Table of Contents
Hurumende muUnited States dzinoita basa rinokosha mugadziriro yehurumende yeAmerica, kutungamirira nhau dzomunzvimbomo nokushandisa mitemo mukati memiganhu yadzo yakapesana. Hurumende dzose dzehurumende dzinoenzanisirwa nehurumende yehurumende uye dzakaumbwa namapazu matatu: vakuru vakuru, vadzori, uye vatongi. Kunzwisisa chimiro chakaoma chehurumende idzi kunobetsera vagari vemo, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemitemo kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoumbwa sei, inokakavadzana, uye inomanikidzirwa pamwero wenyika. Iyi nhungamiro yakakwana inonzvera sangano rehurumende, nokusimbiswa zvikuru nemibato yadzoro yemitemo yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende yezvoutongi hweAmerica.
Hurumende yeHurumende Yakaumbwa Nehurumende Thwutatu
Fandesheni yegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inoratidzira muenzaniso wehurumende wakagadzwa neUnited States Constitution. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinoraira kuti nyika dzose dzitsigire "chimiro chapublic" chehurumende, kuvimbisa kusabvumirana munheyo dzedemokrasi muhurumende muhurumende dzose dzine makumi mashanu. Iyi gadziriro yemitemo mitatu inoumba gadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikano izvo zvinodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuwana simba rakanyanyisa.
Bazi Rine Vatungamiriri Panzvimbo Yehurumende
Bazu guru rehurumende rinotungamirirwa zvikuru nagavhuna, uyo anobatira somukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende. Mitoro yagavhuna inobatanidza kusimbisa mitemo yehurumende, kutungamirira masangano ehurumende namadhipatimendi, kugadzirira nokuronga bhajeti rehurumende, uye kushanda somutungamiriri wemapoka eNational Guard. Magavhuna mazhinji anobatira miraudzo yamakore mana, kunyange zvazvo mamwe maruwa ane zvitatiso zvamakore maviri. Bazu rehurumende rinobatanidzawo vamwe vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vakadai sagavhuna mukuru mukuru, mutongi mukuru mukuru, munyori wehurumende, uye muchengeti wemari, zvichitsamira pamitemo yehurumende.
Mapazu makuru ehurumende anotarisira madhipatimendi akawanda namasangano anotarisira chinhu chiri chose kubva muzvokufambisa nedzidzo kusvikira kuutano hwavanhu nedziviriro yemhoteredzo. Masangano aya anoshandisa mitemo inopfuudzwa nedare romutemo ndokuita mabasa ezuva nezuva ehurumende. Gavhuna ane simba rokugadza vakuru vemadhipatimendi aya, achifanira kusimbiswa nehurumende muzviitiko zvakawanda.
Bazu Rokutonga Mugadziriro Dzehurumende
Mapazu ehurumende okutonga anowanzotungamirirwa nedare guru rehurumende, iro rinonzwa zvikumbiro kubva kumatare ehurumende ane mwero wakaderera. Gadziriro yedare rehurumende inobata mativi mazhinjisa enhau dzemitemo muUnited States, kubatanidza kukwikwidza mhaka dzoutsotsi, gakava rehurumende, nhau dzemhuri, mhaka dzezvibvumirano, uye kuputswa kwemigwagwa. Zvirongwa zvedare nokugadzwa kwedare/kutongwa zvinosarudzwa nemitemo kana kuti nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende.
Mitezo yematare ehurumende inobatanidza mipimo inoverengeka: matare okutonga ehurumende yakaganhurirwa (zvakadai sematare emisiparati kana kuti ruramisiro yematare orugare), matare okutonga ehurumende (anowanzonzi matare oruwa kana kuti matare makuru), matare apakati, uye dare rapamusorosoro rehurumende. Mutoo wokusarudza vatongi unosiana zvikuru pakati penyika, nedzimwe dzichishandisa sarudzo dzehurumende, dzimwe dzichishandisa kusarudza kusingatsiki, dzimwe dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzakafanirwa nechisarudzo chamasangano makuru, uye dzimwe dzinotsamira pachisarudzo chapamutemo.
Bazu Romutemo: Chivako Chokuita Mitemo yeHurumende
The legislative branch represents the lawmaking authority in state government. This branch is responsible for drafting, debating, and passing legislation that affects every aspect of life within the state, from education funding and criminal justice to business regulation and infrastructure development. The legislative branch also holds significant oversight powers over the executive branch and controls the state's purse strings through the budget process.
Mitemo Isingabvumirwi Nemitemo
Kusiya kwehurumende imwe chete, Nebraska, nyika dzose dzine chirongwa chemabhiya maviri chinoumbwa nemakamuri maviri: imba duku yepamusoro neimba yakaderera zvikuru.
Dare Rapamusoro: Dare reHurumende
Kamuri duku rapamusoro nguva dzose rinonzi Dare, uye mitezo yaro inowanzobatira mashoko marefu, kazhinji kazhinji makore mana. Hurumende zvikurukuru inomirira maruwa makuru enzvimbo kupfuura mamwe ayo mukamuri rapasi, kureva kuti mugadziri mumwe nomumwe anomirira masangano akawanda. Iyi purogiramu inoumbwa nevavariro, sezvo mashoko marefu nezvinonyoreswa zvikuru zvinoitirwa kugovera vatendi kuzvimirira kukuru zvikuru uye mano okutora murangariro wenguva refu zvikuru wenhau dzemitemo.
Simba rokusimbisa rinopa simba rinokosha pakuumbwa kwebazi guru neredare, nepo kutongwa kwedare kuchiita kuti pave nenzvero inokosha pakusazvibata kwevakuru vakuru uye kwedare.
Hurumende inosiana muukuru, dzimwe nyika dzine vatenzi vashoma sa 20 uye dzimwe dzine vanopfuura 60. Nhamba chaiyo inosarudzwa nebumbiro remitemo rehurumende rimwe nerimwe uye inoratidzira kurangarirwa kwechiverengero chavagari vemo, jira, uye muenzaniso wenhau.
Dare Rakaderera: Dzimba Dzevamiririri Nemagungano
Kamuri rakaderera zvikuru rinowanzonzi Imba yaVamiririri, asi dzimwe nyika dzinoidana kuti Assembly kana kuti House of Vamiririri. Mitezo yayo inowanzobatira mashoko mapfupi, kazhinji kazhinji makore maviri. Mashoko mapfupi anoreva kuti mitezo yekamuri rakaderera inovhota kazhinji kazhinji zvikuru, sezvinofungidzirwa ichivaita kuti igamuchire zvikuru murangariro wavose wazvino uno neitiro hanya dzavamiriri.
Simba iri pamusoro pezvikwereti zvemari rinoratidza kuti kamuri repaimba iri pedyo nepevanhu rinofanira kuva nechiremera chikuru pamusoro pokubhadharwa mutero kunoitwa vanhu.Simba rokutanga kutevedzerwa rinopa kamuri rakaderera nechekedzo inokosha pavakuru vakuru uye vangave vakashandisa zvisina kufanira chiremera chavo.
Makamuri epasi akakura kupfuura esenate, dzimwe nyika dzine vamiririri vanopfuura 100.Aya mahombe anoita kuti vanhu vawanike munzanga uye vafarire zvinhu zvakasiyana - siyana munyika.
Mitemo Yenyika yeNebraska Isina Kumira
Nebraska inyika imwe chete ine kamuri rimwe chete muimba yayo yomutemo. Nebraska pakuvamba yakanga ine mubatanidzwa wezvibvumirano webikameral sedzimwe nyika, asi imba yakaderera yakabviswa pashure peterum, inobudirira nesarudzo ya1936. Musangano wemitemo wakasara weuncameral (yemwe-kamber) unonzi Nebraskas Legislature, asi mitezo yawo inonzi vatenator vehurumende.
Muitiro weNebraska unidamaral wakagamuchirwa mukati mekuderera kukuru kwoKuderera kweZvokwadi sechiyero chinochengetedza mari uye kuendesa muitiro wewiscial. Vatsigiri vakarangarira kuti kamuri rimwe raizova rinoshanda zvikuru, rinozvidavirira zvikuru, uye risingatapurwi nefariro chaiyo. Nebraska Legislature yakasiyanawo mukuva isiri pamutemo, kunyange zvazvo masangano ebato remitemo achizivikanwa zvikuru.
Gadziriro Yomutemo Muhurumende Dzehurumende
Muitiro uyo mutemo unova nawo mutemo mumatare ehurumende unotevera nzira yakarongwa yakarongwa kuvimbisa kurangarira kwakakwana nekurukurirano.
Kutanga uye Kupedza Kudzidza
Muitiro wemitemo unovamba apo muiti wemitemo anotanga muiti wemitemo. Mabhiri anogona kubva mumanyuko akasiana - siana: vaiti vemitemo vamwe navamwe, matare emitemo, hofisi yagavhuna, masangano ehurumende, mapoka ezviwaro zvechimuko, kana kuti zvikumbiro zvesangano. Muhurumende zhinjisa, vaiti vemitemo bedzi vanogona kusuma nenzira yakarongwa zvikwereti, kunyange zvazvo mifungo yacho ingabva kune imwe nzvimbo.
Apo bhiri rinosumwa, rinogamuchira nhamba uye rinogoverwa kudare rakafanira rakavakirwa panhau yaro. Mutengo wacho unopiwawo "kuverenga kwawo kwokutanga," uko kunobatanidza kazhinji kazhinji kurava musoro webhiriti muchinyorwa chemitemo. Pachikamu chino, pepa rinotsikirirwa ndokuitwa kuti riwanike kuvaiti vemitemo navose.
Kuongorora uye Kufunga Nezvedare
Matare anohwirudzura mari yedare, kazhinji kazhinji ane kutonga kwokuunganidza mashoko nemirangariro, uye anogona kukarakadza kugadziridzwa kwemitemo yakafanana nematare emitemo munyika yose.
Dare rimwe nerimwe rinoumbwa kuti rirangarire zvikwereti zvine chokuita nenhau yakati. matare akamira anopomerwa mutoro unokosha wokunzvera mabhiri nokurumbidza chiito kuDare kana kuti Imba. Matare anobatira samabhiza ebasa edare, uko kunzvera kwakakwana nekurukurirano zvinoitika.
Pakutonga kwedare, nhengo dzinonzwa uchapupu kubva kunyanzvi, vatarisiri vemari, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye nhengo dzehurumende. Izvi zvinobatsira vaiti vemitemo kunzwisisa migumisiro inobvira yemitemo yakarongwa uye kuziva kuchinja kuri madikanwa. Matare angagadzirisa zvikwereti, angabatanidza mari yakawanda yezvikwereti kukurukura nyaya dzakafanana, kana kuti kurumbidza kuti mutengo usina kufanotengwa. Chikamu chiduku bedzi chezvikwereti chinounzwa zvomenemene kuti ubve mudare.
Nharo Dzomudenga Nokutamba
Mabhiri anobudirira kuongorora basa redare anotamira kunzvimbo yakazara kuti arangarirwe. Iyi nhano inobatanidza kurava kwechipiri, mukati makwo mutero unokurukurwa pauriri. Vatongi vangakarakadza kugadziriswa, kumutsa mibvunzo, uye kukwikwidzana nokuda kana kuti kupesana nemwero. Mitemo inodzora uriri inosiana nehurumende uye nenzvimbo, uye vamwe vachibvumira kukurukura kusina muganhu wenguva.
Mabhiri akawanda anoda voruzhinji kuti apfuure, kunyange zvazvo mamwe matanho akadai sokugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kuwedzera kwomutero angada kuti zvive zvakakurumbira zvikuru. Kana mutengo wacho unopfuura, unoenda kune imwe kamuri, uko muitiro wose unovambazve.
Matare Omusangano Nokuyanana
Kana makamuri maviri apfuvura shanduro dzakasiyana dzepepa rimwe chete, dare redare rinoronga kuyananisa misiyano. Dare iri, rinoumbwa nenhengo dzemakamuri ose ari maviri, rinotaurirana kupesana kungaita kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzibvume. Mushumo wedare redare redare racho ipapo unodzoserwa kumakamuri ose kuti ritenderwe zvechigarire.
Uyu muitiro weyananiso unokosha mudzimba dzemitemo dzebhijaral, sezvo unovimbisa kuti makamuri ose ari maviri anobvumirana pamusoro pomutauro chaiwoiwo womutemo usati wava mutemo. Muitiro wacho unogona kuva unokakavadzana, zvikurukuru pazviito zvakakwirira kana kuti zvenharo, uye pane dzimwe nguva unoguma nokuchinja kukuru kuzvikarakadzo zvapakuvamba.
Chiito Chokugadzira Zvinhu
Kana makamuri ose ari maviri angopfuura zvimiro zvakafanana zvebhiri, inotumirwa kuna gavhuna nokuda kwokurangarirwa. Gavhuna ane mitoo inoverengeka: kusaina pepa racho mumutemo, kubvumira kuva mutemo pasina siginicha pashure penhambo yakatarwa, kana kuti kuisa mutongo. Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo magavhuna kushandisa mutsetse pamicheto yemari, inogonesa kuramba gadziriro chaidzo dzokushandisa apo dzinobvumira mari yose.
Zvirongwa Zvemitemo Nemapurogiramu
Masangano ehurumende anosiyana zvikuru mumhaka yehurumende uye nguva yaanosangana. Iyi misiyano inoratidzira nhau yehurumende imwe neimwe yakasiyana, tsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika, uye fungidziro dzinoshanda.
Zvirongwa Zvepagore Negore
Dzimwe nyika dzinoita marusando emitemo egore negore, dzichibatanidza gore rimwe nerimwe kuitisa bhizimisi. Dzimwe dzinoshanda parudungwe rwenguva dzose, kusangana bedzi mumakore ane nhamba yechienzi kana kuti kunyange nhamba. Nyika dzine marusando amakore akawanda kazhinji kazhinji dzine marusando akareba apo dzinosangana, nepo hurumende dzine marusando egore negore dzingachinja pakati pemarusando marefu "marusando echimbishi" uye "enguva dzose dzakapfupi."
Mumakumi emakore achangopfuura zvinhu zvave zvichiitwa pagore, sezvo kuoma kunzwisisa kwehurumende uye kudiwa kwokutarisira kuri kuramba kuchiitwa kwakaita kuti zvisashande.
Urefu Hwechikamu uye Kuganhurirwa
Mamwe mabumbiro emitemo anoganhurira urefu hwemarusando emitemo, zvimwe kupfurikidza nokududza nhamba yakakomba yamazuva kana kuti kupfurikidza nokugadza misi yakananga neyomugumo. Iyi ganhuriro kazhinji kazhinji dzakagamuchirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti vaiti vemitemo, vazhinji vavo munhau vakanga vari vaiti vemitemo venguva imwe chete, vaigona kudzokera kubasa ravo renguva dzose. Dzimwe nyika hadzina ganhuriro dzemitemo parusando, dzichibvumira mutezo kugara murusando kwenguva refu sezvinodikanwa kuti vapedze basa radzo.
Nyika dzine ganhuriro dzorusando rwakaoma pane dzimwe nguva dzinoparapatika kupedza nhau dzemiitiro yakaoma mukati menguva yakagoverwa, kuchitungamirira kukukurumidzisa kuita zvisarudzo pamugumo werusando. Nenzira yakapesana, nyika dzisina ganhuriro dzingaona marusando akarebeswa ayo anowedzera ndyiko uye angagona kuderedza kushanda zvakanaka kwemitemo.
Zvikamu Chaizvo
Mukuwedzera kumarusando enguva dzose, vatemi vemitemo vehurumende vanogona kuungana mumarusando chaiwo kuti vapedze nhau dzokukurumidzira dzinomuka pakati pemarusando enguva dzose. Marusando chaiwo anowanzodanwa nagavhuna, kunyange zvazvo mune dzimwe nyika mutezo munogona kudana rusando runokosha. Hurukuro hwemarusando chaiwo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji hunoganhurirwa kumisoro yakananga inoziviswa mudanidzo, kuchidzivisa vatemi vemitemo kukurukura nhau dzisina kuwirirana.
Marusando chaiwo anoshandiswa nokuda kwezvinangwa zvakasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira kuita chimwe chinhu panjodzi dzinongoitika dzoga, kugadzirisa mutengo wemari, kuderedza kuverengwa kwevanhu, kana kuti kufunga nezvezvinhu zvokukurumidzira zvisingazoitiki kuti munhu agare achingomirira nguva dzose, kunyange zvazvo mapurogiramu anokosha achibatsira kuti zvipfavire, anowedzerawo kumutengo wehurumende uye anogona kuva anokakavadzana mune zvematongerwe enyika.
Mitemo Nesarudzo Zvemitemo
Kunzwisisa kuti vaiti vemitemo vanosarudzwa sei kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti hurumende dzinoshanda sei uye kuti dzinoita sei kuvagari vemo.
Kugadziriswa Nokugadziridzwa Kwemari
Pamberi pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reUnited States Baker v. Carr (1962) uye Reynolds v. Sims (1964), hwaro hwemimiririri mudzimba zhinjisa dzehurumende hwakaratidzirwa pane idzo dzeDare reUnited States: vamiririri vehurumende vaimirira mapoka enzvimbo, nepo mitezo yekamuri hombe yaimirira chiverengero chavagari vemo. MuReynolds v. Sims Dare Rapamusoro rakasarudza pamunhu mumwe, mupimo mumwe wevhoterano yehurumende uye kumirira kwakashata kwakavakirwa pamasangano enyika pasinei zvapo nechiverengero chavagari vemo.
Chisarudzo ichi chinokosha chakachinja zvikuru kumiririra hurumende, chichida kuti dzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzigoverwe zvakavakirwa pavagari vemo.
Gadziriro yokuchinja inowanzopomerwa mune zvematongerwe enyika, sezvo paboka rinodzora chibvumirano chinodzora muitiro wokuchinja. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kuitiro hanya pamusoro pekudzorwa kwenzvimbo, uko miganhu yoruwa inoiswa kukuda rimwe boka kupfuura rimwe. Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza kukurukura nhau iyi kupfurikidza nokuita masangano okuzvimirira, kunyange zvazvo kubudirira kweidzi chinjo kuchingonetsa.
Nguva Neganhuriro
Sezvadudzwa pakuvamba, vatenzi vehurumende vanowanzoshandisa mashoko egore mana, nepo mitezo yekamuri rapasi kazhinji kazhinji inoshandisa mashoko amakore maviri.
Inenge nyika gumi neshanu dzakaisa ganhuriro dzemashoko pavanogadza mitemo yavo, kuchiganhurira chiverengero chamashoko munhu anogona kubatira. Iyi ganhuriro inosiana, nedzimwe nyika dzichibvumira vaiti vemitemo kubatira hwerengedzo yamakore masere, mamwe makore ane gumi namaviri, uye vamwe vane ganhuriro dzakasiana dzeimba imwe neimwe. Template ganhuriro dzinotaura kuti vanodzivisa kudzorwa kwebasa rezvamatongerwe enyika ndokukurudzira mirangariro mitsva, nepo vatsoropodzi vachiomerera kuti vanoderedza unyanzvi hwemitemo nesimba kuvashandi vasina kugoverwa navagamuchiri.
Masangano eElectoral uye Kuwana Ballot
Sarudzo zhinjisa dzehurumende dzemitemo dzinoshandisa maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji kuvhota, kureva muvhoti uyo anogamuchira vhoti zhinjisa anohwina, kunyange kana dzisati dzichiwana voruzhinji zvikurusa. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kusarudza kusingadzorwi kana pasina mugamuchiri akagamuchira vazhinjisa musarudzo yokutanga.
Dzimwe nyika dzine mhinganidzo shoma dzokuwana mapepa okuvhota, makwikwi anokurudzira, nepo dzimwe dzine zvimwe zvinodiwa zvakanyanyisa zvinogona kuita kuti zviome kuti vanhu vaduku kana kuti vanoda kukwikwidza vakwikwidze.
Masimba Anokosha Emitemo Nemabasa
Kunzwisisa masimba aya kunojekesa kukosha kwehurumende yehurumende yeAmerica.
Kupa Chiremera Chomutemo
Basa guru remitezo yehurumende nderokugadza mitemo inodzora zvinhu mukati moudzori hwehurumende. Simba risati rapiwa kuhurumende yehurumende dzakachengeterwa hurumende navanhu, idzo dzakakamurwa pakati pehurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kunoreva kuti matare ehurumende ane chiremera chakafara panharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, mutemo weutsotsi, mutemo wezvinhu, murau webhizimisi, uye dzimwe migariro mizhinji yemiitiro.
Mitemo yehurumende inofanira kuwirirana nezvose zviri zviviri bumbiro remitemo rehurumende neBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. haigoni kurwisana nemitemo yehurumende ine chiremera chehurumende munzvimbo umo chiremera chehurumende chiri chikuru. Mukati meiyi ganhuriro, zvisinei, matare ehurumende ane kuchinjika kwakati kumiitiro younyanzvi iyo inoratidzira mipimo yechienzi yehurumende yavo, zvinodikanwa, uye migariro.
Simba Rokushandisa Mari uye Rokushandisa
Hurumende dzine simba rechikwama, dzinodzora kuti mari yehurumende inounganidzwa sei uye inopedzerwa. Gadziriro yemari yokushandisa mari iri zvikurukuru mumwe wemibato inokosha zvikurusa neinoronga nguva yegadziriro ipi neipi yemitemo. Mitemo inofanira kudzikamisa zvinodikanwa zvinokwikwidzana nokuda kwokupinzwa kwedzidzo, tarisiro dzoutano, gadziriro dzezviwiro, chengeteko dzavanhu, uye zvimwe zvinoiswa pakutanga apo zvichivimbisa mutoro wemari.
Gavhuna anowanzotanga kuisa mari yakarongwa kudare. Matare emitemo ipapo anohwirudzura chikarakadzo, anoita kuti zvigadziro zvivepo, uye anoita chinjo asati atumira zvikwereti zvemitero yemari kudzimba dzose kuti arangarire. Mari yokupedzisira inowanzoratidza kukurukurirana kukuru pakati pechirongwa chemitemo nagavhuna, uyewo pakati pemapoka akasiyana - siyana ari mukati medare remitemo.
Kutarisira Bazu Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru
Hurumende dzinotarisira masangano ebazi makuru uye mapurogiramu kuti dzive nechokwadi chokuti dziri kushanda zvinobudirira, zvakanaka, uye maererano nechinangwa chehurumende.
Kutarisira kwomutemo kunoshanda madonzo akawanda: kunobetsera kuziva zvinetso mukuitwa kwepurogiramu, kunodzivisa kupambadzwa nokubatwa zvisina kufanira, kunovimbisa kuzvidavirira, uye kunogovera mashoko anogona kuzivisa zvisarudzo zvegadziriro yomunguva yemberi. Kutarisira kunobudirira kunoda zvishandiso zvakakwana zvavashandi uye kudisa kunoitwa navaiti vemitemo kupinda pane dzimwe nguva mubasa rokuhwirudzura rinonetesa asi rinokosha.
Gadziriro Ye Amendeko
Hurumende dzinoita basa guru mukuchinja kwebumbiro remitemo rehurumende. Nepo miitiro yakananga ichisiyana nehurumende, yakawanda inoda tendero yemitemo isati yagona kupiwa kuvavhoti. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda vhoti yakapfava mudare, dzimwe dzinoda kutenderwa zvikuru, uye dzimwe dzinoda mvumo mumarusando maviri anotevedzana emitemo.
Mukuwedzera kukuronga kuchinja, vadzori vemitemo mudzimwe nyika vanogona kudana kokorodzano dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dziite gadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo yakakwana.Magislation anoitawo basa mumuitiro webumbiro remitemo rehurumende, sezvo kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro remitemo reU.S. kunofanira kusimbiswa nedzitatu dzechina dzemitemo yenyika.
Simba Remvura
Simba ragavhuna rinomirira nzvero inokosha pachiremera chemitemo ndokuumba simba rokuita gadziriro dzehurumende. Kunzwisisa kuti simba iri rinoshanda sei kunokosha kuti tinzwisise ukama pakati pamapazu ehurumende neamasangano emitemo.
Marudzi Emavhatoe
Gavhuna munyika dzose kunze kweNorth Carolina vane chimiro chakati chesimba pamitemo. Rudzi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa isuo, iro rinobvumira gavhuna kuramba mutemo wose. Kana gavhuna akabvisa mutengi, inodzokera kuitwe rapamutemo, inogona kuedza kukurira chiteshi chei. Kudzosa zvinodikanwa kunosiana nehurumende, uye kunyanyoda vhoti mbiri muimba imwe neimwe, kunyange zvazvo dzimwe nyika dzichida bedzi vhoti yetatu kana kuti voruzhinjisa vose vemitezo yose.
Nyika zhinji dzinopawo magavhuna chinhu chinotemwa nomutsetse, icho chinovabvumira kuramba gadziriro dzakati dzezvikwereti zvokuranga nokutendera zvakasara. Iri simba rinopa pesvedzero huru pamusoro pezvokuronga mari uye rinogona kushandiswa kubvisa icho gavhuna anorangarira sokupambadza kana kuti vatasvi vemiitiro yakabatanidzwa kubhadharwa kwemari.
Dzimwe nyika dzine misiyano yokuwedzera, yakadai seveto inobvumira gavhuna kukarakadza chinjo chaidzo kumutemo panzvimbo pokungougamuchira kana kuti kungouramba chose chose. Dare remitemo rinogona ipapo kugamuchira chinjo dzagavhuna, kubvisa gweta, kana kuti kurega muromo uchifa.
Kushandisa Zvematongerwe Enyika
Simba reveto rinopesvedzera zvikuru urongwa hwewisognogratimendi nekurukurirano. Vareveri vanofanira kurangarira kana zvikarakadzo zvavo zvinogona kupukunyuka chigaro chinobvira, kutungamirira kukurukura nehofisi yagavhuna mukati megadziriro yomutemo. Apo gavhuna nevoruzhinji vemitemo vanenge vachibva kumapoka akasiyana, veto inotova chishandiso chinotonyanya kukosha chokuumba migumisiro.
Gavhuna vanoshandisa simba resimba nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka, pane dzimwe nguva vachichinja zvikwereti kuti vatumire mashoko ezvematongerwe enyika, kumanikidza kubvumirazve mutemo, kana kuti kuratidzira kudavira kune dzimwe rondedzero. tyisidziro yeveto inogona kuva inopesvedzera sokushandiswa kwayo chaikoiko, sezvo vaiti vemitemo vangachinja zvikwereti kudzivisa kunyanyofamba kana kuti vangaramba kufambisira mberi mutemo wavanodavira kuti gavhuna acharamba.
Matare Ane Mitemo: Mabhiza Okushanda Emitemo yeHurumende
Matare anokosha kumabasa edzimba dzehurumende, achigovera hwirudzuro ine udzame nounyanzvi zviri madikanwa kuyera zvikarakadzo zvemiitiro yakaoma. Gadziriro yedare inobvumira vabati vemitemo kugovana basa ndokukudziridza zivo chaiyo munharaunda dzemiitiro yakasiana - siana.
Matare Akasiyana - siyana
Matare akamira matare echigarire aripo kubvira parusando kusvikira kurusando ndokutarisira mutemo munzvimbo dzakati dzenhau dzakadai sedzidzo, zvokufambisa, matare edare, kana kuti matare. aya matare anokura unyanzvi munharaunda dzawo uye anogovera kupfuurira mumarusando emitemo.
Matare chaiwo kana kuti anosarudza matare echinguvana akaumbwa kuti apedze nhau dzakati kana kuti aite nzvero dzakati. aya matare anoputsa bedzi mabasa awo akagoverwa. matare eboka anobatanidza mitezo inobva mumakamuri ose ari maviri uye anogona kuva zvimwe matare akamira kana kuti chaiwo.
Matare esangano, semadudzwa pakuvamba, matare echinguvana akabatana anoumbwa kuyananisa misiyano pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare dzomutemo mumwe chetewo.
Vatungamiriri Vedare Nemabasa
Zvigaro zvedare zvine simba rinokosha mumatare ehurumende, zvinodzora zvirongwa zvedare, zvinosarudza kuti zvikwereti zvipi zvinogamuchira kutongwa, uye zvinopesvedzera mugumisiro wekufunga kwedare. Mumaruwa akawanda, boka guru rinodzora dare rasachigaro, uye nzvimbo dzoutungamiriri dzinowanzopiwa zvakavakirwa pakukura, kuvimbika kuutungamiriri hwebato, kana kuti unyanzvi.
Migove yedare inoitwa zvikurukuru navatungamiriri vebato mukamuri rimwe nerimwe, nemitezo inokumbira migove yakavakirwa pafariro dzavo, unyanzvi, kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokubatira pamatare ane simba zvakadai sezvikarakadzo kana kuti mitemo inogona kukudza zvikuru pesvedzero yomuiti wemitemo.
Zvinoitwa neDare uye Kupesvedzera
Matare anoshanda noutongi hwakati, achitanga miitiro yawo amene mukati memitemo yemitemo. Anogona kuita kuti vanhu vapindure mhaka, kukumbira mashoko kubva kumasangano makuru, zvapupu zviduku, uye kufeyafeya. Chikamu chedare ndepanoitika kukurukurirana kwapaduku - duku uye kugadziriswa kwezvikwereti.
Mabhiri anogamuchira mishumo isina kunaka haawanzopfuudziki pasi, nepo ayo ane mishumo yakanaka anowanzofanofambira mberi, kunyange zvazvo kugadziridzwa kwemadare kuchibvira.
Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu: Kutanga Kurwa Nezvokudzorera
Kuwedzera pakugadzira mitemo nehurumende dzinopa mirayiridzo, nyika dzakawanda dzinopa nzira dzokuita nadzo kuti mugari wemo anyatsopindira mugadziriro yemitemo kuburikidza nokutanga kuita zvinhu zvakadai semasangano okushandisa hurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu uye kugovera vagari vemo dzimwe nzira dzokuita kuti mitemo ishande.
Kutanga Kwazvakaita
Inenge hafu yenyika dzeUnited States inobvumira vagari vemo kukarakadza mitemo kana kuti kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nemuitiro wokutanga. Kuisa nhano pabhoti, vatsigiri vanofanira kuunganidza chaizvoizvo nhamba yakatarwa yezvikumbiro kubva kuvavhoti vakanyoreswa mukati mefiti yenguva yakatemwa. Chinodikanwa chokusaina chinosiyana nehurumende asi chinowanzoverengwa sechikamu chezvivhoti zvinoiswa muchisarudzo chichangobva kurongwa.
Kune marudzi makuru maviri ezviito zvikuru: nhano dzakananga, dzinoenda zvakananga kuvavhoti kana siginicha dzakakwana dzakaunganidzwa, uye nhano dzisina kunanga, idzo dzinotanga kupiwa kudare remitemo nokuda kwokurangarira pamberi pokuenda kuvhota. Nhano dzakananga dzinorega mutezo wemitemo chose chose, nepo nhano dzisina kunanga dzinopa vaiti vemitemo banza rokugamuchira chikarakadzo kana kuti kugovera chimwe chinhu.
Muitiro wokutanga wakashandiswa kuita chinjo dzemiitiro dzinokosha munharaunda dzakadai semiitiro yemitero, ruramisiro youtsotsi, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye nhau dzenzanga.Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti nhano dzinogovera cheki padzimba dzomutemo dzisingagamuchiri uye dzinobvumira vagari vemo kukurukura nhau idzo vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanofuratira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti nhano dzinogona kutungamirira kumitemo yakashata, dzinotapurwa nefariro chaidzoidzo, uye dzinosekesa hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
Mitemo Yokutsiva
Mitemo inotora mutemo inoita apo mutezo wedare rinotonga pachawo unonongedzera kuvavhoti nokuda kwetendero. Ikoku kwakasiana nezviito, izvo zvinobva kuvagari vemo. Mitemo inganongedzera kumipimo kuvavhoti nemhaka yokuti bumbiro remitemo rinoda tendero yavavhoti (zvakadai seregadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo kana kuti nhau dzechisungo), nemhaka yokuti vatemende vemitemo vanoda kugoverana mutoro nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvenharo, kana kuti nemhaka yokuti vanoda zvapachokwadi kubvunza vanhu panhau dzinokosha.
Mazita anonongedzera kumitemo anodikanwa nebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwamarudzi akati ezviito, kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo kunowanzozivikanwa navose. Mudzimwe nyika, kugadziridzwa kupi nokupi kwebumbiro-mitemo kunokarakadzwa nedare remitemo kunofanira kutenderwa navavhoti vasati vaita basa. Ichi chinodikanwa chinovimbisa kuti chinjo huru kurugwaro runodzora rwehurumende dzine tsigiro yavose yakafara.
Mikurumbira Yakakurumbira Neyekuyeuka
Mazita akakurumbira anobvumira vagari vemo kukumbira kuti mutemo upiwe nedare repamutemo uiswe pavhoti kuti vabvume muvhoti kana kuti varambwe. Izvi zvinopa vagari vemo nzira yokudenha nayo zvisarudzo zvemitemo zvavanoshora.
Dzimwe nyika dzinobvumirawo kuyeuka sarudzo, idzo dzinogonesa vavhoti kubvisa vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa panzvimbo vasati vapererwa nezano ravo. Nepo kuyeuka kungagona kushanda kuvakuru vakuru vakasiana - siana, vanowanzoshandiswa pamwero womunzvimbomo. Yeuka gadziriro dzokuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanofanira kuramba vachizvidavirira kuvavhoti mumashoko avo ose, kwete bedzi panguva yesarudzo.
Kupiwa Kwomutemo Nezviwanikwa
Hurumende dzinochinja zvikuru pamwero wadzo wokuva nyanzvi, kubva kumasangano enguva yakazara zvikuru ane zviwanikwa zvavashandi zvikuru kusvikira kuvagari vemo venguva isina kuzara. Iyi misiyano inotapura kuti mirau inoshanda sei uye marudzi avanhu vanogona kubatira savaiti vemitemo.
Nguva Yakazara v. Mitemo yeNguva yeChikamu
Dzimwe nyika dzakadai seCalifornia, New York, uye Pennsylvania, dzine masangano ehurumende enguva yakazara anosangana kwerinopfuura gore, anobhadhara mari yakawanda, uye anopa tsigiro huru yavashandi. Vadzori munyika idzi vanowanzobata basa ravo rokuisa mitemo sebasa ravo guru uye vanotanga unyanzvi hunokosha mune zvemitemo.
Dzimwe nyika dzine masangano ezvizvarwa zvenguva isina kuzara anosangana kwemwedzi mishomanene bedzi gore rimwe nerimwe kana kuti rimwe gore riri rose, anobhadhara muripo une mwero, uye anopa betsero yavashandi yakaganhurirwa. Vatongi muidzi nyika kazhinji kazhinji vane mamwe mabasa ndokuunza ruzivo rwokuzviwanira chairwoirwo rwenyika kubasa ravo remitemo. United States dzakafanana naMontana, Wyoming, uye New Hampshire exple prel.
Chikamu chechitatu chehurumende chinowira pakati peimwe nzvimbo, nedzimba dzomutemo dzinosangana kwemwedzi inoverengeka gore rimwe nerimwe, dzinopa muripo une mwero, uye dzinopa tsigiro yavashandi. iyi mitemo yakavhengana inoedza kudzikamisa mamiriro ezvinhu evagari vemo negamuchidzanwa ravagari vemo.
Vashandi Vane Mutemo Namasangano Anotsigira
Vanamazvikokota vemisangano yemitemo vanonyanya kushandisa vashandi vakawanda kuti vatsigire basa remitemo, kusanganisira vashandi voga vemasangano edare, uye vashandi vepakati vanotsvakurudza, kunyora zvinyorwa zvemari, kuongorora zvemari, uye mamwe mabasa.
Masangano ehurumende enguva imwe ane zvishandiso zvavashandi zvakaganhurirwa zvikuru, kazhinji kazhinji achitsamira pavashandi vanogoverwa kana kuti masangano makuru nokuda kwetsigiro.Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti kuve kwakaomera zvikuru vaiti vemitemo kusanoyera zvikarakadzo uye kungawedzera kuvimba namashoko anopiwa navagamuchiri namasangano anotungamirira ebazu.
Masangano aya anobatsira kuti vaiti vemitemo vave neunyanzvi hwokuwana mashoko uye unyanzvi pasinei nokuti ibasa ripi rakaitwa nenyanzvi.
Kushandira Nebetsero
Mubhadharo wemitemo unosiana zvikuru munyika dzose, kubva pamubhadharo wegore negore wezvinopfuura $10,000 kusvikira kumari yokufananidzira yeNew Hampshire $100 pagore. Nyika zhinji dzinowira pakati peimwe nzvimbo, nemibhadharo yegore negore inovambira pa $5 000 kusvikira ku $50 000. Nyika zhinji dzinogoverawo mari inobhadharwa pagore kuti dzifukidze ndyiko mukati memarusando emitemo.
Mwero weripo unotapura avo vanogona kubatira muimba yomutemo. Miripo yakakwirira inoita kuti basa remitemo risvike kuruwareruvara rwavanhu, nepo mibairo yemibayiro yakaderera kuna avo vanogona kutora nguva pane rimwe basa kana kuti vakarega basa. Ikoku kune revo nokuda kwemhatsa nemimiririri yemitezo yehurumende.
Matambudziko Achatarisana Nematare Ehurumende
Masangano ehurumende anotarisana nezvinetso zvakawanda muzana remakore rechi21, kubvira pakuwedzera kwemapoka uye kurwisana kwevanotsigira nyika imwe chete kusvika pakurambidza vanhu kuwana mari uye kuchinja zvavanotarisira.
Kuchinja Kunoita Kudenga
SaCongress, matare ehurumende akawana kupesana kunowedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya. Mukaha wepfungwa pakati peDemocrates neRepublicans wawedzera, uye nhamba yavaiti vemitemo vane mwero yaderera. Uku kusabatana kunogona kuita kuti kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kuve kwakaoma zvikuru uye kungaita kuti kubvumiranisa mitemo kuve kwakaoma zvikuru, zvikurukuru munyika dzine hurumende dzakakamukana umo mapoka akasiyana - siyana anodzora utongi uye dzimba dzemitemo kana kuti dzose dziri mbiri.
Kujekeswa kunotapurawo muitiro wemitemo umene, navazhinjisa pane dzimwe nguva vachishandisa nzira dzetsika kuganhurira kutora rutivi kwebato duku nokurangarira kwokutanga kwevatsigiri. Ikoku kunogona kusekesa kurangarira ndokuderedza kunaka kwemiuyo yemitemo.
Miganhu Yenguva Nezivo Yamasangano
Muzvinhu zvine ganhuriro dzenhambo pfupi, kuchinja kwenguva dzose kwavaiti vemitemo kunogona kuderedza zivo yesangano nounyanzvi.Vaiti vemitemo vatsva vanofanira kudzidza miitiro yakaoma nenharaunda dzemiitiro nokukurumidza, uye kurasikirwa nemitezo ine ruzivo rwokuzviwanira kunogona kuchinja simba kuvashandi vasina kurongwa, vatsvaki, uye vakuru vakuru vebazu avo vanogovera kupfuurira nounyanzvi.
Miganhu yemitemo inotapurawo vatungamiriri vemitemo, sezvo vatungamiriri vanobvira vane nguva shoma yokukudziridza unyanzvi noukama hunodikanwa nokuda kwoutungamiriri hunobudirira.Kumwe kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti ganhuriro dzeshoko dzakanetesa ganhuriro dzemitemo pamusoro pavatongi uye dzakakuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kupedza zvinetso zvenguva refu zvetsika.
Kuvimba Noruzhinji uye Kupindira
Kuvimba nehurumende, kufanana nokuvimba nehurumende, kwaderera mumakumi emakore achangopfuura. Kurwisana kwevagari vomunyika, uye kusada kuteerera zvinofungwa kuti zvinoitirwa vagari vemo zvakabatsirawo kuti vanhu vasadavire masangano ehurumende. Kuvimba kushoma kungaita kuti zviomere zvikuru kuti masangano emitemo apedze nhau dzinomutsa nharo uye kunogona kuderedza kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo mune zvematongerwe enyika.
Masangano ehurumende akaita kunetsa uku munzira dzakasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira kuchinja tsika, kuwedzera kujeka, uye kugadzira mikana mitsva yokuti vagari vemo vabatane.
Basa Remitemo yeHurumende Muchirongwa Chehurumende cheAmerica
Hurumende dzine nzvimbo yakasiyana muhurumende yeAmerica, dzichibatira semarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uko kutangwa kwemiitiro kunogona kuedzwa nokunatswa pamberi pokugamuchirwa kunobvira pamwero wenyika. Dzinobatirawo senzvero dzinokosha pasimba rehurumende uye sezvikonzero zvokurovedza vatungamiriri vorudzi nokuda kwenguva yemberi.
Kuvandudza Muitiro Nokuedza
Masangano ehurumende akamutsa miitiro mizhinji yakagamuchirwa gare gare nedzimwe nyika kana kuti hurumende. Mienzaniso inobatanidza muripo wavashandi, inishuwarenzi yokushaikwa kwemabasa, mitemo yedziviriro yemhoteredzo, uye chinjo dzezvoutano. Mano enyika okuedza nemitoo yakasiana kuzvinetso zvakafanana ndeimwe yesimba rehurumende yeAmerica.
Kuedza uku kunobvumira vaiti vemitemo kudzidza kubva muzvakaitika zvedzimwe nyika, vachigamuchira zvitsva zvinobudirira uye kudzivisa kuedza kwakakundikana. Kunobvumirawo nyika kugadziridza mitemo kuwiriranisa migariro yadzo nezvinokosheswa, panzvimbo pokuisa zvigadzikiso zvemupimo mumwe.
Ukama Hwehurumende
Hurumende dzinoshanda pamwe chete nehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzenyika nenzira dzakaoma.Idzo dzinoshandisa gadziriro dzehurumende, dzinogamuchira murairo womubatanidzwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva dzinoramba mitemo yehurumende yadzinorangarira sedzinokurira. Dzinoumbawo ndokudzora hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, dzichisarudza masimba adzo, gadziriro, uye mari.
Uhwu ukama hwehurumende hunowanzoratidzirwa nenyanduko pamwe chete nebatira pamwe. matare ehurumende angashatiriswa nemirairo yehurumende inoda chiito chehurumende pasina kugovera mari yakakwana, nepo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzingatsvaka kuzvitonga kukuru zvikuru kubva kuudzori hwehurumende. Kutarisira ukama ihwohwu nenzira inobudirira rutivi runokosha rwebasa rehurumende remitemo.
Nzvimbo Yokudzidzira Vatungamiriri Venyika
Masangano ehurumende anobatira sezvikonzero zvinokosha zvokurovedza vatongi venguva yemberi, mitezo yeCongress, uye kunyange mapurezidhendi.Basa mudare rehurumende rinogovera ruzivo rwokuzviwanira runokosha mukuita mitemo, chivako chakabatana, uye basa rinoumbwa iro rinogadzirira vanhu vamwe navamwe nokuda kwenzvimbo yakakwirira. vatungamiriri vezvamatongerwe enyika vazhinji vakatanga mabasa avo mumibatanidzwa yehurumende, umo vakakudziridza unyanzvi noukama zvakagonesa kufambira mberi kwavo.
Mugumisiro: Basa Rinokosha ReMitemo yeHurumende
Masangano ehurumende anokosha muhurumende yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa nevanhu, achiita zvisarudzo zvinotapura zvakananga upenyu hwezuva nezuva hwemamiriyoni evagari vemo. Kubva padzidzo nokutarisira utano kusvika pakubudirira kwematsotsi uye upfumi, masangano ehurumende anoronga zvinhu muzvinhu zvinonyanya kufungwa nevanhu.
Chivako chebimeral chakagamuchirwa nehurumende dzakawanda, gadziriro yedare, ukama pakati pemapazu emitemo neanotungamirira, uye miitiro yakasiana - siana yokutora rutivi kwevagari vose zvose zvinoparira gadziriro yakaoma asi inowanzoshanda yokutonga kwehurumende. Nepo masangano ehurumende achitarisana nedenho dzinokosha, kubatanidza kuganhurirwa kwemitengo, zvitsama zvemari, uye kuderera kwechivimbo chavanhu, zvinoramba zvichikosha nokuda kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende uye kuita zvisarudzo.
Samarabhoritari ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, masangano ehurumende achapfuurira kuita basa rinokosha mukupedza zvinetso zvemiitiro zviri kubuda nokuedza zvigadzikiso zvitsva. Vagari vanonzwisisa kuti vanoshanda sei vatemi vemitemo vehurumende vanopiwa nzvimbo iri nani yokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuita kuti vamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire. Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kudzidza zvakawanda pamusoro pemitemo yavo vamene yehurumende, mawebsitesi akawanda emitemo ehurumende anopa mashoko makuru pamusoro pomuitiro wemitemo, mutemo wazvino uno, uye mikana yokuvimbisana vagari vemo.
Nokuda kwamashoko okuwedzera pamusoro pezvivako zvehurumende nemiitiro yemitemo, shanyirawo National Conference of State Legislatures, iyo inogovera zviteshi zvakawanda pamusoro penhau dzehurumende. USA.gov hurumende inopawo masuo kunzvimbo dzechiteshi chengarava [ ehurumende imwe neimwe apo unogona kuwana mashoko akananga pamusoro pechirongwa chehurumende yako uye nzira yokuonana nayo navamiriri vako.