro zvinodzivirirwa nedzongonyedzo kuhurumende kana kuti kudzorwa kukuru. Mutongi Jackson akanyora mu Barnet [, Bill wekodzero dzekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu oga oga oga aripo kudzivirira chaizvoizvo avo vane mirangariro yavo isingafarirwi, kana kuti kudzivirira kwakasiana kwepfungwa yakasiana. Mupfungwa yemarudzidzisoworuzhinji, kuti, zvitendero zvisati zviri pakati pezvipo zveMaridziri.