Nepo misoro mikuru yenyika nezvamatongerwe enyika zvehurumende zvichidzora nhevedzano yenhau yezuva nezuva, mitemo inoumba zvikurusa mufambiro wako wakananga, dzidzo yavana vako, uye mhepo zvaunofema inogadzirwa muzvinhu zvehurumende. Hurumende dzine chiremera chikuru pamativi makuru oupenyu hweAmerica. Kunzwisisa masimba chaiwo, mitoro yakasiana, uye mifungo yeidzi hurumende inokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa pesvedzero yenzanga yavo.

Gadziriro yeU.S. yehurumende yehurumende inoita dzikamo huru. Hurumende yehurumende inobata dziviriro yorudzi, muitiro wokumwe, uye kutengeserana kwenyika, asi chiremera chikuru chakachengeterwa zvikurukuru nyika. Iri boka rinobvumira masangano kushanda se "nyanzvi dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu," kuedza mitemo inoratidzira mipimo yechienzi nezvinodikanwa zvavagari vadzo.

Mutezo Wechi10 We Amendement Nenheyo Yesimba reHurumende

Chinobvumira chiremera chehurumende iTenth Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S. inotaura kuti masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende yehurumende, kana kuti kurambidzwa kwenyika, anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inosimbisa nheyo huru youchangamire hwehurumende mukati megadziriro yedu yehurumende.

Kunyange zvazvo iri nyore mumashoko, Mutemo we10 Wevhu rinobvumira kururamisa kwebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwechiito chehurumende munzvimbo dzinenge dzose dzisingafukidzwi zvakajeka nomutemo wehurumende. Ikoku kwakabvumira nyika kuvaka gadziriro huru dzemitemo nedzesangano dzinodzora upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kazhinji kazhinji dzichizadza mikaha yakasiyiwa nehurumende. Nharo dzenhau pakodzero dzenyika dzakaumba rudzi, asi nheyo huru yemasimba akachengetedzwa inoramba iri rutivi runorondedzera rweAmerica utongi.

Kusvika Kwamasimba Ehurumende Emapurisa

Hurumende dzinoshandisa chiremera kupfurikidza neinozivikanwa se "masimba ehurumende". Iyi dzidziso yapamutemo inopa chiremera chokudzora mufambiro nokugombedzera murairo wokudzivirira utano, chengeteko, tsika, uye garikano yavagari vemo vose. Ndiyo fandesheni yapamutemo yechinhu chiri chose kuvambira pamitemo yokuvaka uye kunzverwa kwezvoutano kweresitorendi kusvikira kuzvinodikanwa zvokugombedzera zvechikoro neganhuriro dzekumhanya pamigwagwa mikuru yehurumende.

Apo hurumende inoraira kuti pave nechigaro, inodzora kutengeswa kwedoro, kana kuti inopa mutemo unoda mabhaskiti panguva yenjodzi youtano hwevoruzhinji, iri kushandisa masimba ayo emapurisa. Aya masimba akafara asi haana kuganhurirwa. Anofanira kuwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., kubatanidza Bill of Rights neReformment yechi 14 revimbisoifitizo yakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana.

Kutonga kwaDillon kunopesana. Kutonga kwoMusha: Ukama hweHurumende yomunzvimbomo

Rutivi rwakakomba asi runowanzofuratirwa rwesimba rehurumende inzira yarunobata nayo navagari vemo vomunzvimbomo. Mumaruwa mazhinjisa, nheyo ye DAURRY'S inoshanda. Uyu mutemo wapamutemo unotaura kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo (zvikuru nedzinoyera) dzine masimba anopiwa chose chose kwavari nedare rehurumende. Muitiro, ikoku kunoita maguta ehurumende, adzorweidzodzodzo.

Nenzira yakapesana, dzimwe nyika dzinopa [ Kutonga kwapamusha masimba kumaguta avo kana kuti mirau. Mukutonga kwomusha, manisi anogona kutevera mitemo yavo vamene ndokutarisira zvinhu zvavo vamene chero bedzi vasingarwisani nemitemo yehurumende kana kuti bumbiro remitemo. Ikoku kunogovera maguta edzidzoro renzvimbo dzinofambira mberi munyika dzinoda kupfuudza mitemo yemari kana kuti miraudzo yemhoteredzo. Kuoma kwehurumende nemitemo yemusha manyuko enguva dzose erwisano yezvamatongerwe enyika negadziriro yapamutemo.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende: Kusanonzverwa

Zvisinei, masimba chaiwo nokushanda kwemapazu aya anosiyana zvikuru munzvimbo nehurumende.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chapamusoro: Vasingasviki Kuna Gavhuna

Gavhuna ndiye mukuru webazu guru, asi ukuru hwechiremera chavo hunorondedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Kusafanana naPurezidhendi weU.S., magavhuna mazhinji ane simba re giramu yechinhu chinoyera pamitero yezvikwereti, kuvabvumira kucheka zvinhu zvakati zvinotengwa pasina kuronga mari yose. Ikoku kunopa magavhuna simba guru remari mukati mekurukurirano dzemari.

Gavhunawo vanoshandisa chiremera chikuru kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru vakuru, iyo inogona kutungamirira masangano ehurumende ndokugadza muitiro munharaunda dzinovambira pamirau yemhoteredzo kusvikira kururamisiro yamatsotsi. Murakatira weCOVID wakagadziridzazve zvikuru basa ragavhuna weAmerica, sezvo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vakashandisa masimba ekurumidziro kuvhara mabhizimisi, nhau inoramba iri panzvimbo yazvo, uye majekiseni anoraira. Chibvumirano chinodzivisa kurwisana neiyi mirairo yavakuru vakuru mumakore anotevera chinoratidzira rwisano dzinopfuurira pakati pamapazu.

Kupfuura gavhuna, mapazu ehurumende anobatanidza vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira vakadai segweta guru, munyori wehurumende, muchengeti wemari, uye mutarisiri womuraidzo wavose. gweta guru rehurumende rakabuda somutambi ane simba, anokwanisa kukwidza matare akawanda anorwisana nehurumende yehurumende kana kuti masangano makuru. rakavanzika rehurumende [[ rinotarisira sarudzo, basa rakaisa ngwariro yorudzi pakati penharo pamusoro pokuvhotera nokusarudza nokusarudza.

Bazu roMutemo: Nguva Yakazara v. Paramende dzeNguva

Hurumende dzinopa misengwa yokuronga mitemo, kubvumira mari yehurumende, uye kugovera kutarisirwa kwebazu guru. Musiyano mukuru pakati pehurumende ndewokuti chirongwa chomutemo chinenge chazara kana kuti nguva.

  • Masangano emisi inomira yakazara (zvakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Michigan) anosangana kwakawandasa kwegore, ane vashandi vazhinji, uye anobhadhara vaiti vemitemo mubhadharo wenyanzvi. aya matunhu anowanzova ane simba zvikuru uye anogona kubata, miraudzo yeheadare.
  • Parti-part" (zvakadai seMontana, New Hampshire, uye Texas) zvinosangana kwechiverengero chakaganhurirwa chamazuva (kazhinji 60 kusvikira ku 90 rimwe gore riri rose). Vaiti vemitemo vanowanzova nemimwe mabasa uye vanotsamira pamibato miduku. Chivako ichi chakagadzirirwa kuganhurira kusvika kwehurumende asi chinogona kutungamirira kukuita chisarudzo nokukurumidza pamugumo werusarudzo.

Muitiro wemitemo ndimo umo hondo dzakananga zvikurusa pamusoro pomutemo wavanhu. Hurumende dzinotonga dzinobata kugadziridza, muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika wakadzama umo boka rinodzora rinonyora mepu dzinosarudzwa kuti riwedzere betsero yaro(a muitiro unozivikanwa segerrymandering).

Bazu Rokutonga: Mutongi Wokupedzisira Womutemo Wehurumende

Dare rehurumende ndiro rinoshanda mudare reAmerica rinotonga nyaya dzakawanda, kusanganisira mhosva dzemhosva, kupokana kwehurumende, mutemo wemhuri, uye nyaya dzezvokutsigirana. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine dare rakakwirira zvikurusa (inowanzonzi Dare Rapamusorosoro, kunyange zvazvo New York ichishandisa mashoko akasiyana) uye matare apakati.

Matare makurusa ehurumende ndiwo mazivisirwe emitemo yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru nemhaka yokuti bumbiro remitemo rehurumende kazhinji kazhinji rinogovera dziviriro huru nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga kupfuura Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S.. Somuenzaniso, matare makurusa ehurumende akabudisa mitemo inodzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri, kuwedzera kuenzana kweroorano, uye kuvimbisa mari yechikoro yakakwana yakavakirwa pagadziriro dzawo dzakasiana - siana dzomutemo.

Mutoo wokusarudza vatongi unosiyana zvikuru. Dzimwe nyika dzinoita sarudzo dzinovhota, dzimwe dzisiri dzepartisanhe, nepo dzimwe dzichishandisa gadziriro yakafanira yokusarudza (Missouri Plan) umo komunisiparati anorumbidza vanoda kusarudzwa uye gavhuna anogadza, achiteverwa nesarudzo. Iyi mitoo yokusarudza inopesvedzera zvakananga kuzvimirira kwokutonga uye kuiswa kwebhenji.

Mazita Emitemo: Uko Simba reHurumende Rinosangana Noupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Hurumende dzinobatanidzwa zvikuru mumiitiro inorondedzera kunaka kwoupenyu hwemamiriyoni evanhu.

Dzidzo: Chibvumirano cheBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States

Dzidzo zvikurukuru mutoro wehurumende nowomunzvimbomo. Bumbiro remitemo riri rose rinobatanidza mitauro inodzosa nyika nokugovera gadziriro yedzidzo yavose. Mitemo yedzidzo, zvinodikanwa zvokunyorera mudzidzisi, uye kuzvidavirira kwechikoro. Kugamuchirwa kwe Common State Directal[ kunoratidzira simba remapepa ehurumende, kunyange zvazvo ichitarisanawo nepfupikiswano huru kubva kuavo vanoirangarira seyakapinzwa.

Hurumende dzinoita zvisarudzo zvakakwirira pamusoro pemiitiro yemari yechikoro, iyo inowanzova nhau yemhosva. Matare munyika dzakawanda akawana gadziriro dzawo amene dzemari dzisati dzawirirana nemhaka yekusaruramisira kukuru pakati pemaruwa ezvikoro akapfuma nearombo. Nharo pamusoro pechisarudzo chechikoro, zvikoro zvedhigirii, uye mapurogiramu ezvibvumirano zvinorwiwa zvikurukuru mumatare ehurumende, nemigumisiro yakavakirwa nenzira inosiyanisa zvikuru pamekiro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kutarisira Utano: United States Savatungamiriri, Varipi Vemibhadharo, uye Vagoveri

Gadziriro yezvoutano imhaka yezvomubatanidzwa wakaoma yehurumende neyamasangano. Affordble Care Act yehurumende (ACA) yakagadzira zvibvumirano zvehurumende nemari asi yakatsamira zvikuru pakuitwa kwehurumende. Nyika dzinoshandisa misika yadzo dzoutano kana kuti kuvimba nemisika yehurumende. Hondo yezvamatongerwe enyika yegumi rapfuura yakanga yapfuura Medicaid centimed [. ACA yakavavarira kuti nyika dzifukidze Médid kuti dzifukidze vakura zvikuru vanosvika vakura, asi Dare rapamusoro rakaita puroteko yokuzvidira. Semuuyo, dzimwe nyika dzakakudziridza, nepo vamwe havana kuita, kukura mukaka mukuru.

Mitezo inodzorawo inishuwarenzi youtano yomunhu oga, kugadza mipimo yegadziriro yegadziriro yokusagona kurapwa, uye kutarisira kushanda kwezvipatara. Madhipatimendi ezvoutano ehurumende anotarisira nhano dzoutano, kuongororwa kwehosha, uye marekodhi anokosha.

Zvekufambisa: Kuvaka Nokuchengetedza Wenda

Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa masangano makuru ane mutoro wemigwagwa mikuru, mabhiriji, nhandare dzendege, kufambiswa kwevose, uye zviteshi zvengarava. Mamiriro ezvirongwa zvehurumende anotapura zvakananga kubudirira kwemari uye kuchengeteka kwavanhu. Mari yezvirongwa izvi inobva zvikurukuru kumitero yemotokari, mari inobhadharwa motokari, uye mari yehurumende.

Kuwedzera mutero wegasi ndiimwe yemitero yakaoma zvikurusa yezvamatongerwe enyika iyo muiti wemitemo wenyika anogona kuita, bva kunokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta migwagwa. Dzimwe nyika dziri kunzvera mitero yakavakirwa panzvimbo dzamabasa sezvo motokari dzemagetsi dzinoderedza mutero wegasi wegamuchidzanwa. Zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa, zvakadai seCentral Subway muSan Francisco kana kuti Purple Line muMaryland, zvinoda makumi amakore okuronga nyika, mari, uye kuhwirudzura mhoteredzo.

Ruramisiro Yeutsotsi Nokuchengeteka Kwavanhu

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru nokuda kwekotsekano yavose. Mapurisa ehurumende nemigwagwa inotenderera vanomanikidzira mitemo yemotokari ndokunzvera mhaka. Matorongo ehurumende anochengeta voruzhinji vevasungwa vorudzi. Hurumende dzinorondedzera mhaka dzoutsotsi ndokugadza miganhu.

Makore achangobva kupfuura aya aona kuchinjwa kweruramisiro yeutsotsi pamwero wenyika. Miganhu mizhinji yakasundwa kuderedza mitongo miduku inosungirwa, kuderedza mbanje, kuwedzera mapurogiramu okubvisa zvinhu, uye gadziriro dzebheyili dzokuvandudza dzinoranga urombo. Sangano rokukwidziridza zera routsotsi ku18 rakawana wirirano munyika dzinoverengeka. Iyi chinjo inoratidzira bvumirano inowedzera yokuti hondo pamirimo nemubato mukuru yasvika pamutengo mukuru womunhu nemutengo wemari.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemhoteredzo: Kuchinja Nokurwisana

Mutemo wemhoteredzo idivi rehurumende. Nepo Cease Air Act ne Clean Water Act yakagadza mipimo yehurumende, vanoshanda kupfurikidza negadziriro ye "cooperative communist" umo nyika dzinoita Hurumende Ipmentation Programation Programs (SIPS) kuti dzisangane nezvikwaniriso zvehurumende. Mitengo inogona kugamuchira mipimo yakakomba zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende, uye yakawanda inoita.

Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzakashandisa simba iri zvakasimba kudzora kubudiswa kwegasi rinodziya mumotokari. Board yeMudziyo weMorimo weSangano reMari yeCalifornia yakatanga mipimo yakaumba zvakanaka musika wemotokari. Nyikawo vatungamiriri mumuitiro wesimba unomutsidzirwa, dzichigadzira Mitemo yePorfolio inoda kugadzirwazve kuti ishandiswe pamagetsi adzo kubva kumanyuko akachena. Nhaiwo, nyika dzakapfuma mumafuta dzinobvisa kazhinji kazhinji kacho magetsi emokachato pamigodhi kana kuti kuchera mafuta, zvichiita kuti pave nerwisano dzepamutemo pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunharaunda.

Kubudirira Kwezvemari Nokugadziridzwa Kwebhizimisi

Mitengo inokwikwidzana nesimba nokuda kwemitero yebhizimisi. Inopa sundo dzemitero, mari, uye kuvandudza kwemafashoni kukwezva vashandirwi. Kushandiswa kwemari yokuvandudza upfumi kunomutsa nharo, kuchimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kudzorerwa kwavose pakutsigira kutsaurirwa kwemitero. Makambani akadai seAmazon, Foxconn, uye Tesla akarwisana nehurumende nokuda kwemabasa makuru.

Kupfuura zvikarakadzo, nyika dzinogadza gadziriro yapamutemo yemibato yebhizimisi. Ikoku kunobatanidza mitemo yemibhadharo mishomanene, zvinodikanwa zvebasa, gadziriro dzavashandi dzebhadharo, uye inishuwarenzi yokushaikwa kwamabasa. Kukurukurirana pamusoro pemitemo yakarurama yebasa [, inorambidza zvibvumirano zvokuchengeteka, yave iri hondo huru munyika dzakadai seMichigan, Indiana, uye Wisconsin. Iyi mitemo inochinja zvikurukuru ukama hwebasa nehurumende mumiganhuro yenyika.

Uchangamire Hwehurumende: Kwakabva Mari

Nyika imwe neimwe kunze kweVermont ine chinodikanwa chemari yakarongwa, zvinoreva kuti haigoni kupedza mari yakawanda kupfuura yainoshandisa mugore remari. Izvi zvinoita kuti pave nechirango chakasimba chisinganangirwi nehurumende.

Manyuko eIndaneti: Masangano anotsamira pamanyuko makuru matatu emari inotambirwa: mitero yokutengesa, mitero yemari, uye mitero yemakambani. Nyika pfumbamwe hadzina mutero wemari yehurumende yose (Alahka, Florida, Nevada, New Hampshire, South Dakota, Texas, Washington, uye Wyoming). Iyi nyika dzinovimba zvikuru zvikuru nokutenga nemitero yemari, iyo inowanzodzosa. Hurumende dzine mitero yemari inotambira mari yakawanda, seCalifornia neNew York, dzinova negadziriro dzemari dzinofambira mberi.

[[FLT: 0] Dzvinyiriro dzemari:[[FLT: 1] Hurumende dzinomanikidzirwa nguva dzose nendyiko dzinokwira muzvoutano (Madhicaid kazhinji kazhinji ndicho chinhu chimwe chikurusa chebhajeti) uye mari yepenjeni yavashandi vehurumende. Maruwa akawanda anotarisana nenjodzi huru yepenjeni isina kutemwa, njodzi yenhambo refu inotyisidzira mari yemari yenguva yemberi mudzidzo nemurongedzero. Mari dzezuva remvura dzinobetsera kuderedza kurovanya mukati mekuderera kwemari, asi kazhinji kazhinji dzinova dzisina kukwana nokuda kwemari yakakomba yokuderera kwamari.

Nyika neHurumende yeFederal

Gadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica igadziriro yezviremera zvinopfuudzwa nenyanduko yenguva dzose. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kusunungurwa kwemitemo yomunzvimbomo kwazova nhambo huru. Dzimba dzokuvhota dzamasangano dzehurumende dzakapa mitemo inodzivisa maguta okupa mvumo kukwidza mari shomanene, kurambidza mabhegi epurasitiki, kana kuti kudzora pfuti. Nenzira yakafanana, hurumende dzakasununguka dzakapa mitemo inodzivirira maguta anoyera kana kuti kukura kusvika kwokuvhota, pane dzimwe nguva dzinobvisa ganhuriro dzomunzvimbomo.

Hurumende inokurukurawo ukama hwayo nehurumende yehurumende. Mari inokwana $4 mabhiriyoni mana emari inosvika gore negore inobatanidza mari yakawanda kuhurumende dzeMedicaid, migwagwa mikuru, uye dzidzo. Iyi mipiro inouya nemitsetse yakabatanidzwa, inozivikanwa semigariro yeyamuro. Hurumende yehurumende inogona kugadza nenzira inobudirira muitiro wenyika kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kunyima mari, sezvakwakaita nokukwidza kunwa kusvikira kuzera ramakore 21 uye kuisa ganhuriro dzepamumugwagwa mukuru wenyika. Kudzora kwemitemo nouchenjeri zveiyi kurukurirano yemitemo nezvamatongerwe enyika inhau inogariranwa.

Mabumbiro eInterstate: United States inogona kupinda muzvibvumirano nedzimwe nyika, dzinozivikanwa semainterstate columns, kuti dzipedze nhau dzomunharaunda. Iyi mibatanidzwa inoda mvumo yesangano uye yakashandiswa kudzora zvinhu zvakafanana nemvura muColorado River, inobata tarisiro, uye inobatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu ekurumidziro.

Kubatana neHurumende: Chishandiso Chomugari Wemo

Zvisinei, zvematongerwo enyika ehurumende haawanzotarisirwi zvikuru nevemapepanhau kupfuura zvematongerwo enyika, zvichisiya vagari vemo vakawanda vasingazivi zviri kuitwa nehurumende yavo.

Kuvhota muRusarudzo rweHurumende: Sarudzo dzeHurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzine nhambo yakaderera kupfuura sarudzo dzapurezidhendi, asi idzo ndidzo umo zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zvinokosha zvikurusa zvinoitwa. Kusarudzwa kwagavhuna, mutezo wehurumende, mutongi mukuru, uye dare rapamusoro rine revo huru nokuda kwokubvisa mimba, mutemo wavashandi, uye kutsigira dzidzo.

Imbatations: Munenge hafu yenyika, vagari vemo vanogona kudarika chose chose chigaro chedare kupfurikidza nokutanga nokupa foni. Ikoku kunobvumira vavhoti kuisa mitemo yakananga kana kuti migadziro yebumbiro remitemo. Nhano dzeBallot dzave dzichishandiswa kunyoresa mbanje, kuwedzera Médicaid, kusimudzira mutero muduku, uye kuchinja miraudzo yemitero. Gadziriro yacho chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokudzora udisikito, kunyange zvazvo ichidzorwawo kupesvedzera nefariro dzakapfuma uye inogona kubudisa mitemo yakashaidzwa.

Kudzosa dare: Kushevedzera, kunyora, kana kuti kusangana nomuiti womutemo wenyika zvinoshanda zvikuru. Vaiti vemitemo vehurumende vanomirira maruwa maduku kupfuura mitezo yeCongress, kuchiita kuti iwanike zvikuru kumitezo yedare. Kupinda dare, kupa tsinhiro dzavose pamirauriro inokarakadzwa, uye kutora rutivi muhoro dzetaundi inzira dzose dzokupesvedzera mamiriro ezvinhu ehurumende.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kusingaperi Kwesimba reHurumende

Hurumende ndidzo dzinoshandiswa nomutemo wehurumende weAmerica. Dzine mutoro wezvinhu zvinokosha zvikurusa: kudzidzisa vana, kuchengeta migwagwa, kuva nechokwadi chekotsekano yavose, uye kutungamirira kurapa. Gadziriro yehurumende, masimba ayo inoshandisa, uye mitoro yainotakura ichibereko chamazana amakore egadziriro yemitemo nemhindumupindu yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Chingava chinenge chiri chiverengero chakakura, utsotsi, dzidzo, kana kuti kukura kwemari, chiito chiri kuwedzera pamwero wehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende yako inoshanda sei hakusati kuri bedzi muitiro wedzidzo; inhano yokutanga kuvagari vemo vanobudirira. Kupfurikidza nokupa ngwariro kubhajeti yehurumende, marusarudzo emitemo, uye sarudzo dzedare, vagari vemo vanogona kuumba nzanga dzavanorarama mariri, kuita kuti basa re "mabasa okushandira hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" rive basa romunhu ari wose.